The reign of Nicholas I presentation for a history lesson (Grade 10) on the topic. The reign of Nicholas I presentation for a history lesson (Grade 10) on the topic The main stages in the development of the Eastern question

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Nicholas I Pavlovich Palkin
Nicholas I. Artist E.I. Botman. 1856
Eleventh Emperor of All Russia (1796-1825-1855)
30 years on the throne
Ul'eva O.V., teacher of history and social studies, secondary school № 1353. Moscow. Zelenograd AO.

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Domestic policy of Nicholas I (1825-1855). PLAN OF STUDYING THE THEME: The childhood of Nicholas I. The formation of the personality of the emperor. Conservative-protective policy of Nicholas I: Centralization and bureaucratization of the state apparatus; III branch of the Office of the EIV and the Separate corps of gendarmes; "cast-iron" censorship charter; theory of official nationality; and the abolition of the Constitution. Liberal reforms of Nicholas I: reform of state peasants; codification of legislation; financial reform; the beginning of the industrial revolution; Charity and Office of Institutions of the Empress Maria. General results of the domestic policy of Nicholas I.
Nicholas I at the monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod.

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Childhood of Nicholas I
Portrait of Paul I with his family. Artist Gerard von Kugelgen. 1800
"His mind is not processed, his upbringing was careless." Queen Victoria about Nicholas I, 1844.
The last of the grandchildren of Catherine II, born during her lifetime: “His voice is bass, and he screams amazingly; it is a yard short of two inches long, and its arms are a little smaller than mine. For the first time in my life I see such a knight. If he continues as he began, then the brothers will be dwarfs before this colossus. Catherine II about the newborn grandson.
Catherine II
"Russia was founded by victories and unity of command, perished from discord, but was saved by wise autocracy." Karamzin N.M. A note about ancient and new Russia in its political and civil relations.
N.M. Karamzin. Lithograph, 1822.

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FOR COMPARISON: In the 1860s, the population of the Russian Empire (excluding Poland and Finland) was 61,175.9 thousand people; the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 60,000 people. 1 officer per 1000 people.
FOR COMPARISON: On January 1, 2014, the population of the Russian Federation was 146,100 thousand people; the number of officials in Russia is 1,455,000 people. 10 officials per 1000 people.
Nicholas I considers generals to be the best administrators. Under Nicholas I, they were both ministers and governors.

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The pinnacle of bureaucratic absurdity is the case of a certain Moscow farmer. He was listened to for many years, it has grown to many volumes. Only a summary of the essence of the issue occupied 15,000 pages. The case was requested from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Several carts were specially hired to transport all the papers. And on the way, everything was gone: papers, and carts, and cabbies.
NIKOLAEV BUREAUCRACY

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HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY'S OWN OFFICE (E.I.V.'s own office)
From 1826 to 1881, the Private Chancellery was divided into several independent departments, the value of each was equal to the ministerial one.
1820s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 20,000 people.
1860s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 60,000 people.

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III DIVISION Own H.I.V. office
"Now everyone has either a blue uniform, or a blue lining, or at least a blue patch." General A.P. Ermolov (after the establishment of the gendarme department in 1826).
detective and political investigation; censorship; the fight against the Old Believers and sectarianism, surveillance of foreigners living in Russia; expulsion of unreliable and suspicious people; investigation of cases of ill-treatment of landowners with peasants.
A.H. Benkendorf. Artist D.Dow. Military gallery of the Winter Palace.
The corps of gendarmes is "an armed inquisition, police Freemasonry, which had in all corners of the empire, from Riga to Nerchinsk, their brothers listening and eavesdropping." A. I. GERTSEN. Literature and public opinion after December 14, 1825.
Gendarmes of Nicholas I. Drawing of the middle of the 19th century.
The number of gendarme corps: 1836 - 5164 people; 1857 - 4629 people; 1866 - 7076 people; 1880 - 6708 people; 1895 - 9243 people; 1914 - 13,645 people; 1917 - 15,718 people.
The population of the Russian Empire in 1897 was 129,142.1 thousand people.
Personnel of the III Section: 1826 - 16 people; 1829 - 20 people; 1841 - 28 people.

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"IRON" CENSORSHIP CHARTER
Adopted on June 10 (22), 1826. The censor has the right to demand from the author: a radical reworking of the plot; rejection of fundamentally important conclusions; any changes in the text. Censors must ensure that the text of the work "does not creep into anything that could weaken the feelings of devotion, fidelity and voluntary obedience to the decrees of the authorities and domestic laws." Published with censorship passes and distortions: "Boris Godunov" by A.S. Pushkin; "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov. They didn’t print at all: “The Demon” by M.Yu. Lermontov.
Permission of the Moscow Censorship Committee dated June 10, 1838 for the publication of A. Pravdin's book "On Railways and End Roads in Russia".
Contemporaries noted with amazement that the "cast-iron" charter at once banned not only the entire ancient Greek and Roman history, but also the official "History of the Russian State" by Karamzin. "Even the Our Father could be interpreted in the Jacobin dialect, referring to this charter." C. Glinka (Russian historian, writer).

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THEORY OF OFFICIAL NATIONALITY
Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité
S.S. Uvarov - Minister of Public Education. Artist V.A. Golike. 1833
Caricatures of Gustave Dore on Nikolaev Russia. 1854

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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING
Hej, who Polak, na bagnety! Żyj, swobodo, Polsko, żyj! (Hey! Who is a Pole, with hostility! Live, freedom, Poland, live!) "Varshavyanka" is a Polish patriotic song, a symbol of the November Uprising of 1830.
Under what conditions did Poland become part of Russia after the Napoleonic Wars?
POLISH CONSTITUTION of 1815: the crown of Poland remains with Russia; the viceroy of the king is limited by the Constitution; bicameral Sejm - the highest legislative body (1818) official language - Polish; freedom of speech, inviolability of the person, equality of religions; Polish corps in the Russian army.

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Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich - Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland in 1826-1830.
POLISH Uprising - November 1830 - October 1831.

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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING
I.I. Dibich-Zabalkansky. Field Marshal General, fourth and last full knight of the Order of St. George.
I.F. Paskevich-Erivansky. Field Marshal General, one of the four full cavaliers of the Order of St. George.
by the end of 1830, Russian troops were driven out of Poland; On January 13, 1831, the Sejm proclaimed the independence of Poland; Adam Czartoryski became the head of the Polish government; the Russian-Polish war began; the Poles hoped for help from England and France, but they preferred not to complicate their relations with Nicholas I; against the 50,000th Polish army, a 120,000th army was sent under the command of Field Marshal I.I. Dibich; On August 28 (September 8), 1831, the Russian army under the command of I.F. Paskevich (I.I. Dibich and Konstantin Pavlovich died of cholera) stormed Warsaw; I.F. Paskevich writes to Nicholas I: "WARSAW AT THE FEET OF YOUR MAJESTY".
After the suppression of the Polish uprising, Field Marshal Paskevich will be appointed Viceroy of Poland and receive the amazing title of a multi-vector imperial policy - Count Paskevich-Erivansky, Prince of Warsaw.

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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING
“Never give freedom to the Poles!” Nicholas I to Alexander II.
The bears are in a bind. English cartoon dedicated to the Polish uprising. 1831.
the Polish constitution of 1815 is repealed; the Polish army was abolished, its soldiers and officers were exiled to Siberia and the Caucasus; the University of Warsaw was closed; the Poles are obliged to maintain a 100,000-strong Russian army; the old administrative division into voivodeships was replaced by division into provinces. Polonophilism and Russophobia.

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REFORM OF STATE PEASANTS
P.D. Kiselev - Minister of State Property in 1837-1856.
Reform of state peasants (1837-1841): partial resettlement of peasants from densely populated areas to less populated areas; increase in land allotments; reduction of taxes; creation of a network of medical institutions and schools in rural areas. 1842 - Decree on obligated peasants.
“Serfdom is a powder magazine under the state” From a report on the state of affairs in Russia by A.Kh. Benckendorff.

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CODIFICATION OF LEGISLATION
The last ordered code of laws of Russia was the Cathedral Code of 1649.
M.M. Speransky. Artist A.G. Varnek.
Who tried to streamline the laws of the Russian Empire in the 18th century?
Codification of legislation (1830-1833): 45 volumes of the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire from 1649 to 1825; 15 volumes of the "Code of Laws" intended for direct use. THE TEXTS OF THE LAWS HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND ORDINARY RESIDENTS OF THE COUNTRY.
Emperor Nicholas I awards Speransky for compiling a code of laws. Artist A.Kivshenko.

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Monetary reform (1839-1843): creation of a system of silver monometallism (silver standard).
E.F. Kankrin - Minister of Finance of Russia in 1823-1844.
FINANCIAL REFORM

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THE BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Tsarskoselskaya railway. Colorized lithograph. 1837.
What is an industrial revolution? What consequences does it lead to?
intensive construction of paved highways (Moscow-Petersburg, Moscow-Irkutsk, Moscow-Warsaw); the construction of railways began: Petersburg-Tsarskoe Selo (1837), Petersburg-Moscow (1851); from 1819 to 1859 the volume of cotton production in Russia increased by almost 30 times; the volume of engineering products from 1830 to 1860 increased 33 times. share of the urban population: 1825 - 4.5%, 1858 - 9.2%.

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Thanks to the personal patronage of members of the royal family, the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria has taken a prominent place in the history of helping the poor in Russia. After the death of Maria Feodorovna, it was successively headed by three empresses: Alexandra Feodorovna (wife of Nicholas I); Maria Alexandrovna (wife of Alexander II); Maria Feodorovna (wife of Alexander III). The royal persons, by personal example, introduced the top of the Russian aristocracy to philanthropy. Representatives of the bureaucratic elite, high military officials became guardians of the establishments.
Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759–1828)
OFFICE OF INSTITUTIONS OF THE EMPRESS MARIA FYODOROVNA
Emblem of the Department's orphanages. A pelican tearing its chest open to feed its chicks with blood.

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"DARK SEVEN YEARS" - 1848-1855
Revolutions of 1848-1849 in Europe.
The Revolution of 1848 in France establishes the Second Republic. All over Germany, fearful rulers are granting constitutions. The All-German Assembly in Frankfurt discusses the unification of the country. In Austria, Czechs, Hungarians and Italians are rising up in arms, and the multinational empire seems to be on the brink of collapse.

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"DARK SEVEN YEARS" - 1848-1855
The monarchs of Europe are swallowing the pills of the constitution. Caricature of 1848.
Hungary began to fight for independence; The Austrian government turned to Russia for help; Nicholas I sent a 150,000-strong army under the command of I.F. Paskevich to suppress the Hungarian revolution; The Austrian Empire was saved.
Nicholas I - GENDARME OF EUROPE. Give an assessment of the domestic policy of Nicholas I.
ACHIEVEMENTS FAILURE
Conclusion: (Your opinion may not coincide with Pushkin's assessment).

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MATERIALS USED IN PREPARING THE PRESENTATION: Sakharov A.N., Bokhanov A.N. Russian history. XVII-XIX centuries. Part 2: Textbook for grade 10 educational institutions. M.: LLC "TID "Russian Word - RS", 2006. Itskovich M., Kocherezhko S. Istria: Full course. Multimedia tutor (+CD). - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2013. Alekseev S.I., Mazurov B.F. The history of Russia from ancient times to the present day in diagrams and tables: grades 10-11: M .: Ventana-Graf, 2013. Kirillov V.V. Domestic history in diagrams and tables. Moscow: Eksmo, 2012.
FOR THOSE WHO WANT TO KNOW MORE:
Caricatures of Gustave Dore on Nikolaev Russia. 1854
http://www.zoomby.ru/watch/114146-academia - Academia - Special course Russian Sovereigns. Nicholas I. http://www.rusfond.ru/encyclopedia/28 - additional information about the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria (IV department of the Office of the EIM). http://rusarchives.ru/statehood/06-70-manifest-nikolay-i_rgia/index.html#/7/ - Manifesto of Nicholas I on the enactment of the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. January 31, 1833. Script.
Danilov A.A., Kosulina L.G. History of Russia, XIX century: textbook. for 8 cells. general education institutions. M. Education, 2009. Antonova T.S., Levandovsky A.A., Oleinikov D.I., Ponomareva V.V., Kharitonov A.L. History of Russia: XIX century. Multimedia textbook for educational institutions. M., Clio Soft. 2011. http://ru.wikipedia.org

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Nicholas I Pavlovich Palkin Nicholas I. Artist E.I. Botman. 1856 Eleventh Emperor of All Russia (1796-1825-1855) 30 years on the throne On the slide: Monogram of Nicholas I

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Domestic policy of Nicholas I (1825-1855). PLAN OF STUDYING THE THEME: The childhood of Nicholas I. The formation of the personality of the emperor. Conservative-protective policy of Nicholas I: Centralization and bureaucratization of the state apparatus; III branch of the Office of the EIV and the Separate corps of gendarmes; "cast-iron" censorship charter; theory of official nationality; the suppression of the Polish uprising and the abolition of the Constitution. Liberal reforms of Nicholas I: reform of state peasants; codification of legislation; financial reform; the beginning of the industrial revolution; Charity and Office of Institutions of the Empress Maria. "Gloomy Seven Years" - 1848-1855 General results of the domestic policy of Nicholas I. Nicholas I on the monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod.

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Assignment for the lesson What was the nature of the internal policy of Nicholas I: liberal or conservative?

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Childhood of Nicholas I Portrait of Paul I with his family. Artist Gerard von Kugelgen. 1800 "His mind is not processed, his upbringing was careless." Queen Victoria about Nicholas I, 1844. The last of the grandchildren of Catherine II, born during her lifetime: “His voice is bass, and he screams amazingly; it is a yard short of two inches long, and its arms are a little smaller than mine. For the first time in my life I see such a knight. If he continues as he began, then the brothers will be dwarfs before this colossus. Catherine II about the newborn grandson. Catherine II "Russia was founded by victories and unity of command, perished from discord, and was saved by the wise autocracy." Karamzin N.M. A note about ancient and new Russia in its political and civil relations. N.M. Karamzin. Lithograph, 1822. The Imperial family is depicted against the backdrop of Pavlovsk Park. On the right in the background is the facade of the Pavlovsk Palace, facing the Slavyanka River. The picture shows from left to right: led. book. Alexander Pavlovich in the uniform of the Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment, leaning on a pedestal with a bust of Peter I, next to him is a bicycle. book. Konstantin Pavlovich in the uniform of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment; further leaned against the knees of the mother-Empress Maria Feodorovna, a small led. book. Nikolai Pavlovich. Behind the figure of the seated empress stands a velo. book. Ekaterina Pavlovna, and in the center of the composition, behind the harp, a led is depicted. book. Maria Pavlovna. Behind it, in the shade of trees, there is a column with a bust of a vel, who died in infancy. book. Olga Pavlovna. Further, leaning on the knees of Emperor Paul I (in the uniform of the Preobrazhensky Regiment), stands the youngest daughter - led. book. Anna Pavlovna. At the foot of the chair on the ground sits a child - led. book. Mikhail Pavlovich. At the right edge of the picture are bicycles. book. Alexandra and Elena Pavlovna.

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The third son of Paul I He received a good education at home, but did not show much zeal for studies He drew well He sincerely believed in God Howled an excellent psychologist. He did not recognize the humanities, but he was well versed in military art, was fond of fortification, was familiar with engineering. He was well versed in theater and painting. He returned Pushkin from exile, became his personal censor. He personally interrogated the arrested Decembrists, "split" almost all of them Nicholas I 1896-1825-1855.

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The reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855) "APOGEE OF AUTODERATION" is the most complete manifestation of absolutism, the unlimited power of the monarch in all spheres of public and political life. * strict centralization of the state system; * complete unity of command at all levels of government, * unconditional subordination of the lower to the higher.

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Despite the defeat of the Decembrists, Nicholas I was strongly impressed by this event. Fearing a repetition of such speeches, he, on the one hand, increased countermeasures against possible conspiracies, and on the other hand, he took steps to carefully continue reforms that would help relieve tension in society. Controversy in politics Constant struggle against the revolutionary movement, persecution of everything advanced and progressive Attempt to carry out measures that would eradicate the shortcomings of the existing system and solve the most acute problems

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HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY'S OWN OFFICE (E.I.V.'s Own Office) From 1826 until 1881, the Own Office was subdivided into several independent departments, the value of each was equal to that of a minister. 1820s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 20,000 people. 1860s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 60,000 people. FOR COMPARISON: In the 1860s, the population of the Russian Empire (excluding Poland and Finland) was 61,175.9 thousand people; the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 60,000 people. 1 officer per 1000 people. FOR COMPARISON: On January 1, 2014, the population of the Russian Federation was 146,100 thousand people; the number of officials in Russia is 1,455,000 people. 10 officials per 1000 people. Nicholas I considers generals to be the best administrators. Under Nicholas I, they were both ministers and governors. Errors in the scheme: Section V was created in 1835 to reform the state peasants. In 1842, the VI Department was created to resolve issues of managing the Transcaucasus.

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The pinnacle of bureaucratic absurdity is the case of a certain Moscow farmer. He was listened to for many years, it has grown to many volumes. Only a summary of the essence of the issue occupied 15,000 pages. The case was requested from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Several carts were specially hired to transport all the papers. And on the way, everything was gone: papers, and carts, and cabbies. NIKOLAEV BUREAUCRACY

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HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY'S OWN OFFICE (E.I.V.'s Own Office) From 1826 until 1881, the Own Office was subdivided into several independent departments, the value of each was equal to that of a minister. 1820s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 20,000 people. 1860s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 60,000 people. Errors in the scheme: Section V was created in 1835 to reform the state peasants. In 1842, the VI Department was created to resolve issues of managing the Transcaucasus.

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III DIVISION Own H.I.V. office "Now everyone has either a blue uniform, or a blue lining, or at least a blue patch." General A.P. Ermolov (after the establishment of the gendarme department in 1826). detective and political investigation; censorship; the fight against the Old Believers and sectarianism, surveillance of foreigners living in Russia; expulsion of unreliable and suspicious people; investigation of cases of ill-treatment of landowners with peasants. A.H. Benkendorf. Artist D.Dow. Military gallery of the Winter Palace. The corps of gendarmes is "an armed inquisition, police Freemasonry, which had in all corners of the empire, from Riga to Nerchinsk, their brothers listening and eavesdropping." A. I. GERTSEN. Literature and public opinion after December 14, 1825. Gendarmes of Nicholas I. Drawing of the middle of the 19th century. The number of gendarme corps: 1836 - 5164 people; 1857 - 4629 people; 1866 - 7076 people; 1880 - 6708 people; 1895 - 9243 people; 1914 - 13,645 people; 1917 - 15,718 people. The population of the Russian Empire in 1897 was 129,142.1 thousand people. Personnel of the III Section: 1826 - 16 people; 1829 - 20 people; 1841 - 28 people. The number of the royal gendarmerie: in 1836 in its states there were 5164 people, in 1857 - 4629, 1866 - 7076, 1880 - 6708, 1895 - 9243, 1914 - 13 645 and in 1917 g. - 15,718. Compare the number of secret services of the reactionary Nikolai Palkin with the number of special services of modern "democratic" states.

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"IRON" CENSORSHIP REGULATION Adopted on June 10 (22), 1826. The censor has the right to demand from the author: a radical reworking of the plot; rejection of fundamentally important conclusions; any changes in the text. Censors must ensure that the text of the work "does not creep into anything that could weaken the feelings of devotion, fidelity and voluntary obedience to the decrees of the authorities and domestic laws." Published with censorship passes and distortions: "Boris Godunov" by A.S. Pushkin; "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov. They didn’t print at all: “The Demon” by M.Yu. Lermontov. Permission of the Moscow Censorship Committee dated June 10, 1838 to publish A. Pravdin's book "On Railways and End Roads in Russia". Contemporaries noted with amazement that the "cast-iron" charter banned not only all ancient Greek and Roman history, but also the official "History State of the Russian "Karamzin. "Even the Our Father could be interpreted in the Jacobin dialect, referring to this charter. " S. Glinka (Russian historian, writer). The charter forbade "any historical work in which encroachers on legitimate authority, who received a fair punishment for deeds , are presented as victims of the public good, deserving a better fate". In addition, historical works were banned if they revealed "an unfavorable disposition towards monarchical rule", any comparison of forms of government and, in general, reasoning about the historical process. Contemporaries noted with amazement that Shishkov (Minister of Education, author of the "cast-iron charter") at once banned not only the entire ancient Greek and Roman history, but also the official "History of the Russian State" by Karamzin. Of philosophical books, only textbooks were allowed: "other works of this kind, filled with pernicious sophistication of modern times, should not be printed at all."

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The fight against revolutionary moods A.Kh. Chancellery Corps of gendarmes - body of political investigation

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THE THEORY OF OFFICIAL NATIONALITY Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité SS Uvarov - Minister of Public Education. Artist V.A. Golike. 1833 Caricatures of Gustave Dore on Nikolaev Russia. 1854 On the slide: ALLEGORY OF FREEDOM. Engraving, 1790s. "Liberty, equality and fraternity" - the slogan of the Great French Revolution, in opposition to which the theory of official nationality was formulated: "Orthodoxy, autocracy, people" It should be noted that Gustave Dore drew his cartoons at the height of the Crimean War, when Russia became the main enemy of England and France in Europe. That's why cartoons are so evil. "God save the Tsar!" - the state anthem of the Russian Empire from 1833 to 1917, replacing the previous anthem "Russian Prayer".

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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING Hej, kto Polak, na bagnety! Żyj, swobodo, Polsko, żyj! (Hey! Who is a Pole, with hostility! Live, freedom, Poland, live!) "Varshavyanka" is a Polish patriotic song, a symbol of the November Uprising of 1830. Under what conditions did Poland become part of Russia after the Napoleonic Wars? POLISH CONSTITUTION of 1815: the crown of Poland remains with Russia; the viceroy of the king is limited by the Constitution; bicameral Sejm - the highest legislative body (1818) official language - Polish; freedom of speech, inviolability of the person, equality of religions; Polish corps in the Russian army.

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Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich - Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland in 1826-1830. POLISH Uprising - November 1830 - October 1831. In the summer of 1830, the revolution overthrew the Bourbon dynasty in France, in addition, the Belgians took up arms, seeking to secede from Holland and create their own state. Russia came out in defense of the Vienna order. In October, Tsar Nicholas I ordered the Polish army to prepare for a campaign in Belgium.

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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING II Dibich-Zabalkansky. Field Marshal General, fourth and last full knight of the Order of St. George. I.F. Paskevich-Erivansky. Field Marshal General, one of the four full cavaliers of the Order of St. George. by the end of 1830, Russian troops were driven out of Poland; On January 13, 1831, the Sejm proclaimed the independence of Poland; Adam Czartoryski became the head of the Polish government; the Russian-Polish war began; the Poles hoped for help from England and France, but they preferred not to complicate their relations with Nicholas I; against the 50,000th Polish army, a 120,000th army was sent under the command of Field Marshal I.I. Dibich; On August 28 (September 8), 1831, the Russian army under the command of I.F. Paskevich (I.I. Dibich and Konstantin Pavlovich died of cholera) stormed Warsaw; I.F. Paskevich writes to Nicholas I: "WARSAW AT THE FEET OF YOUR MAJESTY". After the suppression of the Polish uprising, Field Marshal Paskevich will be appointed Viceroy of Poland and receive the amazing title of a multi-vector imperial policy - Count Paskevich-Erivansky, Prince of Warsaw. The Polish uprising will coincide with the cholera epidemic in the Russian Empire. Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich I.I. Dibich died during the Polish uprising from cholera. He will finally crush the uprising, take Warsaw by storm and become the Viceroy of Poland I.F. Paskevich. On the morning of September 8, 1831, the troops of the Russian army entered Warsaw through the open gates, and Paskevich would write to the tsar: "Warsaw is at the feet of Your Majesty."

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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING "Never give freedom to the Poles!" Nicholas I to Alexander II. The bears are in a bind. English cartoon dedicated to the Polish uprising. 1831. the Polish constitution of 1815 is repealed; the Polish army was abolished, its soldiers and officers were exiled to Siberia and the Caucasus; the University of Warsaw was closed; the Poles are obliged to maintain a 100,000-strong Russian army; the old administrative division into voivodeships was replaced by division into provinces. Polonophilism and Russophobia. Cartoon by William Heath "Bears in a stalemate (conceived as one of the illustrations of the series "Non-intervention system")", published on March 27, 1831, is dedicated to the Polish uprising of 1830: A heroic Polish zolnezh under a Phrygian cap bravely protects women and children from a crowd of Cossack bears, while reciting Shakespeare's "Richard III": "Slaves, I put my life on the line - and I will stay until the end of the game." On the left in the background, the French behind Louis Philippe shout: "Down with the Russians", and on the right, John Bull, standing behind a plow with the inscription "Reform", encourages the Pole with the words: "Damn it, if I were not so busy, I would come to you for help". In international relations, Polonophilia and Russophobia became important components of European public opinion: In 1831, thousands of Polish rebels and members of their families, fleeing the persecution of the authorities of the Russian Empire, fled outside the Kingdom of Poland. They settled in various countries of Europe, causing sympathy in society, which exerted appropriate pressure on governments and parliaments. It was the Polish emigrants who tried to create for Russia an extremely unattractive image of a strangler of freedoms and a hotbed of despotism that threatens "civilized Europe." Polonophilia and Russophobia since the early 1830s have become important components of European public opinion.

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REFORM OF THE STATE PEASANTS P.D. Kiselev - Minister of State Property in 1837-1856. Reform of state peasants (1837-1841): partial resettlement of peasants from densely populated areas to less populated areas; increase in land allotments; reduction of taxes; Creation of "public plowing" in case of crop failures. Creation of a network of medical institutions, roads and schools in rural areas. 1842 - Decree on obligated peasants. “Serfdom is a powder magazine under the state” From a report on the state of affairs in Russia by A.Kh. Benckendorff. Under the decree on obligated peasants (1842), the landowner could grant the peasants personal freedom without land. He had to transfer the land to the peasants for use on the condition that they served their duties - corvée or dues (such peasants were called obligated, because they kept certain obligations to the landowner). The decree was advisory in nature. Under the decrees of 1803 and 1842, less than 1% of the peasants were freed.

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How was the issue of serfdom resolved? Decree on "obliged peasants" 1842 The right of landowners to voluntarily end the personal dependence of peasants Granting land plots to peasants in hereditary possession in exchange for the preservation of duties Serfs received the right to redeem freedom if the landlord's estate was put up for sale 1847 .

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How did Nicholas I feel about serfdom? Why didn't he free the peasants? “Serfdom in its current state with us is an evil for everyone, tangible and obvious; but to touch it now would be evil, of course even more destructive "Nicholas I

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CODIFICATION OF LEGISLATION The Cathedral Code of 1649 remained the last ordered set of laws in Russia. M.M. Speransky. Artist A.G. Varnek. Who tried to streamline the laws of the Russian Empire in the 18th century? Codification of legislation (1830-1833): 45 volumes of the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire from 1649 to 1825; 15 volumes of the "Code of Laws" intended for direct use. THE TEXTS OF THE LAWS HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND ORDINARY RESIDENTS OF THE COUNTRY. Emperor Nicholas I awards Speransky for compiling a code of laws. Artist A.Kivshenko. 1767-1768 Laid commission of Catherine II.

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Monetary reform (1839-1843): creation of a system of silver monometallism (silver standard). E.F. Kankrin - Minister of Finance of Russia in 1823-1844. FINANCIAL REFORM

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THE BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Tsarskoye Selo Railway. Colorized lithograph. 1837. What is an industrial revolution? What consequences does it lead to? intensive construction of paved highways (Moscow-Petersburg, Moscow-Irkutsk, Moscow-Warsaw); the construction of railways began: Petersburg-Tsarskoe Selo (1837), Petersburg-Moscow (1851); from 1819 to 1859 the volume of cotton production in Russia increased by almost 30 times; the volume of engineering products from 1830 to 1860 increased 33 times. share of the urban population: 1825 - 4.5%, 1858 - 9.2%.

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Thanks to the personal patronage of members of the royal family, the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria has taken a prominent place in the history of helping the poor in Russia. After the death of Maria Feodorovna, it was successively headed by three empresses: Alexandra Feodorovna (wife of Nicholas I); Maria Alexandrovna (wife of Alexander II); Maria Feodorovna (wife of Alexander III). The royal persons, by personal example, introduced the top of the Russian aristocracy to philanthropy. Representatives of the bureaucratic elite, high military officials became guardians of the establishments. Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759–1828) EMPRESS MARIA FYODOROVNA'S OFFICE OF INSTITUTIONS Emblem of the children's shelters of the Department. A pelican tearing its chest open to feed its chicks with blood. The pelican tearing its chest to feed the chicks with blood symbolized the self-sacrifice of philanthropists and educators. The image was the emblem of orphanages of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria. The name "Department of institutions of the Empress Maria" officially began to be used only from 1828. On the second day after the death of his mother, October 25, Nicholas I issued a decree on the management of institutions under her care. The decree proclaimed the will of the tsar: “... So that all educational and charitable institutions that were under the control of the late Most Beloved Parent of Our Empress Maria Feodorovna in Bose ... continued even after Her death ... to act as hitherto for the benefit of the state and mankind.” The department existed for 120 years (1797–1917). Under his auspices, orphanages, almshouses, hospitals, gymnasiums, institutes for noble maidens, institutions for the blind and deaf-mutes operated.

GOU TsO No. 1828 "Saburovo", Esmanskaya Alla Georgievna, history teacher, lesson in the 8th grade.

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Lesson plan 1. The personality of Emperor Nicholas I. 2. Strengthening the role of the state apparatus. 3. Strengthening the support of autocratic power. 4. Attempts to solve the peasant question. 5. Russian Orthodox Church and state.

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I Catherine II Maria Fedorovna Pavel Petrovich “Today mother gave birth to a huge boy, who was named Nicholas. He is a yard short of two inches long, Alexander Konstantin Nikolai, and his hands are a little smaller than mine. If he will be a child equals to continue as started, kings! then the brothers will turn out to be Parents by dwarfs before this blood, G.R. colossus "By rank - a giant. Derzhavin

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I The future Emperor Nicholas I was born in Tsarskoe Selo on June 25, 1796. He was the third son of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich and his wife Maria Feodorovna. The educator Lamzdorf brought up the younger sons of Pavel in strictness. Nicholas I “In a word, fear and the search for how to avoid punishment occupied my mind most of all. In teaching I saw only coercion and studied without a desire. I was often, and, I think, for no reason, accused of laziness and absent-mindedness, and often Count Lamzdorf punished me with a cane very painfully in the middle of the lessons.

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What methods did Lamzdorf use in the Personality of Emperor Nicholas I? emperor? This story of Nicholas about his upbringing is not at all exaggerated. Lamzdorf brutally beat the future emperor. Often the teacher used a ruler and even a rifle ramrod. The Grand Duke was obstinate and quick-tempered. Found a scythe on a stone. And Count Lamsdorf would sometimes, in a fit of rage, grab the boy by the collar and hit him against the wall.

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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I In their notes, teachers do not skimp on reviews that are unflattering for young Nikolai Pavlovich. They claim that he was rude, cunning and cruel. He liked to make faces and grimace. It was in the spirit of his grandfather Peter III. Despite numerous educators, this young man behaved in society like a minor. "He constantly wants to shine with his sharp words," the gentlemen wrote about him, "and the first one laughs at the top of his lungs from them, often interrupting the conversation of others." Nikolai Pavlovich

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The Personality of Emperor Nicholas I The Family of Paul I Paul passionately loved his younger children, giving preference to Nicholas. Nikolay He often played with children, devoting a considerable part of his leisure time. The first toy bought for Nicholas was a wooden gun, followed by four wooden swords.

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I Franz Krueger The Russian Guard in Peterhof At the age of three, the boy put on a military uniform for the first time. All the sons of Paul I inherited from their father a passion for military affairs: parades, parades, divorces. But Nikolai was especially distinguished, who retained his love for the outside of army life forever.

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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I Nikolai Pavlovich was tall, lean, his chest was wide, his arms were somewhat long, his face was oblong, clean, his forehead was open, his nose was Roman, his mouth was moderate, his eyes were quick, his voice was sonorous, but he spoke somewhat quickly. In general, he was very well built and dexterous. There was no haughty importance or windy haste in the movements, but some kind of genuine severity was visible. Vasily GOLIKE Portrait of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich.

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Why What experience did Nikolai gain, Nikolay prepared, only on a daily basis for the military career of Emperor Nicholas I, while not dedicating to the palace in matters of the front? policy and management? Nikolai Pavlovich "All my acquaintance with the world was limited to daily waiting in the anterooms. From nothing to do, it became a habit that in this meeting things were done according to the guard, but for the most part the time passed in jokes and ridicule about one's neighbor. There were also intrigues. At the same time time, all the youth, adjutants, and often even officers, waited in the corridors, wasting time or using it for entertainment in almost the same way and not sparing the chiefs or the government ... This time was a waste of time, but I am a precious practice for knowing people and faces, and I used the sim."

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The Personality of Emperor Nicholas I In November 1825, Emperor Alexander I died. What event overshadowed the accession of Nicholas I to the throne? Uprising on the Senate Square

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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I What impact did the Decembrist uprising have on Nicholas I? Through the whole reign passes the desire of Nicholas to prevent even a hint of the possibility of a repetition of a rebellion similar to the performance of the Decembrists. “... the time of Nicholas I is the era of extreme self-assertion of Russian autocratic power ... in the most extreme manifestations of his actual rule and principled ideology.” What was the main task of the reign of Nicholas I? Historian A.E. Presnyakov

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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I Freilin A.F. Tyutchev “He sincerely and sincerely believed that he was able to see everything with his own eyes, hear everything with his ears, regulate everything according to his own understanding, transform everything with his will. He never forgot what, when and to whom he ordered, and monitored the exact execution of his orders. Which organization was ideal for Nicholas I? The order to be established in the country: strict centralization;  full unity of command;  unconditional subordination of the lower to the higher.

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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I Freilin A.F. Tyutchev “... this man, who combined with a generous soul and a chivalrous character of rare nobility and honesty, a warm and tender heart and an exalted and enlightened mind, although devoid of breadth, which is why this man could be a tyrant for Russia during his 30-year reign and a despot who systematically stifled every manifestation of initiative and life in the country he ruled. Inconsistency in the policy of Nicholas I: Constant struggle against the revolutionary movement, the persecution of everything advanced and progressive in the country; An attempt to carry out activities that would eradicate the shortcomings of the existing system.

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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I F. Tyutchev You did not serve God and not Russia, You served only your vanity, And all your deeds, both good and evil, Everything was a lie in you, all ghosts are empty: You were not a king, but a hypocrite. Like him, tireless and firm, And with memory, like him, unspoiled... A.S. Pushkin

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The Personality of Emperor Nicholas I It is not so easy to answer this question, for Nikolai Pavlovich Romanov loved to attend masquerades not by chance: this predilection for disguises is characteristic of his biography and politics. Through the prism of these features, it is necessary to study the reign of Nicholas I.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Under Nicholas, a well-thought-out system of state control over the social, political, economic and cultural life of the country was created. Under him, His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery acquired great importance.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery I Department Control over the execution of the orders of the king I I I Department The body of political investigation and control over mindsets I I Department Codification of laws

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Remember what transformations in Russia are associated with the name of M.M. Speransky? Was there a code of laws in Russia? When was it accepted? Since the time of the Council Code, a huge number of laws have been issued, which often contradicted each other. Such confusion in Russian legislation made it difficult to resolve cases.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus In January 1826, the tsar created the 2nd branch of his office, headed by M.M., returned from exile. Speransky. Its main task was to be the preparation of a single Code of Laws. Speransky completed the work in five years. In 1832, the first Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire was published in 45 volumes, and in 1833, the Code of Acting Laws of the State was published. MM. Speransky

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus V.P. Kochubey In December 1826, Nikolai created a secret committee chaired by a former member of the Secret Committee, Count V.P. Kochubey. Kochubey He was instructed to draw up a draft reform of public administration. However, he failed to solve this problem.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Many even small decisions were taken by the highest state bodies. This required a huge army of officials. By the end of the reign of Nicholas, their number amounted to 90 thousand people (at the beginning of the reign of Alexander I there were 15 thousand officials).

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What can you say about the control system Strengthening the autocratic power of Nicholas I? F.P. Vronchenko Nicholas I appointed F.P. Vronchenko, and when he led. Book. Mikhail Pavlovich expressed surprise on this score, the emperor said: “Come on, brother! I am my own finance minister, I just need a secretary to clean up the papers. Vronchenko perfectly corresponded to this goal. But to maintain the routine, a deputy was needed, and one more. And - it went ... "

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What do you think, what was forbidden to write about in Strengthening the role of the state apparatus during the reign of Nicholas I? The bodies of the III branch were created locally. At the disposal of the chief of the III department, an armed force was created - the corps of gendarmes. Chief General Benckendorff. To curb the press, Nicholas introduced strict censorship. OH. Benckendorff Censorship is a system of state supervision of the press, checking materials that are being prepared for publication.

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Strengthening the Role of the State Apparatus Determine the terms of reference for Section III. “... Looking through the inventory of the archives of the III Department, one is amazed at the abyss of absolutely insignificant and no state significance cases that the gendarmes were engaged in. In their desire to embrace the entire life of the population, they intervened decisively in every matter where they had the opportunity to intervene. Family life, trade deals, personal quarrels, invention projects, escapes of novices from monasteries - all interested the secret police. At the same time, the III Division received a huge number of petitions, complaints, denunciations, and each was investigated, a special case was opened for each ... ”(Trotsky I. III Division under Nicholas I: The Life of Sherwood - Verny. L., 1990. p.53

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus S.S. Uvarov Censorship was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, which was headed by S.S. Uvarov. In 1826, the "Charter on Censorship", called "cast iron", was adopted. It was forbidden to accept serfs in secondary and higher educational institutions.

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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Read an excerpt from A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" from the point of view of the "Charter on censorship". Which of the readings could be interpreted as a hint of disrespect for the existing regime? An excerpt from the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin": Now our roads are bad, Forgotten bridges are rotting, Bed bugs and fleas at the stations Don't let me fall asleep for a minute.

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Strengthening the support of autocratic power Nicholas I paid great attention to the task of strengthening the nobility. He was worried about the impoverishment of some of the nobles. To do this, the order of inheritance of large estates was changed. Now they could not be fragmented and were passed on to the eldest in the family. Since 1928, only children of nobles and officials were admitted to secondary and higher educational institutions. conclusion These measures significantly increased the authority and role of the nobility in the life of the country.

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Attempts to resolve the peasant question Nicholas I “There is no doubt that serfdom, in its current situation with us, is evil, tangible and obvious to everyone, But you cannot hide from yourself that now thoughts are no longer what they used to be, and to every prudent It is clear to observation that the present state of affairs cannot continue forever.” How did Nicholas I feel about serfdom? What difficulties did the peasants experience? Nikolai was well aware that the main problem of Russian society remained the peasant question.

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Attempts to resolve the peasant issue Nicholas decided to start with reforms aimed at improving the situation of the state peasants. These reforms were carried out by General P.D. Kiselev is a member of the State Council and Minister of State Property. The main point is the introduction of peasant self-government. Schools and hospitals began to be established in the villages. P.D. Kiselev

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Attempts to solve the peasant problem Schools were opened in state villages; by 1854, 26 thousand schools were opened with 110 thousand students. Rate these numbers. How many or few schools were opened?

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Attempts to solve the peasant problem Where there was not enough land, sometimes a decision was made to resettle the peasants in other regions of the country. In order to protect the peasants from crop failures, it was decided to create a "public plow". Here the peasants worked together and enjoyed the fruits of common labor.

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Illustrations. 1. clubs.ya.ru/zh-z-l/replies.xml%3...o%3D1461 2. www.liveinternet.ru/users/igorin...2201786/ 3. www.liveinternet.ru/users/333035 ...43.shtml 4. www.hrono.ru/biograf/derzhvin.html 5. kalte-winter.livejournal.com/tag...5D1%258B 6. ricolor.org/history/mn/np/5/ 7. rostislava.livejournal.com/10036...3D154420 8. www.liveinternet.ru/users/201023...4167939/ 9. andrei-stoliar.ru/post119157511/ 10.vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS /HISTOR...LKIN.HTM 11.www.all-pages.com/city_photo/2/2...0/5.html 12.funeral-spb.ru/necropols/nikolsk...snyakov/ 13.www .liveinternet.ru/users/vera_l...2648406/ 14.gazeta.aif.ru/online/dochki/321/42_01 15.www.nemiga.info/peterburg/peterb...ai-1.htm 16.www .liveinternet.ru/users/tat135...7368692/ 17.www.hrono.ru/biograf/speran.html 18. katushka.net/torrents/Car_Alekse...VU_45190 19. liveinternet.ru 20. ru.wikipedia. org/wiki/%25D0%2592...5D1%2587 21. www.tonnel.ru/%3Fl%3Dgzl%26uid%3D667

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22. www.liveinternet.ru/users/201023...6489838/ 23 http://www.bg-gallery.ru/searchresult.php?searchobject=%C4%E5%F2%E8 24. ruskline.ru 25. www.erm.ee/vanast/pysi/ruspages/...old.html 26. liveinternet.ru 27. www.nsad.ru/index.php%3Fissue%3D...le%3D331 28. www.liveinternet. ru/users/175811...9391320/ 29. varjag-2007.livejournal.com/713772.html 30. tetradalinqkriger.blogspot.com/2...4/2.html 31. hrono.ru/biograf/nikolai1. html Literature. 1.A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina. History of Russia 19th century. 8th grade. 2.E.V. Kolganova, N.V. Sumakov. Pourochnye development on the history of Russia. 19th century. 8th grade. 3.G. Chulkov. Emperors

Plan. The main directions of Russia's foreign policy. Russian-Iranian war of 1826-1828. Russian-Turkish war of 1828-1829. Foreign policy of Nicholas 1. Nakhimov. Causes of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War. Wars under the reign of Nicholas I. Unkar-Iskelesi treaty. Battle in Sinop Bay. Russia in the wars from 1826 to 1849. The results of Russia's foreign policy in 1826-1849. Causes of the war. Measures taken by Russia to prevent revolutionary influence.

"Caucasian War 1817-1864" - Causes of the Caucasian War. By what means did the tsarist government manage to conquer the Caucasus. Reasons for Shamil's success. Reasons for the Russian victory. A.P. Ermolov. Caucasus. Destruction of the Imamat. Shamil ruled with the help of naibs. Russian policy in the Caucasus. Peoples of the Caucasus. Caucasian War 1817-1864 Results of the war. Military operations in the Caucasus. Shamil movement. Construction of a military road. Causes and stages of the war.

"Directions of the internal policy of Nicholas I" - Measures to strengthen the position of the nobility. agrarian reform. Preservation and strengthening of the existing system. The personality of Nicholas I. The main directions of domestic policy. Policy inconsistency. Have the objectives of the reform been achieved? Goals of the state village reform. Law codification. Strengthening the fight against revolutionary sentiments. OH. Benkendorf. Decree on "obligated" peasants. Measures of Nicholas 1 in solving the peasant question.

"Directions of the foreign policy of Nicholas I" - European direction. Eastern direction. Gendarme of Europe. Exacerbation of Russian-English contradictions. The main directions of foreign policy. Russia - "The Gendarme of Europe". Russian-Turkish war. Russian-Iranian war. theaters of war. Middle East direction. Events. Event. The foreign policy of Nicholas 1. The reaction of Nicholas1 to the revolutionary events in Europe. Result.

"The domestic policy of Nicholas I" - Mother. Illustrations and documents. Reform. Strengthening the role of the state apparatus. Emperor. Emperor Nicholas I. Strengthening the fight against revolutionary sentiments. Jokes. hardships of our time. Englishman. Gambling. Tyutchev's epigrams. The domestic policy of Nicholas I. The direction of the domestic policy of Nicholas I. Creation of a secret committee. Strengthening the support of autocratic power. Attempts to solve the peasant problem.

"Results of the internal policy of Nicholas I" - Codification of laws. Egor Frantsevich Kankrin. Transformations. monetary reform. Nicholas I. The goals of the reform of the state peasants. Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Categories of peasants. Reform of the state village. Organ of political investigation. The beginning of the reign. Apogee of autocracy. Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky. Sale of serfs. The essence of financial reform. Orders. How Nicholas I treated serfdom.

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The main directions of the foreign policy of Nicholas I

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K.V. Nesselrode - Minister of Foreign Affairs in Russia (1822-1856).

The main goal is to counter the European revolutionary movement.

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1830-1831 - uprising in Poland

• November 1830 - the rebels seized power in Warsaw, led by A.A. Czartoryski.
• The Russian-Polish war began (1830-1831).
• September 1831 - assault and capture of Warsaw by Russian troops led by I.F. Paskevich.

Results of the Polish Uprising:

• Repeal of the Polish Constitution.
• Restriction of Polish autonomy.

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1848-1849 - revolutions in Europe

• February 1848 - rupture of diplomatic relations with revolutionary France.
• March 1848 - speech of Nicholas I with a manifesto on the need for a decisive struggle "against distemper" ("international gendarme").
• The introduction of Russian troops into Moldavia and Wallachia.
• 1849 - the defeat of the revolution in Hungary.
• The desire to prevent the creation of a strong German state in Central Europe.

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Eastern question

• The emergence of the concept of "Eastern question" dates back to the end of the 18th century; the term was introduced into diplomatic practice in the 30s. 19th century
• Factors that led to the emergence and further aggravation of the issue:
• Decline of the Ottoman Empire.
• The growth of the national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples against the Turks.
• Aggravation of contradictions between European countries in the Middle East, caused by the struggle for the division of the world.

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The main stages in the development of the Eastern question

• Revolt in Greece.
• War with Iran (1826-1828).
• War with Turkey (1828-1829).
• The problem of the straits (Bosporus and Dardanelles).
• Crimean War (1853-1856).
• Annexation of the Caucasus.

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• 1827 - the defeat of the Turkish fleet at Navarino, which contributed to the victory of Greece in the struggle for independence.
• 1821 Greek uprising.
• The uprising was brutally suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.
• In 1824, Russia tried to stand up for Greece, but the European states did not support it.
• On August 6, 1826, Nicholas announced that Russia would follow its own interests in Turkish affairs.
• March 23, 1826 - signing of a protocol between England and Russia on the obligation to mediate between the Sultan and the Greeks (France joined the protocol):
• Agreement on the "collective protection" of the interests of Greece.
• Sultan - an ultimatum to grant autonomy to Greece.
• The Ottoman Empire rejected the ultimatum, and the tripowers began military operations against it.

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1826-1828 - Russian-Iranian war

Causes:

• Iran, instigated by Great Britain, systematically violated the terms of the Peace of Gulistan in 1813,
• demanded the return of territories that had ceded to Russia (Eastern Transcaucasia and the western coast of the Caspian Sea).

1. In the spring of 1826, the militant group of Abbas-Mirza came to power in Iran.
2. July 16, 1826 - Iranian troops invaded Russian territory without declaring war.
3. 1827 - General I.F. Paskevich was appointed commander of the Russian army
4. On September 13, 1827, near Elizavetpol, Russian troops (8 thousand people) defeated 35 thousand. army of Abbas-Mirza and threw back its remnants beyond the river. Arax. The road to Tehran was opened.

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February 10, 1828 - Treaty of Turkmenchay.

The Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates went to Russia.

• Northern Azerbaijan and Eastern Armenia annexed.
• Russia received the exclusive right to have a navy in the Caspian.
• Iran paid Russia 20 million rubles.

Meaning:

• The victories of Russia delivered the peoples of Transcaucasia from the yoke of the Iranian feudal lords.
• England was dealt a severe blow in Transcaucasia.
• Russia has a free hand with respect to Turkey.

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War with Turkey (1828-1829)

• April 14, 1828 - Russia declared war on Turkey.
• England and France declared neutrality, but actually supported Turkey,
• Austria helped her with weapons, and defiantly deployed her troops on the border with Russia.

For Russia, the war turned out to be very difficult:

• poor technical equipment
• bad weapons,
• incompetent generals.

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Fighting in the Balkans

1828 - 100 thousandth army of P.H. Wittgenstein:

• Entered Wallachia and Moldavia, crossed the Danube.
• Captured a number of fortresses in Bulgaria.
• The Turks put up fierce resistance.

1829 - the army of I.I. Dibicha:

• Overcame the Balkan Mountains
• Captured Adrianople,
• Defeated the remnants of the Turkish army (the road to Constantinople was open).

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Fighting in the Caucasus.

11 thousandth detachment of I.F. Paskevich was occupied by the fortresses of Kars, Ardagan, Bayazet, Arzerum, Anapa, Sukhum-Kale, Poti.

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September 1829 - Treaty of Adrianople

Russia received:

• Mouth of the Danube (southern part of Bessarabia).
• Eastern coast of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Kuban River to the port of St. Nicholas and other territories (the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus with the fortresses of Anapa and Poti).
• The Bosporus and the Dardanelles were declared open to the passage of merchant ships of all countries.
• Turkey was obliged to pay Russia an indemnity in the amount of 1.5 million Dutch chervonets within 18 months.
• The internal autonomy of Greece, Serbia, Moldavia and Wallachia was recognized.

Meaning:

• Strengthened Russian influence in the Balkans.
• Türkiye fell into diplomatic dependence on Russia.

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As a result of the Russian-Turkish and Russian-Iranian wars, Russia was finally included

• Transcaucasia,
• Georgia,
• Eastern Armenia,
• Northern Azerbaijan.
• Transcaucasia became an integral part of the Russian Empire

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Aggravation of Russian-English contradictions

• 1833 - Unkar-Iskelesi Treaty on allied relations between Russia and Turkey:
• Turkey was supposed to prevent the passage of warships of European states through the Bosporus and Dardanelles.
• Russia guaranteed Turkey assistance with troops.
• England was hostile to the union of Russia and the Ottoman Empire:
• She financed the actions of the mountaineers of the Caucasus against Russia, sent her military specialists and weapons.
• Started a "trade war" in Central Asia and Iran (the positions of Russian merchants were weakened).

1841 - London Convention.