What functions do the parts of a compound verbal predicate perform? Nominal predicate

10.07.202327.05.2017

A compound nominal predicate includes components that are different in morphological nature. The main component is represented by the forms of names or other categories of words that are similar in meaning to names; it denotes a passive attribute in various particular manifestations (quality, condition, etc.). The auxiliary component is represented by conjugated forms of verbs (or stable verb combinations), which lose their specific material content in this function. This component is called the copula, and the main component is the nominal (linking) part. Both components have various forms and particular meanings.

In a compound nominal predicate, copulas express the following main types of modal-evaluative meanings:

1) to be, to appear, to remain, etc. - possession of a sign (statative, neutral meaning): And the Volga was without shine, dull, matte, cold in appearance (Ch.);

2) become, become, etc. - the emergence of a sign, its assessment as changing: The cold became more noticeable (M. G.);

3) to appear, to turn out, to come out, etc. - detection of a sign: Dreams about gardens turned out to be very stupid (B.); So we came out with namesakes again (Leek.);

4) to appear, to introduce oneself, etc. - assessment of a sign as alleged, apparent, imaginary: Won’t my request seem strange and impudent to you? (Ch.); The peaks of the distant ridge seem as if forged from silver

Some connectives have reached a high degree of grammaticization; they have no restrictions either in use or in compatibility with various forms of the name. These are specialized connectives to be, to appear, to become, to flow, to seem, to be known, to introduce themselves, to be considered.

Other connectives allow the use of only certain forms of the nominal part, and the lexical-semantic range of names may also be limited. These are unspecialized ligaments. Their lexical meaning has not been completely grammaticized; it is more specific than the meaning of specialized connectives.

The number of non-specialized connectives includes analytical verbal-nominal combinations have (wear) appearance (character), acquire appearance (character, position), etc. They have a holistic grammatical meaning, similar to the meaning of connectives be, become, look, etc.

The nominal part of a compound predicate is very diverse in formal expression and meaning. The general meaning of the passive attribute, characteristic of the nominal part as the main component of the predicate, manifests itself in various particular meanings. They rely both on the categorical meanings of parts of speech and on the forms in which one or another of them is used in the predicate.

1. Names are combined with the copula in various forms. Some forms are typical for a given function (predicative forms), others are atypical, formed in a phrase to perform an attributive function (non-predicative forms).

Predicative forms include:

1) indeclinable forms - short forms of the adjective and passive participle, which perform in a sentence only the function of the nominal part of the compound predicate: The life of the inhabitants of Pokrovsky was monotonous (P.);

2) inflected forms - nouns, full forms of adjectives, as well as numerals, pronouns, full forms of participles - in the form of the nominative or instrumental case; Both case forms have the same meaning and can replace one another with some connectives.

be a summary, including its zero form): My father was a mechanic

3) the unchangeable form of the comparative degree of qualitative adjectives: And my future seems to me even more hopeless (L. T.).

All forms of indirect cases of a noun and substantivized words are non-predicative, except for the instrumental predicative [however, they include instrumental comparisons: Otherwise your nose is completely cranberry (M.-S.)].

The meaning of many non-predicative forms depends on the preposition.

The nominal part in the non-predicative form is represented by a phrase, since the real meaning of the predicate in this case cannot be conveyed only by nouns: Varya had tear-stained eyes (Ch.).

Non-predicative forms include stable prepositional-case combinations with a metaphorical meaning fixed in the language (on knives, under the side, on the nose, etc.), although they as forms have already diverged from the paradigm of the corresponding nouns: The whole city was on its feet (Paust.) ;

2. The real meaning of a passive attribute can be conveyed in a compound nominal predicate by unchangeable words - an adverb, a gerund, an infinitive. These are unproductive forms of the nominal part (this function is atypical for them). The absence of inflection makes it impossible to express their connection with the subject, with the connective. The semantics of these words is poorly suited for expressing the attribute of an object.

Compound nominal predicate (CIS) consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part - bunch(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part - nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

SIS = copula + nominal part

Examples: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was ill ; He was sick; He was wounded; He came first.

Types of linking verbs

Type of connective by meaning	Typical verbs	Examples
1. Grammatical connective - expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning.	Verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the copula be is usually in the zero form (“zero copula”): the absence of the copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.	He was a doctor. He will be a doctor. He is a doctor . He was sick. He will be sick. He is sick . He is sick. Lyrics are the highest manifestation of art.
2. The semi-nominal copula not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that meaning).	a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become; b) preservation of the characteristic: stay; c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to happen, to happen; d) assessment of the characteristic from the point of view of reality: to seem, to seem, to introduce oneself, to be considered, to be reputed; e) name of the feature: to be called, to be called, to be revered.	He became sick. He remained sick. He was sick every autumn. He turned out to be sick. He was considered sick. He seemed sick. He is sick. He was reputed to be sick. Their called sick.
3. The nominative connective is a verb with a full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).	a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand; b) verbs of motion: go, come, return, wander; c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.	She sat tired. He left angry. He came back upset. He lived as a hermit. He born happy. He died a hero.

Verb be can act as an independent simple verbal predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possessing:

He had three sons; He had a lot of money.

Verbs become, becomes, turn out to be etc. can also be independent simple verbal predicates, but in a different meaning:

He found himself in the city center; He stood against the wall.

The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a denominator, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If a verb becomes a connective, its meaning becomes less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb ( He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, not what He sat and not stood or lying).

For the combination “nominal verb + name” to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:

the nominative verb can be replaced by the grammatical connective be:

He sat tired- He was tired; He born happy- He was happy; He came first- He was the first;

the link can be made null:

He sat tired- He tired; He born happy- He happy; He came first- He first.

If a verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (answers the question Which?), then this is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). Parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Ways to Express the Nominal Part

Form	Examples
1. Noun
1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental case	He is my brother . He was my brother.
1.2. Noun in oblique case with or without preposition	The navigator was unconscious. I'm penniless. This house is Meshkova.
1.3. Whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)	Son-in-law was a silent breed. This girl is tall.
2. Adjective
2.1. Short adjective	He's cheerful. He became cheerful.
2.2. Full adjective in the nominative or instrumental case	He's funny. He became cheerful.
2.3. Comparative or superlative adjective
3. Communion
3.1. Short Communion	He's wounded. The glass was broken.
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case	The glass was broken. The glass was broken.
4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun	All the fish are yours. This something new.
5. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case	Their hut is the third from the edge. Their hut was the third from the edge.
6. Adverb	I was on my guard. His daughter is married to my brother.

Note!

1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero connective), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the nominal part of the predicate;

4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed as a whole phrase in the same cases as the subject.

The most common mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate:

1. The short form of an adjective and especially a participle is mistaken for a verb, so the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. To avoid mistakes, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -l appears in the verb, and a short adjective or participle will have the connective was ( was, was, were).

For example:
He's sick(PGS). - He was sick;
He is sick(SIS). - He was ill ;
The city is taken(SIS). - City He was taken .

2. A short neuter adjective (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with an adverb ending in -o. To avoid mistakes, pay attention to the form of the subject:

if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.

Wed: The sea is calm;

if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine, masculine noun, a plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

Living is good; Life is good; Children are good ;

if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of the short adjective will change; You can also replace a short adjective with a full one.

Wed: The sea is calm(SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm A; The sea is calm s; The sea is calm oh ).

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a full adjective, participle, ordinal number, is mistakenly parsed as a secondary member - a definition. In order not to make a mistake, pay attention to which word starts the question which? to this name.

4. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between the subject and the predicate if both members are expressed in the nominative case.

To distinguish between subject and predicate expressed in the nominative case, consider the following:

The subject usually precedes the predicate:

Moscow is capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.

However, in Russian the predicate can also precede the subject.

Wed: Ivan Ivanovich is a good man;

the demonstrative particle this stands or can be placed before the predicate:

note that in sentences like: This is good ; This is my brother - This is the subject expressed by the demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case;

the subject can only be expressed in the nominative case form; the predicate has two main case forms - nominative and instrumental cases. If you put the connective be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or the copula appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the instrumental form, and for the subject it will remain the same.

Wed: Moscow was the capital Russia; Moscow is the capital Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good person; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate

Indicate the type of predicate.
Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb is.

Sample parsing

Life is good.

Fine Fine expressed by an adverb; grammatical connective be

I came first.

Came first- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed by an ordinal number in the nominative case; significant copula came expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

This guy is of average height.

Medium height- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part medium height expressed as a whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical connective be- in zero form; the zero copula indicates the present tense of the indicative mood.

Both components have various forms and particular meanings. The connective acquire acquire is combined with a similar lexical-semantic group of nouns but requires the accusative case form: The problem of training employees of institutions is now becoming particularly acute from newspapers. significant absence as an indicator of the form of the present indicative mood: I am all in anxiety Goncharov. Some forms are typical for a given function; other predicative forms are atypical, formed in a phrase to perform...

Share your work on social networks

If this work does not suit you, at the bottom of the page there is a list of similar works. You can also use the search button

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate includes components that are different in morphological nature. The main component is represented by the forms of names or other categories of words that are similar in meaning to names; it denotes a passive attribute in various particular manifestations (quality, condition, etc.). The auxiliary component is represented by conjugated forms of verbs (or stable verb combinations), which lose their specific material content in this function. This component is called a copula, and the main component is called a nominal (linking) part. Both components have various forms and particular meanings.

The copula performs the following functions: expresses the main elements of predicative meaning modality and tense; connects the predicate with the subject, formally expresses its dependence on the subject; contains a modal assessment of the relationship between an object and a feature. Thus, in the sentence The spectacle became terrible (Kuprin), the connective became expresses the modal meaning of reality, the past tense, indicates dependence on the subject through agreement in the forms of number and gender, evaluates the sign as emerging. All functions of the copula are grammatical in nature. The copula is not involved in expressing the real meaning of the predicate. The lexical meaning of verbs and indivisible verb combinations in the copula position changes significantly. Linking verbs and independently used verbs diverge in lexical-semantic terms, forming, as a rule, series of homonyms. Linking verbs lose the meaning of action, process; their lexical meaning is grammaticized and adapted to express modal assessments.

In a compound nominal predicate, copulas express the following main types of modal-evaluative meanings:

1) to be, to appear, to remain, etc. possession of a sign (stateful, neutral meaning): A Volgawas without shine, dull, matte, cold in appearance (Chekhov);

2) become, be done, etc. the appearance of a sign, its assessment as changing: Coldbecame more noticeable(Maksim Gorky);

3) to appear, to turn out, to come out, etc. detection of the sign: Dreams of gardens turned out to be very stupid (Bunin);

4) to appear, to introduce oneself, etc. assessment of a sign as alleged, apparent, imaginary: To youwon't seem strange and daring my request? (Chekhov);

The auxiliary component in the nominal predicate has a certain formal connection with the nominal part. This connection manifests itself differently than in a phrase and cannot be interpreted as control or adjacency. The form of the nominal part can, to a certain extent, be motivated by the copula. At least the choice of some forms of the name is regulated by the copula. It also depends on the degree of grammaticization of connectives. Some connectives have reached a high degree of grammaticization; they have no restrictions either in use or in compatibility with various forms of the name. These are specialized connectives to be, to appear, to become, to become, to seem, to be reputed, to introduce themselves, to be considered, to appear, etc.

Thus, the connectives differ, stand out, be famous allow the use of only nouns with a qualitative meaning, correlative with adjectives, and only in the form of the instrumental case: Public opinion here wasn't particularly picky (Mom's Silver). The connective acquire (acquire) is combined with a similar lexical-semantic group of nouns, but requires the accusative case form: The problem of training employees of institutions now becomes especially acute (from newspapers). When connecting to represent, only nouns in the accusative case are used: Kolpakova’s Houserepresented a complete wreck (Mom's Silver).

The number of non-specialized connectives includes analytical verbal-nominal combinations have (wear) a form (character), acquire a form (character, position), etc. They have a holistic grammatical meaning, similar to the meaning of the connectives be, become, look, etc. The material component (usually adjective) formally agrees with the noun included in the connective (type, character, etc.), but the attribute it denotes is correlated with the subject: The matter was much more complicated and was partly political and national character(Leskov). Unspecialized connectives express the same basic modal-evaluative meanings as specialized ones, although these meanings are less clearly manifested and differentiated.

Predicates with specialized and unspecialized connectives form a complete paradigm of modal-temporal forms. Of all the connectives, only be has a zero form in the paradigm (i.e., significant absence) as an indicator of the form of the indicative mood of the present tense: I am all in anxiety (Goncharov).

It is controversial to include in the category of a compound nominal predicate constructions such as lay in a faint, returned rejuvenated. The conjugated verb partially performs the functions of a connective, expressing modal-temporal meanings and dependence on the subject. However, the verb does not convey modal-evaluative meanings, is not grammaticalized, it denotes an action: Vera Dmitrievnastood up sad and tearful(Veresaev). In such sentences, two predicative features are expressed simultaneously: active and passive, therefore, the predicate can be qualified as “double” (A.A. Shakhmatov). In another interpretation, these constructions are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of a simple verbal predicate with a predicative definition. Undoubtedly, they do not constitute a compound nominal predicate in the strict sense of the term, and the conjugated verb is not a copula.

So, the auxiliary component of a compound nominal predicate - the copula - has an abstract meaning and does not participate in the expression of the real content of the predicate. The copula necessarily contains indicators of conjugated verb forms (including the zero form of the copula be). The so-called particle connectives (this, here, such, as, precisely, as if, etc.) do not replace the verbal connective, but are only combined with it (including the zero form) and reinforce certain of its functions: Punctuation marks it's like musical notes (Paustovsky).

Nominal part.

Predicative forms include:

1) indeclinable forms short forms of the adjective and passive participle, which in a sentence perform only the function of the nominal part of a compound predicate;

2) inflected forms nouns, full forms of the adjective, as well as numerals, pronouns, full forms of the participle in the form of the nominative or instrumental case; both case forms have the same meaning, can replace one another in some copulas, restrictions on the choice of any of them depend on the copula (the nominative form is used mainly with the copula be, including its zero form). The nominative part represented by the phrase can have the form of the nominative or instrumental case;

3) the unchangeable form of the comparative degree of qualitative adjectives.

All forms of indirect cases of a noun or substantivized words are non-predicative, except for the instrumental predicative. Various case and prepositional case forms of nouns serve to convey the particular meanings of the nominal part of a compound predicate, but they are not indicators of a formal connection. These forms are not motivated by the verb connective (except for some unspecialized connectives discussed above). Among the non-predicative forms there are productive ones. First of all, this is a form of the prepositional case with the preposition in, expressing a state.

The meaning of many non-predicative forms depends on the preposition. Thus, nouns with the preposition without name a feature by the absence of a detail or part; with the preposition s by the presence or excess of something; prepositions like, like, akin bring the meaning of comparison, from source, material, etc. Predicate forms that arose under the influence of verb combinations or by analogy with them are becoming increasingly common. The nominal part in the non-predicative form is represented by a phrase, since the real meaning of the predicate in this case cannot be conveyed only by a noun (was with tear-stained eyes).

2. The real meaning of a passive attribute can be conveyed in a compound nominal predicate by unchangeable words: an adverb, a gerund, an infinitive. These are unproductive forms of the nominal part (this function is atypical for them). The absence of inflection makes it impossible to express their connection with the subject, with the connective. The semantics of these words is poorly suited for expressing the attribute of an object. Only a small group of adverbs with the meaning of a state or qualitative characteristic of an object (tipsy, alert, ready, bulging, etc.) are used in a compound nominal predicate. Participles (chilled, wet, etc.) are used in a compound nominal predicate only in common parlance and only with the meaning of state. The meaning of a sign, a state, is revealed in perfective participles when the semantics of the action is weakened and when they are “isolated” from the verb. The coloring of unliteraryness in such forms of the predicate is strong and stable.

The infinitive in a compound nominal predicate does not lose the meaning of the action, but acts as a characteristic of the object (or other, independent action) named in the subject. The infinitive is combined only with the connectives be, mean, signify.

So, the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is represented by an ordered system of various forms. Their predicative function (as opposed to the functions of definition, application, addition, circumstance) is manifested through combination with a copula. A difficult question is about the volume and boundaries of the predicate, the question of which words in a particular sentence are included and which are not included in the predicate. The possibility of expressing the nominal part by a phrase has already been noted above. This occurs only if the noun does not have semantic sufficiency to denote the attribute. It only indicates the general nature of the manifestation of the characteristic, and the specific name of the characteristic is given using an agreed word or a second noun. Thus, nouns in the form of the prepositional case with an abstract meaning of state (in a state, in a position, in a mood, etc.) perform a predicative function exclusively in the phrase: Cornet at this time was in a very unpleasant situation(L. Tolstoy). Nouns in the nominative case or instrumental predicative form are insufficient to express a feature if they are semantically related to the subject as gender and aspect. The predicative feature is denoted by an agreed word or a second noun.

The auxiliary component can be complicated by a conjugated verb (or phraseological unit) with a phase or modal meaning (the linking verb is used in the infinitive). In this way, complicated forms of the compound nominal predicate are created. Their real meaning does not change, but additional elements are added to the grammatical meaning. When using phase verbs, the beginning, continuation or cessation of possession of a characteristic is expressed. Modal verbs introduce the same meanings as they express in the compound verbal predicate (obligation, expression of will, etc.). The copular verb in the infinitive retains its modal-evaluative meaning. The complicated form may include analytical combinations (should have, etc.) or two (or more) different complicating elements. The construction of the auxiliary component becomes more complicated, but only one of the verbs has a conjugated form, all others, including the copula, are used in the infinitive: Nobody can't do that all the time want to be loved(Lermontov).

Other similar works that may interest you.vshm>
140.		Compound verb predicate	8.17 KB
	The combination of two full-valued verbs does not form a compound predicate. The auxiliary component of a compound predicate is a conjugated verb, a verbal phraseological unit or a descriptive verbal noun phrase: Evprakseyushka is also eager to play the fool Saltykov Shchedrin. The auxiliary component of a compound verbal predicate expresses two types of meanings: 1 mood tense person as predicative components; 2 assessment of the method of action or attitude towards the action indicated by the main component...
139.		Simple verb predicate. Complicated forms	8.1 KB
	only a conjugated full-valued verb or a lexicalized combination of a verbal component with others contains both the name of the action feature and indicators of the grammatical meanings of the predicate. Such forms of the predicate cannot have a complete paradigm of modal-temporal forms and are unproductive. The forms of the simple predicate represented by verbal phraseological units and descriptive verb-nominal phrases should also be considered unproductive: Sometimes you look and think: but I’m not a match for him Maxim Gorky....

Compound Verbal Predicate (CVS) consists of two parts:

A) auxiliary part
b) main part(indefinite form of the verb - infinitive) expresses lexical meaning.K composite Verbal predicates include predicates expressed by the personal form of the verb and the adjacent infinitive. The real meaning and the grammatical meaning are presented separately in such a predicate. The infinitive, which contains the real meaning, can be combined with verbs denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, as well as modal verbs denoting intention, expression of will, ability, predisposition, desire, etc. The first group includes verbs such as begin, start, become, accept (in the meaning of “begin”), continue, finish, stop, quit (“in the meaning of “finish”); to the second group - verbs want, wish, be able, be able, intend, contrive, unlearn, be able to, prepare, dream, hope, fear, etc. Examples: 1) Oganesyan began to call out prisoners one by one (Cossack); He rushed to disarm (Shol.); Parabukin did not eat (Fed.); 2) Wanted to go around the whole world (Gr.); Sometimes the head refused to think for two (Gonch.).

Compound verbs also include predicates with a phraseological combination in place of a modal verb; in the second part of such a predicate an infinitive is used. For example: burning with desire to see, having the intention to relax, expressing consent to come, etc.

Instead of a modal verb in a compound verbal predicate, a predicative adjective can be used, to which an infinitive is adjacent. These are adjectives like: glad, willing, intends, must, ready, capable, willing. For example: He is ready to wait; The student is able to learn everything.

A compound verb predicate can be complicated by a third component. Such predicates are not fundamentally distinguished from compound verbs and differ only in a certain increase in meaning. Most often, these are predicates that combine a verb in the personal form and two dependent infinitives. Verbs in the finite form (the same as in predicate compounds) indicate the beginning, continuation or end of an action or have modal meanings. A predicative adjective can also be a component of such a predicate.

As a rule, a three-member verbal predicate combines a modal verb and a verb indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action (one of them in the infinitive form), for example: wanted (want) to start studying; decided to start treatment, hoped to quit smoking; could (can) start singing; I wanted to start running, but I couldn’t. In place of the verb in the personal form there can be a predicative adjective: ready to start studying; I'm glad to quit smoking, but I can't; I agree to stay and work. The attribution of combinations of verbs such as decided to start learning, promised to stop looking for to compound predicates is questioned by some linguists; it is proposed to divide such a combination into two predicates: the main and secondary infinitive type. However, such three-term verbal combinations must be approached differentially, that is, the degree of lexical significance of the verbs in these combinations must be taken into account. If the main meaning of the predicate is conveyed only by the last infinitive, and the first two verbs denote only the beginning, end, continuation of an action in combination with the meanings of will, possibility, impossibility of action, desirability or inclination, then such predicates should not be divided, since ultimately they mean one action or state: I want to start studying, I couldn’t start running; if both infinitive verbs in a three-member combination denote independent, separately existing actions, then the first two verbs should be considered the predicate, and the third should be considered a secondary member of the sentence (adverbial or complement).

a) auxiliary part – bunch(verb in conjugated form) expresses grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) main part – nominal part(name, adverb) expresses lexical meaning.

Nominal the predicate consists of a verbal connective in the personal form and a nominal part. The link can be of three types: 1) distracted - this is the verb to be in various forms of tense and mood; the connective is called abstract because it has a purely grammatical meaning and is devoid of material content, for example: The voice of a stranger was heard less and less often (Paust.) 2) half-distracted , or semi-nominal, is a verb with a weakened lexical meaning; such a verb conveys grammatical meanings (tense, mood), connecting the predicate with the subject, in addition, this verb introduces partial lexical meaning into the predicate - naming, transition from one state to another, etc., for example: I have become the most humble now person (T.);; 3) significant , or real, is a verb that fully retains its lexical meaning, denoting a state, movement, etc., for example: No one is born a hero, soldiers mature in battle.

Such full-valued verbs are included in the predicate along with nominal forms and only for this reason are conventionally considered connectives. Essentially, these verbs, while fully retaining their lexical meaning, are not grammaticalized and express an independent attribute of the subject. It is not for nothing that A. A. Shakhmatov considered predicates with such verbs to be double.

Linking verbs of the third group can be freely used as independent predicates: return, come, return, be born, leave, live, stand, lie, sit, die, work, stay.

As a result of the presence of a linking verb and a nominal part, the predicates are called composite : the grammatical meanings of such a predicate are contained in the connective (to be; to be called, to become, to become; to begin, to end, to seem, to have; to come, to return, to stand, to live), and the material meanings - in the nominal part.

If the predicate has the meaning of the present tense, the abstract connective is may be absent; the predicate in this case is called either a simple nominal or a compound with a zero connective, for example: The cabman is a small daring. The role of a predicative connective can be performed by demonstrative particles this, that means, that means. The predicate can also be attached to the subject with the help of comparative words as, as if, as if, exactly, as if.

A compound nominal predicate can be complicated by a third component - in this case it consists of a predicative adjective, a connective and a nominal part: You it should be our first playwright(Fed.)

All nominal parts of speech (noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral) can act as a nominal part of the predicate.

1. Noun as a nominal part it is usually used in the forms of the nominative or instrumental case: Daughter Marina was high dark-skinned ( Tannery). The creative predicative is a developing, active form. This form is gradually replacing the nominative predicative. Both forms are now distinct semantically and stylistically. The nominative denotes a constant, stable attribute; it is usually used in a predicate without a connective, conceivable in the present tense: Brother is a teacher, I am an engineer. When related to the plane of the past, such a nominative is perceived as archaic: Of course, we were friends(L.). A temporary, non-permanent attribute is conveyed more often using the instrumental case form:... Already in the Ogonyok Grove becomes Fire(Kr.). The nominal part can be expressed by a noun in the genitive case, for example: Philosopher Khoma Brutus was of a cheerful disposition(G.). The peculiarity of such a predicate is that the range of words that can act in this function in the form of the genitive case is limited and the predicate itself always has the meaning of either a qualitative characteristic or an internal state, and with a genitive name an adjective is necessarily used, which contains the indication for a qualitative sign: Hands were plump, small, but impeccable form(Cossack.). The genitive case of a name can have the meaning of relation or belonging (in this case, the adjective is not necessary): Whose stroller? my master(L.). The genitive case of a name with a preposition can also be used as a nominal part of the predicate, for example: And they say - lilies without smell(Fed.).

2. The adjective as the nominal part of the predicate is used in full and short forms, in forms of different degrees. Full form adjectives have both nominative and instrumental cases. For example: Mysterious and that's why beautiful dark thickets of forests (Paust.)\

3. The nominal part can be expressed communion : short and complete, passive and active. For example: Her eyebrows were shifted (T.); The tea stood untouched(Adv.). The full participle can also be in the instrumental case: Glasses of tea stand untouched ( S. - Sh.).

4. Various are used as the nominal part of the predicate. pronouns : personal, possessive, interrogative-relative, demonstrative, attributive, negative and indefinite. Forms of both nominative and instrumental cases are possible. For example: Is it you, You is this Rudin? (T.); - She my!- he said menacingly. Like nouns, pronouns can act as predicates in the forms of different cases with prepositions, representing free nominal combinations or combinations of a phraseological type, for example: You can live with me while the house Behind me(Fed.).

5. The nominal part can be expressed numeral name or quantitative-nominal combination . For example: It [building] it was two floors(G.), Twice two is four.

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, has two parts: auxiliary and main. The main component is represented by the forms of names or other categories of words that are similar in meaning to names; it denotes a passive attribute in various particular manifestations (quality, condition, etc.) - the real meaning of the predicate. The auxiliary component expresses grammatical meaning.

The auxiliary component is represented by conjugated forms of verbs (or stable verb combinations), which lose their specific material content in this function. This component is called the copula, and the main component is the nominal (linking) part. Both components have various forms and particular meanings.

Structure and semantics of the auxiliary component

The copula performs the following functions: expresses the main elements of predicative meaning - modality and tense; connects the predicate with the subject, formally expresses its dependence on the subject; contains a modal assessment of the relationship between an object and a feature. Thus, in the sentence The spectacle became terrible (Kuprin), the connective became expresses the modal meaning of reality, the past tense, indicates dependence on the subject through agreement in the forms of number and gender, evaluates the sign as emerging. All functions of the copula are grammatical in nature. The copula is not involved in expressing the real meaning of the predicate. The lexical meaning of verbs and indivisible verb combinations in the copula position changes significantly. Linking verbs and independently used verbs diverge in lexical-semantic terms, forming, as a rule, series of homonyms. Wed: It was hot (Mayakovsky). - Grandfather was a healer and a loudmouth (Paustovsky); Ataman Kuzma Psalm appeared early in the morning (Mamin-Sibiryak). - The future for him was covered with menacing clouds (Pushkin); Varvara Petrovna unexpectedly had her own concepts (A.N. Tolstoy). - The elderly man turned out to be a professor of soil science (Paustovsky). Linking verbs lose the meaning of action, process; their lexical meaning is grammaticized and adapted to express modal assessments.

In a compound nominal predicate, copulas express the following main types of modal-evaluative meanings:

1) to be, to appear, to remain, etc. - possession of a sign (statative, neutral meaning): And the Volga was without shine, dull, matte, cold in appearance (Chekhov);
2) become, become, etc. - the emergence of a sign, its assessment as changing: The cold became more noticeable (Gorky);
3) to appear, to turn out, to come out, etc. - detection of a sign: Dreams about gardens turned out to be very stupid (Bunin); So we came out with namesakes again (Leskov);
4) to appear, to introduce oneself, to appear, to be called, etc. - assessment of a sign as assumed, apparent, imaginary: Won’t my request seem strange and impudent to you? (Chekhov); The peaks of a distant ridge seem as if forged from silver (A. N. Tolstoy);
5) to be considered, reputed, etc. - assessment of a characteristic as corresponding to someone’s opinion, idea, attitude: In our regiment, I was considered one of the best shooters (Pushkin); The blacksmith was reputed to be a very sensible man (Leskov);
4) verbs with the meaning of movement, movement, position in space and time with varying degrees of weakening of the lexical meaning: come, come, return, step on, stand, sit, lie, etc.: Autumn has come, rainy, cold (Vigdorova); She came out of the pool fresh, cold and fragrant, covered with trembling drops of water (Kuprin).

The auxiliary component in the predicate has a certain formal connection with the nominal part. This connection manifests itself differently than in a phrase and cannot be interpreted as control or adjacency. The form of the nominal part can, to a certain extent, be motivated by the copula. At least the choice of some forms of the name is governed by the copula. It depends on the degree of grammaticalization of the connectives. Some connectives have reached a high degree of grammaticalization; they are combined with various categories of words that act as a nominal part; have no restrictions either in use or in compatibility with various forms of the name. These are specialized connectives to be, to appear, to become, to become, to seem, to be reputed, to introduce themselves, to be considered, to appear, etc.

So the connectives differ, stand out, be famous allow the use of only nouns with a qualitative meaning, correlative with qualitative adjectives, and only in the form of the instrumental case: Public opinion here was not particularly picky (Mamin-Sibiryak; cf.: it was not picky); The leader of the gang was famous for his intelligence, courage and some kind of generosity (Pushkin; cf.: he was smart, courageous, generous). The connective acquire (acquire) is combined with a similar lexical-semantic group of nouns, but requires the accusative case form: The problem of training employees of institutions is now becoming particularly acute (gas; cf.: becoming acute). When connecting to represent, only nouns in the accusative case are used: Kolpakova’s house was a complete ruin (Mamin-Sibiryak). The number of non-specialized connectives includes analytical verbal-nominal combinations have (wear) a form (character), acquire a form (character, position), etc. They have a holistic grammatical meaning, similar to the meaning of the connectives be, become, look, etc. The material component (usually adjective) formally agrees with the noun included in the connective (type, character, etc.), but the attribute it denotes is correlated with the subject: The matter was much more complicated and was partly of a political and national nature (Leskov; cf.: it looked political). Unspecialized connectives express the same basic modal-evaluative meanings as specialized ones, although these meanings are manifested and differentiated less clearly.

So, the auxiliary component of a compound nominal predicate - the copula - has an abstract meaning and does not participate in the expression of the material content of the predicate. The copula necessarily contains indicators of the conjugated verb forms (including the zero form to be). The so-called particle connectives (this, here, such as, precisely, as if, etc.) do not replace the verbal connective, but are only combined with it (including the zero form) and reinforce certain of its functions: Punctuation marks - it’s like musical notes (Paustovsky); To educate a person means to educate him on promising paths (Makarenko).

The most common mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate:

Structure and semantics of the auxiliary component

Functions of cell organelles

Algorithm for writing an essay in social studies

Chernobyl in the memoirs of eyewitnesses Chernobyl scary stories