Particles in Russian - what is it? What are the particles in Russian? Learn Russian Types of particles spelling.

In a sentence, or serves to form word forms.

Encyclopedic YouTube

1 / 5

✪ Particle (grade 7, video lesson presentation)

✪ What is a PARTICLE in Russian?

✪ Russian language Grade 7 31 weeks Particle as a part of speech. Shaping particles

✪ Particle (grade 5, video lesson presentation)

✪ Spelling particles NOT and NOR Grade 7

Subtitles

General properties of particles

In the class of particles, constant auxiliary (non-significant) words are combined, which:

• express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics: motivation, subjunctiveness, conventionality, desirability, as well as evaluation of the message or its individual parts;
• participate in the expression of the purpose of the message (interrogation), as well as in the expression of affirmation or negation;
• characterize an action or state by its course in time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation.

The listed particle functions are grouped:

• in the function of shaping
• as a function of various communicative characteristics of the message.

Common to all these functions is that in all cases they contain

• relationship value,
• relation (relatedness) of an action, a state or a whole message to reality,
• the relationship of the speaker to the reported,

moreover, both these types of relations are very often combined in the meaning of one particle.

The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relation that it expresses in a sentence.

Particle Discharges

In accordance with the above functions, the following main categories of particles are distinguished:

1. formative (subjunctive) particles(let, let, let's, yes, let's, would, b, happened):
   • formative forms of words;
   • forming degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
2. negative particles(not, no, not at all, far from, not at all, not at all);
3. particles that characterize the trait(action or state) according to its course in time, in terms of completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of implementation;
4. modal particles:
   • interrogative particles(whether, really, unless);
   • pointer particles(here, out);
   • clarifying particles(precisely, exactly, just, exactly, exactly);
   • excretory and restrictive particles(only, only, exclusively, almost, only);
   • exclamation particles(what for, how);
   • amplifying particles(not even, not, after all, after all, after all, everything);
   • mitigation-ka ( bring it on, pour it on)-That (milk runs out); worders -s are also used for this purpose (surcharge-s), derived from the abbreviated treatment " sir";
   • doubt(hardly, hardly);
   • incentive particles(let, let, come on (those)).

It is essential that modal (evaluative, expressive) meanings in one form or another are also present in particles of negative, interrogative, characterizing the action by its course or effectiveness, in replica particles.

Classification of particles by origin

antiderivatives

The primitives include the simplest (with a few exceptions) monosyllabic particles, which in the modern language do not have living word-formation connections and formal relationships with words of other classes.

non-primitives

All other particles are not primitive.

Classification of particles by composition

Simple

Simple particles are particles that consist of one word. Simple particles include all primitive particles, as well as particles that, to varying degrees, reveal living connections with conjunctions, pronominal words, adverbs, verbs or prepositions. In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include:, good, more, more, literally, it happens, it used to be, as if, after all, in (simple), at all, out, here, it seems, everything, everything, where, look, yes (not as part of the form command. incl.), come on (those), even, give (those), really, only, if, still, know, and, or, exactly, how, which, where, okay, whether, better, nothing (simple, asks), nothing, nothing, but, however, finally, it, go (simple), positive, simple, straight, let, let, perhaps, decisively, exactly, most, itself, rather , as if, absolutely, thank you (meaning good), so, there, to you, too, only, exactly, at least, of which, purely (simple), that, so that, ek, this.

As already mentioned, all these particles have close external and internal connections with other classes of words: they contain elements of meanings to varying degrees.

• adverbs (literally, good, in (simple), at all, out, here, where, really, only, still, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, completely, quite, so, there, well)
• pronominal words (everything, everything, what, it, the most, itself, you, what, this),
• verbs (sometimes, happened, it was, come on (those), give (those), look (those), know,
• unions (but, good, as if, after all, yes, even, if, and, or, whether, but, however, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, too, only, exactly, at least, that, so that, to),
• comparatives (more, more, better, sooner: Rather die than agree; Rather, vacations!),
• prepositions (like: It seems someone is calling?),
• interjections (ek, thanks: They, what a heat! You won’t find a place. Thank you, I slept a little in the cellar. N. Uspensky).

Sometimes in the same word the proximity and interweaving of the meanings of particle and conjunction, particle and adverb, particle and verb, particles and pronouns, particles and interjections are so close that the opposition to each other of such meanings as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be illegal, and the word must qualify as "particle-conjunction", "particle-adverb", "particle-pronoun", etc.;

Composite

Particles formed from two (less often - more) words:

• two particles
• particles and union,
• particles and prepositions,
• particle and a verb form or adverb isolated from its class.

Compound particles can be inseparable - their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words, or separable: their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Phraseological particles are distinguished within the compound particles: these are several service words (or service words and adverbs isolated from their classes, forms of pronominal words or verbs) that have merged together), there are no living relations between them in the modern language; such particles may also be separable or non-separable.

Dissected

Their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Dissected particles:

If only (If only it would rain!; If only it would rain!); here and (Here's a friend for you!; Here's the result for you!; Did you believe him? So believe people after that!); like this (That's the order!; That's the order!; Here we have a garden, such a garden!; Here we have made it so friendly!); almost (almost late; almost broke his head); almost (Almost for the first time in his life he lied); how not (How not to understand!; How can I not know the way!); no matter how (No matter how it rains); If only (If only there would be no rain!); not enough (simple) (I started ringing the bell, didn’t stop it a little. Dot.; From fear, I didn’t even fall to the ground a little. Lesk.); let (Let yourself sing!); rather (Hurry up spring!; Spring would be sooner!); so (it breathes with peace; so he did not recognize me); if only (Just don’t be late!) only and (Only talking about the trip; Only about the trip and talking); at least (Though I wouldn’t grumble!); almost (was) not (almost broke a leg); almost (He almost became a big boss now).

Particles are always dismembered

Isn't it (Shouldn't we have a rest?), isn't it (Don't spend the night here!).

Phraseological particles:

No, no, and (yes, and) (No, no, yes, and he will come to visit; No, no grandfather and remember); what kind of (What kind of news is this?; What kind of character do you have!); what of (of what) (What of his promises to me!; now what of the fact that he returned?).

It is necessary to distinguish from composite particles various, easily arising and easily disintegrating complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily of modal particles; For example:

already- already and, well, so, so, so ... well; How- yes, how, how, how, how, how, how; like- like, like, like, like, like, like;

Indivisible

their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words.

And then (- Aren't you afraid? - Otherwise I'm afraid !; Will they let you spend the night? - Otherwise they won't let you in); without that (He is already a silent person, but here he completely closed himself. Polev .; There is no time to wait, without that we are already late); it would be (simple.) (It would be for me not to stay, but to go home!); hardly; only (Time is only an hour); yet; look and (colloquial) (waited, waited, looked and fell asleep); far from (far from sure of success; far from being a beauty); Divi would (simple) (Divi would know the matter, otherwise he’s an ignoramus!); to what (How good the forest is! How tired you are!); would be good; if (If not for the war!); still (They don’t touch you. - You still would touch!; Good catch! - Still not good!); and there is (simple) (- Didn't recognize it, you see? - Didn't recognize and is. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - Pika is. Fad.); and so (Don't be angry, I'm already repenting; Why does he need money, he has a lot anyway); and then (They don’t let them go to the skating rink; I saw it for a long time, and then briefly; Talk to him. - And then I’ll talk); as is (simple) (Everything as it is, you said correctly. Bazhov; - Frozen? - As is, frozen); how; just (I came just in time; I'm afraid of the service: you'll just fall under responsibility. Turg.); how so (- Goodbye. - How so goodbye?); somehow; where as (Where how fun!); okay; on what (What is cunning, but even then he made a mistake); no way; unlikely; by no means (by no means a beauty); simply (He simply laughs at us); so (so he didn’t show up?); so (- I have all the tobacco. - Is that all?); either not (or not life!); something (Something glad !; That's what I look at, he calmed down); there too (There, from the laughing ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom .; The boy, but he argues there too); already (You did it yourself. - Already yourself?; This is a disease. - Already a disease!); grab and (While they were going, grab and it started to rain); well (- Let's go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well); or something (Call, or what ?; Help or something !; Are you deaf?);

Phraseological particles (phraseological particles)

Merged together several service words (or service words and adverbs isolated from their classes, forms of pronominal words or verbs), there are no living relations between which in the modern language; such particles may also be separable or non-separable.

Then - not otherwise than - (Not otherwise than a thunderstorm will gather in the evening) there is no way - there is no way - (What kind of fur coat have they rotted! No, to think: somewhere is the master's fur coat? Necr.); whether it’s a matter (Ivan Ilyich ordered stupidly; whether it’s a matter for you and me. L. Tolstoy); that - that and - look (that and look will die; that look will be forgotten), that - that and wait - (simple) (The stove of that and wait will fall. P. Bazhov); that - that and look - (that and look that) (After all, there are too many lynxes; look that will break your neck! N. Gogol); exactly the same; whatever it is - whatever it is (simple) (This is his favorite song).

Hyphenating and Separating Particles

1.Would (b), same (f), whether (l), as if, they say written separately

2.If particles whether or not are part of whole words, they are written together: really(particle), Later(adverb), Also(union), even(particle, union), to(particle, union)

3.Particle -ka, -tka, -that, -de, -s written with a hyphen

4. Particle something written separately with pronouns, if it is separated from it by prepositions: something from someone, about something, something about someone;

5. Particle still written with a hyphen only after verbs ( did it, did it, did it, did it) and as part of adverbs still, again, quite.In other cases, the particle still written separately.

Instruction

If you need to learn how to find particles in the text, then first of all remember that this is a service part of speech. Therefore, you will not be able to put a question to this word, as, for example, to independent parts of speech (noun, verb, adverb, etc.).

Learn to distinguish the particle from other service parts of speech (prepositions, conjunctions). It is also impossible to put a question to them, as well as to particles. But conjunctions do a different job in a sentence. If prepositions connect words in syntactic constructions, and unions - or simple sentences as part of a complex one, then we need particles, for example, in order to form a mood in a verb.

Use the verb "to be friends" in the imperative and in the conditional. You need to use shape particles for this. So, the particles "would", "b" form the conditional mood "would be friends." But such particles as "let", "let", "yes", "come on", "let's" will help you express some kind of request or order, i.e. use a verb in the form: "let them be friends."

Keep in mind that particles are also necessary in order to express your thoughts: to clarify something, to express an affirmation or denial, to point out some detail, to soften the requirement, etc. For example, the particles "not" and "neither" will help you communicate the absence of something, the particles "only", "only" - to clarify something, etc. And in the sentence "Over there, beyond the mountains, the sun appeared," the particle "out" indicates action.

Learn to distinguish the particle "neither" from the repeated union "neither". For example, in the sentence "I can neither cry nor laugh," the words "no-no" are a repeated conjunction, because they connect homogeneous predicates. But in the sentence "Wherever he was, he found friends everywhere," the word "neither" is a particle, because. introduces an additional meaning (statement) into the given syntactic construction.

Learn to distinguish between the particle "that", which is necessary to soften the requirement, from suffixes in indefinite pronouns or adverbs. So, in the sentence "Did you manage to exercise?" the particle "that" helps to add an additional shade. But in the adverb "somewhere" or in the pronoun "someone", "that" is a suffix, with the help of which new words are formed from interrogative pronouns and adverbs. Remember that the particle "that" is written with a hyphen with nouns.

Be aware that particles are not members of a sentence, like all other auxiliary parts of speech. But in some cases, for example, when using a verb with particles "not", "would", "b", they will play a syntactic role simultaneously with the predicate.

General properties of particles

In the class of particles, immutable non-significant (functional) words are combined, which

• express a wide variety of subjective-modal characteristics: motivation, subjunctiveness, conventionality, desirability, as well as evaluation of the message or its individual parts;
• participate in the expression of the purpose of the message (interrogation), as well as in the expression of affirmation or negation;
• characterize an action or state by its course in time, by completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of its implementation.

The listed particle functions are grouped:

• in the function of shaping
• as a function of various communicative characteristics of the message.

Common to all these functions is that in all cases they contain

• relationship value,
• relation (relatedness) of an action, a state or a whole message to reality,
• the relationship of the speaker to the reported,

moreover, both these types of relations are very often combined in the meaning of one particle.

The meaning of a particle as a separate word is the relation that it expresses in a sentence.

Particle Discharges

In accordance with the above functions, the following main categories of particles are distinguished:

1. shaping particles(let, let, let's, yes, let's, would, b, happened):
   • formative forms of words;
   • forming degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs;
2. negative particles(not, not at all, far from, not at all);
3. particles that characterize the trait(action or state) according to its course in time, in terms of completeness or incompleteness, effectiveness or ineffectiveness of implementation;
4. modal particles:
   • interrogative particles(whether, really, unless);
   • pointer particles(here, out);
   • clarifying particles(precisely, just,);
   • excretory and restrictive particles(only, only, exclusively, almost, only);
   • exclamation particles(what for, how);
   • amplifying particles(even, not, same, after all, really, after all);
   • mitigation(-ka bring it on, pour it on)-That (milk runs out); worders -s are also used for this purpose (surcharge-s), derived from the abbreviated treatment " sir";
   • doubt(hardly, hardly);
   • incentive particles(let be).

It is essential that modal (evaluative, expressive) meanings in one form or another are also present in particles of negative, interrogative, characterizing the action by its course or effectiveness, in replica particles.

Classification of particles by origin

antiderivatives

The primitives include the simplest (with a few exceptions) monosyllabic particles, which in the modern language do NOT have living word-formation connections and formal relationships with words of other classes.

non-primitives

All other particles are non-primitive.

Classification of particles by composition

Simple

Simple particles are particles that consist of one word. Simple particles include all primitive particles, as well as particles that, to varying degrees, reveal living connections with conjunctions, pronominal words, adverbs, verbs or prepositions. In addition to primitive particles, simple particles include: union (part of speech) | a, good, more, more, literally, it happens, it happened, it was, as if, after all, in (simple), at all, out, that's, like, everything , everything, where, look, yes (not as part of the imperative incl.), come on (those), even, give (those), really, only, if, still, know, and, or, exactly, how, what , where, okay, is it (particle) | is it better, nothing (simple, questions), nothing, nothing, however, finally, it, go (simple), positive, simple, straight, let, let, maybe , resolutely, exactly, the very thing, to yourself, rather, as if, completely, thank you (meaning good), so, there, to you, too, just, exactly, at least, of which, purely (simple), what, in order to , ek, it is. (but, contrary to popular belief, it is not included in their composition!) not a negative particle is not true, unacceptable, misfortune, impossible

As already mentioned, all these particles have close external and internal connections with other classes of words: they contain elements of meanings to varying degrees.

• adverbs (literally, good, in (simple), at all, out, here, where, really, only, still, exactly, how, where, okay, nothing, nothing, finally, positively, simply, directly, decisively, completely, quite, so, there, well)
• pronominal words (everything, everything, what, it, the most, itself, you, what, this),
• verbs (it happens, it happened, it was, come on (those), give (those), look (those), know),
• unions (but, good, as if, after all, yes, even, if, and, or, whether, but, however, let, let, perhaps, exactly, as if, too, only, exactly, at least, that, so that, to),
• comparatives (more, more, better, sooner: Rather die than agree; Rather, vacation!),
• prepositions (like: It seems someone is calling?),
• interjections (ek, thanks: They, what a heat! You won’t find a place. Thank you, I slept a little in the cellar. N. Uspensky).

Sometimes in the same word the proximity and interweaving of the meanings of particle and conjunction, particle and adverb, particle and verb, particles and pronouns, particles and interjections are so close that the opposition to each other of such meanings as belonging to words of different classes turns out to be illegal, and the word must qualify as "particle-conjunction", "particle-adverb", "particle-pronoun", etc.;

Composite

Particles formed from two (less often - more) words:

• two particles
• particles and union,
• particles and prepositions,
• particle and a verb form or adverb isolated from its class.

Compound particles can be inseparable - their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words, or separable: their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Phraseological particles are distinguished within the compound particles: these are several service words (or service words and adverbs isolated from their classes, forms of pronominal words or verbs) that have merged together), there are no living relations between them in the modern language; such particles may also be separable or non-separable.

Dissected

Their components in a sentence can be separated by other words. Dissected particles:

If only (If only it would rain!; If only it would rain!); here and (Here's a friend for you!; Here's the result for you!; Did you believe him? So believe people after that!); like this (That's the order!); this is so orders!; Here we have a garden, so a garden!; That made me feel so good!); almost (almost late; almost broke his head); almost (Almost for the first time in his life he lied); how not (How not to understand!; How can I not know the way!); no matter how (No matter how it rains); If only (If only there would be no rain!); not enough (simple) (I started ringing the bell, didn’t stop it a little. Dot.; From fear, I didn’t even fall to the ground a little. Lesk.); let (Let yourself sing!); rather (Hurry up spring!; Spring would be sooner!); so (it breathes with peace; so he did not recognize me); if only (Just don’t be late!) only and (Only talking about the trip; Only about the trip and talking); at least (Though I wouldn’t grumble!); almost (was) not (almost broke a leg); almost (He almost became a big boss now).

Particles are always dismembered

Isn't it (Shouldn't we have a rest?), isn't it (Don't spend the night here!).

Phraseological particles:

No, no, and (yes, and) (No, no, yes, and he will come to visit; No, no grandfather and remember); what kind of (What kind of news is this?; What kind of character do you have!); what of (of what) (What of his promises to me!; now what of the fact that he returned?).

It is necessary to distinguish from composite particles various, easily arising and easily disintegrating complexes grouped around a simple particle, which are characteristic primarily of modal particles; For example:

already- already and, well, so, so, so ... well; How- yes, how, how, how, how, how, how; like- like, like, like, like, like, like;

Not dissected

their components in a sentence cannot be separated by other words.

And then (- Aren't you afraid? - Otherwise I'm afraid !; Will they let me spend the night? - Otherwise they won't let me in); without that (He is already a silent person, but here he completely closed himself. Polev .; There is no time to wait, without that we are already late); it would be (simple.) (It would be for me not to stay, but to go home!); hardly; only (Time is only an hour); yet; look and (colloquial) (waited, waited, looked and fell asleep); far from (far from sure of success; far from being a beauty); Divi would (simple) (Divi would know the matter, otherwise he’s an ignoramus!); to what (How good the forest is! How tired you are!); would be good; if (If not for the war!); still (They don’t touch you. - You still would touch!; Good catch! - Still not good!); and there is (simple) (- Didn't recognize it, you see? - Didn't recognize and is. Bazhov; - Look, guys, Pika! - Pika is. Fad.); and so (Don't be angry, I'm already repenting; Why does he need money, he has a lot anyway); and then (They don’t let them go to the skating rink; I saw it for a long time, and then briefly; Talk to him. - And then I’ll talk); as is (simple) (Everything as it is, you said correctly. Bazhov; - Frozen? - As is, frozen); how; just (I came just in time; I'm afraid of the service: you'll just fall under responsibility. Turg.); how so (- Goodbye. - How so goodbye?); somehow; where as (Where how fun!); okay; on what (What is cunning, but even then he made a mistake); no way; unlikely; by no means (by no means a beauty); simply (He simply laughs at us); so (so he didn’t show up?); so (- I have all the tobacco. - Is that all?); either not (or not life!); something (Something glad !; That's what I look at, he calmed down); there too (There, from the laughing ones: I said something: he began to laugh. Mushroom .; The boy, but he argues there too); already (You did it yourself. - Already yourself?; This is a disease. - Already a disease!); grab and (While they were going, grab and it started to rain); well (- Let's go? - Well, let's go; I agree, well); or something (Call, or what ?; Help or something !; Are you deaf?);

Phraseological particles (phraseological particles)

Merged together several service words (or service words and adverbs isolated from their classes, forms of pronominal words or verbs), there are no living relations between which in the modern language; such particles may also be separable or non-separable.

Not otherwise - not otherwise than - (Not otherwise than a thunderstorm will gather in the evening, no to - not to - (What kind of fur coat have they rotted! No, to think: somewhere is the master's fur coat? Nekr.); whether it's a matter (Ivan Ilyich ordered stupidly; whether we are with you. L. Tolstoy); that - that and - look (that and look will die; that look will be forgotten), that - that and wait - (simple.) (The stove of that and wait will fall. P. Bazhov) ; that - that and look - (that and look what) (After all, there are too many lynxes; that and look what will break your neck! N. Gogol); exactly the same; whatever it is - whatever it is (simple. ) (This is his favorite song).

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Among the particles should be distinguished. Examples of them in Russian are quite numerous. The difficulty lies in the fact that they can perform several functions, and the particles often go into Let's analyze how these particles are represented in Russian, examples will help with this.

concept

What is a particle? This is a special service part of speech, which is designed to convey additional semantic or emotional shades both to the entire sentence as a whole and to a specific word. They also have another important function: they participate in the formation of word forms.

Let's analyze two sentences in which particles are used. Examples are as follows:

• Only she can help me do this hard work.
• Let them finish this task as soon as possible and move on to the next one.

If in the first sentence the particle only strengthens the pronoun she, gives the word the meaning of selection, exclusivity, then in the second particle let performs a completely different function - it participates in the formation of the imperative mood: let them finish, let them pass.

Syntactic role

Like other functional words (prepositions and conjunctions), particles do not carry a syntactic load, it is a mistake to single them out as a member of a sentence. The only exception is their formative role. In this case, the particle is indicated with the member of the sentence to which it adjoins.

• Didn't we meet yesterday on the bus? (Addition not with you includes particle Not.)
• Let the lights shine brighter. (The predicate in the imperative mood let them sparkle includes a particle let.)

Compare with sentences where there are no Examples:

• Are you supposed to be in class today? (Interrogative particle unless carries no syntactic load.)
• What a beautiful sea at dawn! (exclamation particle how is not a member of the proposal.)

Main functions

Let's figure out in the formation of what forms this part of speech (particle) is used. Examples will help with this.

1. The imperative mood of the verb. These are the particles: let (let), come on, yeah. (Let's get down to business as soon as possible . Yes the celebration will begin! )
2. Conditional verb. Here we use the particle would (b). (If would just bring everything back. Came b you come to me, you're done would much faster.)
3. In order to form the degree of comparison of the name of an adjective or adverb, particles are also used. Examples: higher, less deep, most beautiful; more interesting, less broad.
4. A number of linguists single out some (we will give examples of them in this paragraph) as participating in the formation of indefinite pronouns: something or something(someone, somewhere, somebody, someone). However, classical science still distinguishes them as suffixes and prefixes (some-).

Passed values

Much more diverse Examples will help to prove that with the help of these functional words it is possible to convey various emotional and semantic shades.

There are several groups of such particles:

1. Interrogative. Is it really, is it (or) indicate a question. ( Really How hard is it to complete a simple task? Is Did I say I'll be back after dinner? You whether behind that tree?
2. Exclamation points. How what for speak of admiration or indignation. ( How It's great to come home after a day at work! What the beautiful morning! What the disobedient child! How you can cook soup so badly!)
3. Pointing. Here, out are used when it is necessary to draw the listener's attention to a particular subject. ( Here this house. He is over a thousand years old. Won, look, a wedge of cranes.)
4. Amplifying: even, after all, after all, even then. They are used to emotionally reinforce a particular word. ( Even a small child knows to wash his hands after the street. After all I warned you could be wrong here. Still you are an irreparable romantic. Anya same went into the forest through the thicket. To me -That Don't you know how hard it is to study and work!)
5. Clarifying: precisely, exactly, exactly- are used to refer to specific objects and phenomena. (It was exactly the dress that was hanging in the window yesterday. Exactly This is what I am trying to convey to you. Just Paul should know this.)
6. Conveying doubt: hardly, hardly.(Hardly there is someone who can help us. Hardly he will cope with such a difficult test.)
7. Negative Particles: no, neither. Examples of their use will be discussed in more detail below. Here we will only say that they convey negation in different ways.

Negation with not and neither

It is the negative particles that cause the most difficulties. The difficulty lies in the fact that they are used in various speech situations. Yes, particle Not used when it is necessary to convey the negatives of the sentence as a whole. ( Not talk to me like that! I Not Can Not go to this meeting . )

Another thing is a particle neither. It is designed to reinforce an already existing denial. In other words, it is always used in conjunction with Not giving it extra meaning. By the way, instead of a particle Not maybe the right word is no. (Not in the sky t neither cloud, neither clouds. I will not go neither to the store neither to visit - I want to stay at home.) Word No, which is a predicate, can be omitted, it can be easily restored from the context. (In the house neither souls. Wed: Not in the house neither souls.)

Particle neither can also take on an amplifying value. (Where neither I’ll take a look - everywhere they rejoice at the first sun.) In such cases, the function word is used in subordinate clauses along with, for example, who, what, where, where.

Spelling neither

When to write Not, and when neither? The answer is simple: try to “throw out” the controversial particle from the sentence. If the meaning does not change, you need to use neither, otherwise - Not. ( What book would I neither I read, everywhere I meet characters similar to my loved ones.) If you remove the sentences, it will remain the same, grammatically it will not suffer.

(Who Not prepared for exams, passed them very badly.) If you remove the particle, the meaning of the sentence will change to the opposite. Need to use Not.

It should also be remembered that in exclamatory sentences, together with the particle only always spelled Not.(Where is he Not looking for the loss - all to no avail!)

Plan.

1. Particles as part of speech.
2. Discharges of particles by formation, structure, location.
3. Particle ranks by value.
4. Word-building and formative particles.
5. Stylistic characteristics of particles.
6. Particle formation.

1 . The term particle, like most of the grammatical terminology, was inherited by Russian grammar from ancient grammar.

In a narrow sense particles - these are service words that give semantic or modal-expressive shades to words or sentences, and also serve to form words and word forms.

This will be the part-of-speech meaning of the particles.

Like other functional words, particles do not have inflection forms and are not members of a sentence, since they do not have a nominative meaning.

Only you can do it.

Well what the neck, what the eyes!

2 . By education particles are divided into two types:

A) non-derivative, for example: would, same, here, out, not, not, etc .;

b) derivatives, For example: yes, a(correlate with unions); already, more, just(with adverbs); this, that, imagine that for (with pronouns); it was, you see, come on(with verbs), etc.

This correlation shows how the particles are formed.

By structure distinguish between simple and compound particles.

TO simple include derivative and non-derivative particles consisting of one word: only, same and etc.

Composite particles usually consist of two or three words. They form verbal complexes that easily arise and easily break up in a sentence, are modified: here and, and even, it seems, well, here it is, and then, where is it, not even, so right and etc.

Compound particles can be indivisible(their components are not separated in the sentence by other words, for example: otherwise, it would be good, hardly, and then after all, and even then etc.) and dismemberable, For example:

Here it is: Here it is rain! - Here's a little rain!;

here and: Here is the result for you. - Here is the result for you;

Nearly broke my leg. - I almost broke my leg;

how not: How can I not know him! How could I not know him! and etc.

By location There are two types of particles:

A) post-positive, i.e. occupying a position after the significant word: would, would, then and etc.;

b) prepositive, i.e. occupying the position before the significant word:

really, yes, let, what for and etc.

Some particles can move in a sentence depending on the meaning of what is being said, for example:

After all We didn't lose ourselves right away.

Egor Pavlovich, go after all.

3 . By value, the particles are divided into the following categories.

I. Particles expressing semantic shades (they introduce various kinds of additional meanings into speech):

A) index, For example: out, here, that's how, it, this, in;

their common meaning is an indication of an object or phenomenon, but they can also differ in private meanings, for example:

Here: indicates a closer object: Here is the house;

out: indicates a more distant object: There is one star, there is another. Won third. How much! - said Marfenka, looking at the sky(Gonch.);

b) definitive and clarifying, For example: exactly, just, almost, exactly, slightly;

they serve to clarify the meaning of a word in a phrase or sentence: Came smooth at 12.00. It was exactly He;

V) excretory-restrictive particles, for example: exclusively, only, only, only, at least (would), only O;

they give a restrictive connotation to a word or phrase, logically highlighting them:

Heard in the silence of the steppe only barking dogs and horses neighing;

Calling Veselova, he wanted just clarify the composition of the garden brigade for the summer (Iv.).

This group (of semantic particles) adjoins amplifying particles: even, already, already (already), well, still, then, simply, positively, decisively etc. They reinforce the meaning of a single word or sentence, giving it more expressiveness, for example: Me positively revolts her despotism (M.G.).

II. Particles that introduce modal and modal-volitional shades into speech (they participate in the expression of unreality, reliability-unreliability, the speaker's point of view on the reported facts or thoughts).

1. Modal-volitional particles (they express an attitude to reality associated with the expression of will, i.e. they express advice, motivation, etc.; they are usually used with a predicate, they introduce shades of desirability, motivation and imperativeness, they can express the meanings of necessity and possibility: yes, let, let, come on, let, would, -ka):

In our country to go and go.

Let me take a nap on guard on the porch.

Now let's talk and think of something.

2. Proper modal particles that express affirmation, negation, possibility, etc.:

A) affirmative(express the affirmation of the correctness of thought, agreement with something): yes, yes, exactly, yeah and etc.;

Yes, our life flowed rebelliously;

b) negative: no, no, no, not at all and etc.; The road does not dust, the sheets do not tremble;

Two negative particles Not(before a personal verb and before an infinitive) express a statement: I can not help saying that...;

Particle neither usually used in negative sentences where there is already a negation Not, No or a word with a negative meaning: The old man didn't say another word;

In incentive sentences, the particle neither can express the meaning of negation: No step back!;

V) interrogative(with the help of these particles, various questions are formulated that have one or another emotional and expressive coloring: whether (l), but, really, well, really, really, what and etc.): But was my Eugene happy?;

Particles whether, not ... whether, really, really also make a rhetorical question: Didn't I help you?;

With a particle what the a question that requires clarification, clarification is expressed: What kind of papers did Pechorin leave you?;

G) comparative(allow the speaker to compare one situation with another or one object with another, and also express uncertainty, presumption, doubt): like, like, like, as if, like and etc.; And then he entrusted me with two supposedly urgent cases(Dost.);

e) particles expressing the attitude to the reliability of the statement: hardly, perhaps, hardly, perhaps, almost, tea and etc.; We hardly ever see each other;

e) particles that denote the subjective transmission of someone else's speech(they express doubt about the authenticity of what is being said, disagreement of the speaker, emotionally expressive shades of irony, disapproval: say, they say, supposedly and etc.): Of course, you have heard about my alleged affair with you.(M.G.).

III. Emotionally Expressive Particles (they increase the emotionality, expressiveness of speech: where, where, what for, after all, well, where there, how and etc.): Where can you compete with me, With me, with Balda himself?(P.)

Many particles are multivalued: just, just like, well, and and etc.

4 . According to the function performed, formative and word-forming particles are also distinguished.

A. Form-building particles are involved in the formation of analytical grammatical forms:

The imperative mood, for example: let speaks, Let's read, Yes hello;

Subjunctive mood: read would;

Comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, category of state, for example: more strong;

Superlatives of adjectives, adverbs, state categories, for example: all more beautiful; Today most chilly.

Shape-forming particles also include particles was, used to , which, combined with past tense forms, give them additional meanings:

- was indicates an action started but interrupted for some reason: Oblomov was about to get up from his chair, but he did not immediately hit his shoe with his foot and sat down again.;

- used to indicates a repeated repetition of an action in the past: A simple pupil of freedom, so I used to sing of the beautiful dream of freedom(P.).

B. - particles are used to form indefinite pronouns and adverbs ( not, something, something, something-), negative pronouns and adverbs ( no, neither).

5 . Many particles are interstyle: only, whether, even, not, nor, let, almost, here and etc.

Conversational particles: really: they say, they say, after all, maybe, really, well, well and etc.

Speech particles: let go, see, in, something, tea, I suppose and etc.

Particles of later origin usually serve bookish speech: decisively, decisively, definitely and etc.

6 . The process of formation of new particles on the basis of other parts of speech is called particulation. Significant and auxiliary parts of speech, as well as modal words, pass into particles.

The process of particulation of any part of speech is accompanied by shifts in the lexical meaning of the original lexemes. They lose their categorical meaning and develop the meaning of the particle. Particulations are subject to:

Adverbs: where, right and etc.:

I'll tell you straight (adverb): you're not worth this man (O.O.);

I was exhausted that night - there is no direct (particle) strength (M.G.);

Pronouns: this is it and etc.;

Verbs: was, come on and etc.;

modal words: of course, probably and etc.;

Unions: and, uh, yeah and etc.;

Prepositions: like and etc.