It was not in vain that the great teachers of the past argued that physical, spiritual, and moral health are one and the same. " La vale!", - said in ancient Rome, greeting the interlocutor and wishing him good health. Therefore, valeology can be safely called an integral discipline that harmoniously embraces the triad of Harmony-Love-Beauty.
Origins of health
The origins of valeology, as a science, lie in ancient times. Emerged at the intersection of biology, hygiene and ecology, this science aims to strengthen both the physical and spiritual health of a person. Our great ancestors, starting from Suvorov and ending with Tolstoy, once proved that following the principles of a healthy lifestyle allows not only to maintain high performance, but also to feel great even at thirty, at least at fifty, at least at seventy years old.
Already at the end of the 20th century, the term "valeology" was introduced into use by a domestic specialist I. Brekhman, who noticed that an increase in mortality, coupled with a general decrease in immunity, leads to a total deterioration in the health of the population. And in order to prevent a crisis in this area, the lack of health literacy must be addressed. This was the reason for the creation of a general theory of health, which, in addition to hygiene and biology, includes the principles of alternative medicine and philosophical and religious teachings.
Despite the fact that this science does not have a single theoretical base, today there are many institutes of valueology, conferences are held annually on issues of the general theory of health. Recently, scientists set out to introduce an appropriate subject into the school curriculum. However, valeology takes root in our country gradually - the reason for this is the lack of awareness about this science.
Health is everything
It is known that each man on Earth has a powerful intellectual and physical potential. Another thing is that due to the catastrophic ecological situation on Earth, most of his abilities are blocked. Valeology as a science aims to to rehabilitate the mind and health of a person through physical training, rational nutrition and hardening. The general theory of health states that the better a person is physically prepared, the more effectively he is able to withstand external viral attacks, the more resistant he is to immunodeficiency.
Therefore, valeology aims to improve health by teaching the subject hygiene, the correct mode of work and rest, physical education and hardening skills, the rules of healthy eating.
"Where did the new science come from? Where did it manage to form? What are its goals and objectives? Who are its creators? What is the subject and what is the novelty of its methods? What is its practical significance?"
You will find answers to all these questions in this article.
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V A L E O L O G I A
A new subject appeared - "valeology". Officially, valeology is the "science of health." She teaches the rules of hygiene, a healthy lifestyle, the basics of environmental literacy. This is the science that develops the theory of individual health.
"Where did the new science come from? Where did it manage to form? What are its goals and objectives? Who are its creators? What is the subject and what is the novelty of its methods? What is its practical significance?"
There are two opinions on this issue. I'll tell you about the first one.
1 ." In a healthy body healthy mind""
common sense suggests that it is possible to involve a child in their own "health building" only if they take into account three aspects problem solving.
Firstly , the child must receive and assimilate information about what is good for health and what is bad.
Secondly , educational aspect - the formation of a student's motivation to maintain and strengthen their health.
And the third aspect - purely practical, in which it is necessary to provide for at least a minimum of recreational activities:
complete physical education
rational and adequate nutrition,
Formation of an optimal psychological climate in the garden and at school.
All practical activities should take place against the background of constant monitoring ("measurement") of the level of health.
Only this indicator will give us reliable information - whether our actions are correct, whether our efforts are directed in the right direction.
Valeology in kindergarten.
The subject of valeology is individual human health as a category of quality of life. Valeology aims to teach a person hygienic rules for restoring, strengthening, improving health and instilling such skills.
There were developments of methods, exercises, games for children. This is all great! But that's not all. There is another opinion about valeology.
2 opinion
The child is taught that "health is the main value of human life." Not the soul, not love for one's neighbor, not the Motherland, not God, not the achievements of culture and reason, finally, but precisely physical health. The highest value invested in a child by new valeological programs is "self-awareness, which is better to start with the structure of one's own body." Children are taught to admire their body and love it! A person lives for the sake of his health, in him "the main value of life." Textbooks on valeology encourage children to "study their body", "listen to their body", "talk about diseases", continuously listen to the sensations in the liver, in the intestines, in the nose. It is hardly reasonable to develop excessive suspiciousness in children. The concentration of attention on the body during the education of feelings is a gross violation of age-related psychology and physiology. Due to the fixation on the body, schoolchildren are more likely to develop neuroses than to improve their health. As a result, the so-called "health programs" will not only fail to fulfill the declared goal, but will further worsen the health of children.
Russian people have always been famous for their health, endurance and strength. There are countless examples of this. The very way of life of Russians - moderate nutrition (with observance of fasts), baths, hardening, physical labor - contributed to health, which, of course, is very important. Recently, a new subject has been introduced in schools and in many universities - valeology. Literally, this word means "healthy lifestyle." Valeology programs made both parents and teachers alert. This is not surprising - they teach literally everything: from sexology, rules for hair care, skin care, bowels, cutting nails to intimate hygiene.
Perhaps the most alarming thing about the content of valueology is the values and priorities that it instills in the child.
- "Health first". Contrary to the domestic tradition of educating a highly spiritual personality, valeologists (or, according to them, "healers") are carrying out a real fetishization of the body.
Valeology, claiming to be a scientific discipline, has a very vague idea of its subject. Valeology is presented as the science of a healthy lifestyle. The motives for the introduction of a new subject seem to be clear: today there is a sharp deterioration in the health of our citizens, especially children. Coming to school, children soon become sick. What kind of training are we talking about here? In this regard, one of the priority tasks of the new stage of the reform of the education system has been put forward - “Preservation and strengthening of the health of children, pupils and students, the formation of the value of health and a healthy lifestyle in them.”
So what is this subject about - about health or about a healthy lifestyle? If we talk about health, then doctors are called upon to observe it, whose task is to prevent diseases, including the mandatory education of the population. "No, - say valeologists, - our science is not medical, but pedagogical." Education, on the other hand, assumes that the student will be taught a certain way of life, a life ideal, on the basis of which a person must understand the meaning of his being, for what he should live, what to strive for.
What ideals does valeology teach? First of all - to live for the sake of the body. Acquaintance with the programs in valeology, offered to both future teachers and children, shows that for this science, a person is first of all a body. Of the human soul, nothing is directly said here, although its presence, as we shall see later, is implied.
"Health is the greatest value given to man by Nature" - THE VALEOLOGISTS SAY. If we were talking about calves and piglets, then this phrase would be true. But is it worth seeing the highest value of human life in purely physiological well-being? No, Rublev and Dostoevsky, Lomonosov and Vladimir Solovyov did not go down in history with their health. Not Schwarzenegger - the most valuable and most gifted of people ...
We must remember that "the body is the temple of the soul." And we always proclaim the supremacy of the spiritual in the integral structure of man.
Where did valeology come from? What, weren't there physical education lessons in kindergartens and schools? Were there no games designed to develop physical culture? All this was, but now it has become valeology. your body”, and in the senior classes “sexology”. Our task for educators is to be able to choose from all the methodological material on valeology something that will not harm the child, either physically or morally.
(for information)
The subject and specialty "Valeology" was excluded from the basic curriculum of educational institutions in Russia. Despite the scandals that accompany the introduction of valueology into the educational process of schools and universities, it continues to develop.
Summing up some results, it should be said that valeology:
1. is not a science, but claims to develop a worldview, that is, it is a non-traditional teaching, and therefore, according to the Law on Education, it should not be taught in educational institutions;
2. leads to the destruction of the existing system of education and upbringing;
3. has a detrimental effect on the spiritual health of children;
4. encroaches on the foundations of the family, on the traditional moral way of life;
5 . forms a cult of the body and has a pronounced emphasis on sexual relations. This leads to the development of egocentrism and selfishness in children, a violation of an adequate perception of the world around them, various mental and physical abnormalities;
6. Valeology as a school discipline is not taught in any country in the world.
A modern qualified teacher should have a valeological education, the foundation of which is the principles of humanity, forecasting, integrity, scientific validity and constancy.
The basis of the valeological culture of teachers is the science of valeology.
Valeology (from the Latin "valeo" - "to be healthy") is a young integrative science that comprehends the means and patterns aimed at the formation, restoration and strengthening of the health of each person using a variety of healing methods and technologies.
The formation of health implies a set of actions aimed at optimizing the birth rate, growth and education of adolescents.
Restoring health involves following the rules of a healthy lifestyle (in the valeological aspect), as well as measures aimed at restoring lost health (recovery) and maintaining it at the same level.
Health promotion includes its multiplication with the help of wellness procedures and training.
Health is defined by the World Health Organization as the achievement of a state of absolute moral, physical and social well-being, and not just the elimination of diseases and the absence of physical disabilities, this is especially important, especially when valueology is used in kindergartens and schools, at the stage of formation of children as whole individuals.
In the concept of valeology, health is the ability of the human body to maintain its performance in changing environmental conditions. This is a kind of benchmark that needs to be achieved.
Thus, valueology includes theoretical and practical tools for managing all aspects of human health - the physical, psychological and spiritual state, its place in society.
Valeology is divided into general and sectoral.
task general valeology is the formation of generalized scientifically based laws of the lifestyle of a healthy person.
Branch valeology studies health in context with other sciences. There is psychological, medical, family, pedagogical, sports valueology, etc.
Like any branch of science, valueology has its own subject, object for study, methods, methodological foundations, goals and objectives.
The subject of the science of valeology is the individual health of a person, the reserves of health, the functions of his body and the possibility of their regulation and correction.
The object of valeology a person who is healthy in all aspects and a person who is at the stage of pre-disease acts.
Predisease is the risk of health deterioration due to pathological processes that occur regardless of the action of external factors, as a result of a reduction in health reserves.
Among the methods used by valeology - statistical, logical techniques and methods, combinatorics.
Thanks to valeological methods and technologies, it is possible to timely detect people who need to improve their health. By applying the methods of recovery, they are removed from the stage of pre-illness. Thus, valeological technologies serve as the foundation for primary prevention of morbidity.
In addition, valeological technologies are applicable to an already sick person. In this case, the aspect of secondary valeological prevention of the disease manifests itself. The direct application of healing techniques leads to an increase in health reserves, the resumption of the functions of self-regulation and self-reproduction, and the prevention of the consequences of the disease and its spread throughout the body.
- Health is understood as an independent socio-medical category that can be described qualitatively and quantitatively. The task of valeology is to form, maintain and strengthen health.
- The transition from the stage of health to the stage of pre-illness is preceded by a certain condition. At the same time, health is a broader category, while illness and pre-illness are rather narrow concepts.
Illness and pre-illness - a state of health in which its reserves are reduced or some disturbances or damage appear.
- The approach to the consideration of human health in valeology is integrative, systematic, the methods used in it are not medical, but mostly natural.
Thus, the main goal of valeology as a science is the improvement of the human body by attracting people to a healthy lifestyle.
Valueology faces the following tasks: to improve health, to improve the standard of living of the individual, to promote his adaptation in society, to explore the patterns of formation and preservation of individual health.
Many compare valeology with hygiene. Undoubtedly, they have something in common, but still they are two different sciences. The subject of valeology is the health of the individual, the functions of his body and the ability to influence them. And the subject of hygiene is the study of the relationship between external factors (natural and social) and human health. The object of valeology is a healthy person and a person in the "third state" (pre-illness). The object of hygiene is external factors and a person. Thus, hygiene goes from the external environment to the person, and valueology, on the contrary, from the person to the environment.
Although it is worth noting that the latest studies of hygienists are built on an inversion approach unusual for them - they moved from assessing health to assessing the factors that cause it.
There is an erroneous opinion that valeology is the science of leading a healthy lifestyle.. But lifestyle is a broad social group, which includes not only the absence of bad habits and sports, but also financial viability, profession, level of education, degree of culture of a person, and much more. The study of the influence of lifestyle on health is the subject of social hygiene. And valeology only develops the principles of a way of life, thanks to which the formation, restoration and strengthening of health takes place.
The young science of valeology is now still in its infancy. The foundation for its development was: ecology, biology, anatomy, psychology, sociology, physical education, pedagogy, hygiene, human life safety.
The need for valeological knowledge is due to the fact that in their absence a person may misunderstand his health and rush from one extreme to another - to strengthen it with frightening fanaticism or abandon the formation and strengthening of health for fear of harming himself.
The lack of knowledge in the field of valeology gives rise to many speculations and myths regarding certain diseases, for example:
- Church myth - all diseases are given to me for my sins.
- Psychogenetic myth - I inherited all my mental illnesses.
- Bioenergy myth - I get sick because "energy vampires" are draining my life force.
- Psychoanalytic myth - all diseases are due to the fact that my relationship with my parents was unsuccessful.
- Karmic myth: illnesses now are a punishment for sins in a past life or the sins of my ancestors.
- Sociocentric myth - I got sick because I fulfilled my destiny on Earth and ceased to be needed.
- Astrological myth - I got sick because that's how the stars "arranged".
There are many such myths. And thanks to valeology, the younger generation can correctly form their idea of health, appreciate it and are skeptical about such conjectures. The formation of health is a category in which there is no place for assumptions and conjectures, this is a serious problem of modern society that requires a serious and holistic approach to the solution, both by the person himself and by professionals in their field - doctors, scientists, teachers, social workers.
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Introduction
1. Valeology - the science of the health of the soul and body
2. Health levels of the population
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
Due to the fact that the problem of protecting the health of the population in the context of the economic and demographic crisis goes beyond the competence of health care, and becomes the primary task of national policy, it is necessary to provide state support for the implementation of the concept of protecting the health of the population.
The conceptual basis for the development of preventive measures should be the responsibility for creating conditions that cause health problems, the implementation of preventive measures at all stages of education and upbringing of a person.
Health, according to WHO, is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease or infirmity in all areas relating to the body's vital system, its functions and process.
In the current socio-economic conditions, the state of health of the country's population remains one of the most acute social and medical and pedagogical problems, being a factor of national security. The sharp decline in the level of population reproduction and the deterioration in the quality of children's health lead to the need to develop intersectoral strategy for the protection of public health.
It has become generally accepted in the definition of science to use the criteria of J. Thomson, who wrote that science differs from "non-science" by the presence of an object, method and way to predict the future in its field.
1. Valeology - the science of the health of the soul and body
The term valeology was introduced in the 80s of our century by I.I. Brekhman. Close to this term is the term helsasm, common in European countries. In Russia, instead of valeology, the concept of health is often used - a healthy person. In many regions of Russia, valeology is taught in universities and schools. In Ukraine, valeology has been introduced in schools as a compulsory subject. Valeology centers have been opened in the regions, which have become the basis for diagnosis, prognosis and current correction of the health status of an individual Smirnov N.K. Valeology. M., 2005. - S. 5-6.
Valeology uses genetic, biochemical, biophysical, physiological, morphological, psychological, social and other approaches and methods in the study of the formation, development and preservation of the health of an individual in ontogenesis.
At the present stage of development, the pragmatic component dominates in valeology. As in most sciences, its theoretical part at first lags behind the pragmatic part, this is a period of accumulation of knowledge, the comprehension of which gives the development of the theoretical component, and, following this, the rapid growth of pragmatism.
The pragmatic stage in the development of valeology naturally gives rise to its methodical diversity, which cannot be considered a disadvantage in the period of the formation of science, because this is the path of almost all human sciences, a path that will eventually lead to the creation of a modern theory of health, a theory that explains by what mechanisms it is formed, develops and the health of a person is preserved, allowing him to perform functions corresponding to a certain stage of ontogenesis.
The pragmatic nature of valueology predetermines the experimental nature of this science. The concept of an experiment is not applicable to the study of a person, but here it must be borne in mind that we are talking about those experiments that life itself puts on a person: the conditions of his habitat, the conditions and nature of work, etc.
The biosocial nature of a person makes it possible to use experiments on animals for some problems of valueology, especially in those cases when it becomes necessary to study the mechanisms of regulation of body functions during critical age periods.
The use of physiological, psychological, social and other methods in valeology are the means for the main valeological method - the monitoring method. Following screening of the state of body systems, the method of monitoring their functioning at different stages of the entire ontogenesis of a person, starting from the moment of family creation, fetal development in embryogenesis, after birth and including old age, makes it possible to implement the tasks of the third criterion of J. Thomson - predicting the future. Monitoring in ontogenesis allows assessing the harmony, adequacy of development, interaction of body systems, assessing deviations in the functions of body structures, their compensation, and, consequently, predicting the dynamics of the individual's health.
Valeology is defined as the science of the principles and mechanisms of the formation, development and preservation of human health in ontogenesis. Does it follow from this that deviations in health, in the functioning of body systems are outside the interests of valueology? First of all, without knowledge about the essence of pathological processes, it is impossible to differentiate the norm, the norm of fluctuations in the state of the functions of body systems that do not lead to their destruction, to pathology. In other words, it is impossible to determine the reserve capacity of the body to maintain and implement its functions.
For example, such concepts as stress, resistance, predisease, synergism, antagonism, recombination, etc. characterize a healthy organism, but their indicators are decisive for the assessment of pathology.
At one time, N.N. Anichkov said that "normal mechanisms can be known only when they are made dependent on abnormal reactions" Quoted from: Tatarnikova L.G. Valeology in the pedagogical space. Monograph - essay. SPb., 1999. - S. 11 ..
The subject of valeology is the technology of formation and dynamics of human health in ontogeny. These technologies ensure the timely launch, deployment and implementation of the coordinated functioning of the body's systems, the exclusion of the deployment of pathological programs of the body's activity. For example, during apoptosis, in accordance with the genetic program, proteolysis is carried out, fragmentation of the cell chromatin, as a result of which the cell dies according to the "death program". Technologies of health programs ensure the optimal implementation of body functions in accordance with its age. For example, in the pubertal period, this is a program for ensuring the preparation of the generative functions of the body, and in the adult period, it is a program for the implementation of the reproductive function, etc.
The subject of valeology can be more clearly understood if we consider in comparison such categories as health and illness.
It is impossible to define health or illness without mutually linking these concepts. valeology health ontogeny
Many researchers identify the concept of health with the concept of the norm. Losev (1995) directly writes - "health is the normal state of the body" Losev R.M. Reproductive Health Guide. - M .: "Triada-X", 2001. - From 18., i.e. the norm of the activity of its systems, but the totality of norms does not always correspond to health.
Valeology as a science is going through the stage of formation, it is assigned a leading role in the creation and implementation of the health-centric paradigm of human health of the third millennium - the millennium of valueology.
2. Health levels of the population
Over the past 20-30 years, thanks to the pace of scientific and technological progress, both the social, industrial and hygienic environment in which a modern person lives, as well as the level of his health, have changed significantly. More precisely, the indicators of morbidity, mortality and life expectancy, which characterize the level of public health in official medicine, have changed. The fundamental orientation of health care towards a nosological approach to assessing health has led to the fact that measures for the primary prevention of diseases are being developed in relation to certain types of probable pathology. Thus, the risk factors for coronary heart disease have been well studied and the effectiveness of the fight against this disease through the application of specific measures of social and medical prevention has been convincingly shown. However, the absence of pathological abnormalities that are necessary for the diagnosis, despite the presence of certain risk factors, gives the doctor reason to classify the patient as healthy or practically healthy. However, it is known that the disease does not occur suddenly. It is the result of a decrease in the adaptive (adaptive) capabilities of the body and develops gradually through stages to nosological and premorbid conditions. The concept of protecting the health of healthy people in the Russian Federation. Approved by order of the Ministry of Health of Russia on March 21, 2003 No. 113 // Healthcare. 2004. No. 9. S. 93-103..
The functional state of the body in the interval between the norm and pathology determines the risk of the onset and development of the disease. In this regard, the level of health can be defined as the ability of the body to resist disease. Therefore, the higher the level of health, the lower the risk of developing diseases. The problem of assessing the current level of individual health and monitoring its changes is becoming increasingly important for the population as a whole, but especially for people subject to high psycho-emotional or physical stress. This primarily applies to operators of complex systems, pilots, cosmonauts, and athletes. This applies to no lesser extent to the administrative and managerial apparatus and persons of mental labor, as well as business people. Not everyone understands that health cannot be bought in a pharmacy, you have to "pay" for it with daily efforts to maintain the necessary supply of vitality (functional reserves of the body), which are necessary to maintain a balance between the body and the environment. Since the assessment of the anthropogenic influence of environmental factors is one of the most important aspects of valeology and pre-nosological diagnostics, we will start discussing health problems with it.
There are about 100 definitions of the concept of "health". In most cases, these definitions proceed from the fact that health is a specific, qualitatively specific state of a person, which is characterized by the normal course of physiological processes that ensure its optimal life activity. Health as a functional optimum is determined by the relevant internal and external conditions, causes, factors (age, gender, heredity, profession, social, natural and production factors). The WHO constitution defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Consequently, the concept of "health" as an indispensable criterion should include the possibility of a full-fledged active labor and social activity. The disease not only prevents, but often significantly limits or completely deprives a person of this opportunity. The transition from health to illness can be viewed as a process of gradual decrease in the body's ability to adapt to changes in the social and industrial environment, environmental conditions, which ultimately leads to a decrease in social, social and labor functions. Health is a necessary prerequisite for the full realization of a person's biosocial capabilities, to meet his individual and social material and spiritual needs. In general, health is understood as the ability of an organism to actively adapt to environmental conditions, interacting with it freely, based on the biological, psychological and social essence of a person. The state of human health is dynamic in connection with changes in the environment (Brekhman I.I., 1990). Therefore, health can be defined not as a state, but as a process. According to V.P. Kaznacheev (1975), health is a process of preservation and development of physiological, biological and mental functions, optimal labor and social activity with a maximum duration of an active creative life.
In general biological terms, health can be defined as a harmonious unity of various metabolic processes between the body and the environment, and as a result of this, the coordinated course of various metabolic processes within the body itself, manifested in the optimal vital activity of its organs and systems (A.D., Tsaregorodtsev G.I., 1970; Rudnev M.M., Antomonov M.Yu., 1981).
The human body, experiencing continuous stress effects (industrial, psycho-emotional, etc.) under the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress, must be considered as a dynamic system that continuously adapts to environmental conditions by changing the level of functioning of individual systems and the corresponding tension of regulatory mechanisms. Adaptation or adaptation to new conditions is achieved at the expense of the body's functional resources, at the expense of a certain "biosocial payment" (Avtsin A.N., 1974). I.V. Davydovsky (1962) proposed the term "price of adaptation". Adaptation as one of the fundamental properties of living matter is the result and means of resolving internal and external contradictions, it exists and is formed on the verge of life and death, health and disease, due to their collision and transition (Dichev T.G., Tarasov K.E. , 1976). The payment for adaptation depends on the reserve capacity of the body. The fee, which has gone beyond the limits of the "biosocial budget" and requires ever new efforts from the body, leads to a hollow adaptation mechanism. This is not only biological, but also social in nature and is sometimes achieved at the cost of certain damage, this or that disharmony compared to the norm (Avtsin A.N., 1974).
The reaction of the body in the process of interaction with environmental factors proceeds differently, depending on the strength of the influencing factor, the time of exposure and the adaptive capabilities of the body, which are determined by the presence of functional resources. In response to the influence of stress factors, a general adaptation syndrome occurs in the body (G. Selye, 1960), which has a non-specific character. It facilitates the activity of overstressed structures of the biosystem and is therefore rational and bioenergetically expedient. In the process of a non-specific adaptive reaction, additional amounts of energy are formed that are used by the body to maintain functional stability in inadequate environmental conditions. If the acting factor is small in strength or its effect is short-term, then the body can maintain a satisfactory adaptation, i.e. high functionality. In the case of a significant impact force or its long duration, a pronounced tension of regulatory systems occurs, including the sympathoadrenal system and cortical mechanisms of regulation. Overstrain of regulatory systems can lead to the depletion of the body's defenses, reducing its functionality. Specific changes can be detected at all stages of the adaptation syndrome, but they become predominant at the stage of depletion of the body's defenses. At the same time, certain syndromes of pathological conditions or functional disorders are formed that are characteristic of specific conditions.
The state of the whole organism as a result of the activity of a functional system is determined by the optimality of control actions, their ability to ensure the balance of the organism with the environment and its adaptation to the conditions of existence. Adaptive-adaptive activity requires energy and information, in connection with which we can talk about the "price" of adaptation, which is determined by the degree of tension of regulatory mechanisms and the amount of spent functional reserves. The state of normal (average) life activity is characterized by the presence of a relative balance of the reactions of the organism with the environment and the simultaneous maintenance of homeostasis within the living system. Changes in the level of functioning of the system or its elements, in particular, the strengthening of information, energy or metabolic processes, do not lead to disruption of the existing homeostasis, if there is no overstrain of regulatory mechanisms and the functional reserve is not depleted.
The concept of homeostasis currently plays an important role in the analysis of life processes at different levels of the biological system. The homeostatic properties of the whole organism are the result of the simultaneous action of numerous and complexly organized regulatory mechanisms, among which one of the important central places is occupied by vegetative regulation, which ensures the constancy of the levels of matter and energy in the body, its organs and tissues. After the fundamental works of C. Bernard, I.M. Sechenov and W. Kenon, a new step in the development of the idea of homeostasis was made by N. Wiener, who proposed to apply the methods of control theory in modeling homeostatic systems. From the point of view of cybernetics, homeostasis is ensured by controlling the internal parameters of the system on the basis of incoming processing of information about the state of the external environment (Stepansky G.A., 1972). The ability to balance with the environment or the adaptive capabilities of an organism are one of the most important features of a living system. Adaptation as a functional property of biological objects, along with homeostasis, is one of the central concepts of biology (Dilman V.M., 1987).
A classification of the functional states of the body based on ideas about homeostasis and adaptation has been proposed (Table).
Table. Classificationlevelstateshealth
|
"Traffic light" |
Prenosological diagnostics |
The degree of tension of regulatory systems |
|
|
1. Green |
1. Physiological norm |
1. Optimum level 2. Normal level 3. Moderate functional stress |
|
|
2. Prenosological conditions |
4. Pronounced functional stress 5. Pronounced functional stress 6. Overstrain of regulatory mechanisms |
||
|
3. Premorbid conditions |
7. A pronounced overstrain of regulatory mechanisms |
||
|
3. Red |
4. Disruption of adaptation |
8. Exhaustion of regulatory systems 9. Pronounced depletion of regulatory systems 10. Floor (failure) of regulation mechanisms |
Using a 10-point scale, it is possible to single out rather fine gradations of functional states in healthy and practically healthy people. It should be noted that the development of issues related to the assessment of the functional states of a healthy organism was started almost 15 years ago as part of the problem of predicting the health status of cosmonauts (Baevsky R.M., 1979). At present, the classification of functional states proposed by us is used in space medicine in assessing and predicting functional states in long-term space flights (Baevsky R.M., 1983). It was in the field of space medicine that the concept of the possibility of using the circulatory system as an indicator of adaptive reactions of the whole organism was developed. If we imagine the body as a cybernetic system consisting of controlled (musculoskeletal system and internal organs) elements, then the circulatory apparatus is the matching link between them (Fig. 1). As you know, the autonomic nervous system plays a leading role in the regulation of the activity of the heart and blood vessels. In addition to chrono and inotropic effects on the myocardium, sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers provide regulation of vascular tone. Thus, myocardial homeostatic homeostasis is closely related to the autonomic regulation of functions, with the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, i.e. with vegetative homeostasis.
Let us consider a two-circuit system consisting of two homeostasis: vegetative as a control and myocardial-hemodynamic as controlled. Then the process of adaptation of the organism to environmental conditions can be described based on the interaction between the control and executive circuits. Taking into account the role of each of them in the implementation of adaptive reactions of the body, the transition from one functional state to another occurs as a result of changes in one of the 3 properties of the biosystem: 1) the level of functioning; 2) functional reserve; 3) the degree of tension of regulatory mechanisms.
The level of functioning, determined by the values of the main indicators of the circulatory system, is nothing more than a characteristic of myocardial-homeostatic homeostasis. At each current moment of time, such a ratio of these indicators is formed that provides the necessary blood flow through the working organs. We are actually dealing with an effector integral, the value of which may not change with changes in the ratios between individual indicators. For example, it is known that an increase in minute volume can be achieved by increasing both the pulse rate and stroke volume. The choice of a generalized indicator of the level of functioning of the circulatory system is not an easy task. If we consider a generalized indicator of the functioning of myocardial-hemodynamic homeostasis, then it is the minute volume of blood circulation, although its "energy price" is no less important. Under the "energy price" of the minute volume, we mean the energy consumption for the expulsion of blood or the level of external work of the heart. This concept is most adequately presented in the intensity of the functioning of myocardial structures, which has a deep pathophysiological justification in the works of F.Z. Meyerson (1975,1981).
The functional reserve of the circulatory system is traditionally determined by the use of functional stress tests. The higher the functional reserve, the less effort is required to adapt to the usual conditions of existence, the conditions of rest. The reserve "capacities" of the circulatory system create a margin of safety in case of inadequate effects on the body, and due to this, its initial level of functioning is reduced. The current activity of the organism is always associated with the expenditure of reserves, but at the same time, their replenishment also occurs. Therefore, not only the timely mobilization of reserves is important, but also the appropriate stimulation of the processes of restoration and protection. That is why, when discussing the issue of the functional reserve of the circulatory system, it is necessary to comprehensively consider both myocardial-hemodynamic homeostasis and vegetative homeostasis (Aidaraliev A.A., Baevsky R.M., Berseneva A.P., 1988). The latter is directly related to the management of the functional reserves of the body and the circulatory system in particular. The degree of tension of the regulatory systems, including the tone of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, affects the level of functioning of the blood circulation by mobilizing one or another part of the functional reserve. Unfavorable impact of environmental factors with a sufficient functional reserve often does not cause a violation of myocardial-hemodynamic homeostasis for a long time, but only leads to some shift in the values of physiological parameters within the generally accepted range of norms. This is accompanied by a corresponding tension of regulatory systems. On the contrary, when the functional reserve is small, even a slight increase in the degree of tension of regulatory systems in response to the stressful effect of the environment can cause a violation of homeostasis. In the most general form, it is permissible to assume that the functional reserve has a direct relationship with the level of functioning and feedback with the degree of tension of regulatory systems. From this it follows that the functional reserve can be judged not by measuring it directly, but by analyzing the relationship between the level of functioning and the degree of tension of regulatory systems. In this case, comparison of indicators of myocardial-hemodynamic and vegetative homeostasis can be used.
As can be seen from the table, the transition to each new gradation of adaptation is accompanied by qualitatively new changes in homeostatic systems. The tension state of adaptation mechanisms is associated with an increase in the degree of tension of regulatory systems and is adequate to an increase in the level of functioning with a sufficient functional reserve. The state of unsatisfactory adaptation is characterized by a further increase in the degree of tension of regulatory systems, but is already accompanied by a decrease in the functional reserve. When adaptation is disrupted, the drop in the level of system functioning, which occurs as a result of a significant decrease in the functional reserve and depletion of regulatory systems, acquires the main significance. It is important to pay attention to the fact that each of the functional states is distinguished by a peculiar state of UV, CH, FR. This reflects the relationship between autonomic and myocardial-hemodynamic homeostasis. Changes in vegetative homeostasis predominate in prenosological and premorbid states. Only the development of specific premorbid states of nosological forms of diseases is characterized by deviations in the state of myocardial-hemodynamic homeostasis. However, changes in the individual elements of this homeostasis can also be observed in prenosological conditions. First of all, this concerns the "energy price" of the minute volume of blood, since a violation in the energy link of adaptation is the trigger mechanism for the entire process of development of adaptive, protective and compensatory reactions.
The ability to adapt to an influencing factor (or adequately respond to the impact) without disturbing myocardial-hemodynamic homeostasis and breaking down the adaptation mechanisms can only manifest itself with sufficient adaptive potential. This depends not only on the available functional reserves, but also (to a lesser extent) on the adequacy and cost-effectiveness of the response, as well as the effectiveness of the management of the expenditure and recovery of reserves. The "price of adaptation" of myocardial-hemodynamic homeostasis is determined by the state of autonomic regulation, on the one hand, and energy costs to maintain the required level of functioning of the circulatory system (for example, minute volume), on the other. These two conditions are interconnected due to the simultaneous chrono- and inotropic influence of the autonomic nervous system on the heart. Nevertheless, in medical practice, only the end result of regulatory influences is usually taken into account - pulse rate, stroke and minute volume of blood circulation, i.e. indicator of the level of functioning of the circulatory system. Therefore, one of the most important methodological issues in the diagnosis of prenosological and premorbid conditions is the choice of adequate indicators of autonomic homeostasis Social stress and mental health / Ed. academician of RAMS prof. T.B. Dmitrieva and prof. A.I. Volozhin. - M .: GOU VUNMTs of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2001. - S. 77-79 ..
Among the large number of methods for studying the autonomic nervous system, a relatively new method, the mathematical analysis of heart rate, attracts attention. The accumulated experience allows us to talk about the possibility of a quantitative assessment of autonomic homeostasis by mathematical and statistical indicators of heart rate, which in turn allows us to characterize changes in the level of health in the absence of changes in the main physiological indicators. As shown above, homeostasis can be maintained by activating energy mechanisms, increasing the tone of the sympathetic nervous system. Such changes often occur in people in the course of their daily social activities. However, these changes remain out of the scope of attention of medical workers until a noticeable departure from the generally accepted "clinical norm" of one of the vital signs - blood pressure or pulse rate - is detected. From the point of view of physiology, it is necessary to develop a prognostic approach to probable cardiovascular pathology based on determining the "price of adaptation" of the circulatory system to the stressful influence of environmental factors. The use of this approach is especially important in cases where the causes of diseases are prolonged and excessive psycho-emotional stress.
Evaluation of the adaptive capacity of the body is increasingly regarded as one of the important criteria for health. So T. Abelin (1986), putting forward a new concept of health, takes into account its dynamic nature. Adaptation of the organism to the environment is carried out depending on the physical, mental and social resources. The dynamic balance of the organism with the environment is referred to as the balance of health. This concept is called positive by the author, since it implies the need to increase reserves and improve living conditions to increase health resources. K. Cillond (1986) considers health in two aspects: as a normal state of individual organs and as a state of the body that contributes to the achievement of human goals. The second definition essentially corresponds to the idea of health as the ability to adapt to environmental conditions. However, some researchers criticize the broad approach to understanding health, taking into account its physical, mental and social aspects, as is accepted in the WHO definition. L. Nordenfelt (1986) proposes to confine ourselves to the medical aspect of health and to focus on the criteria of the disease, since the comprehensive well-being of a person is possible only in the ideal. But the modern understanding of the disease also includes the idea of protective mechanisms, primarily the mechanisms of adaptation and compensation, which are activated under the action of external damaging factors (Vasilenko V.Kh., 1985). The higher the adaptive capacity of the body, the lower the risk of disease, since the more reliable protection against disease.
Conclusion
The health of the population is characterized by a set of indicators that reflect the ability of society to reproduce the population in specific socio-economic and sanitary conditions.
The health of the population is expressed in the form of direct indicators, such as fertility, mortality, morbidity, physical development, as well as in the form of indicators that affect health, such as the sanitary and epidemiological situation, standard of living, quality of life, levels of medical care and economic territory development. It should be noted that recent works on the study of public health have shown an increased influence of the level of education, including environmental education, the nature of hygienic behavior, cultural traditions, public awareness of individual risk factors and the state of the environment on direct health indicators.
The formation of public health has been going on for a long time. And only at the present time, in connection with the globalization of economic and social processes, orienting indicators of the norm have appeared, indicating a favorable level of health of the population of individual countries and territories.
The process of reducing the "norm" of morbidity and mortality is largely supported by public consciousness and health care activities aimed at reducing premature mortality, preventing pathology, mainly of older ages, and improving the quality of life. In contrast to them, the birth rate depends most of all on the economic status of the territory, the nature of the demographic behavior of the family, and the demographic policy of the state as a whole.
State regulation of the birth rate in different countries of the world is of a different nature, from state support for the birth rate in the form of various benefits and sanctions, to the most well-known fact of severe birth control (in China). The current economic situation should take into account the need to regulate the demographic load, ensure a balance in the change of generations, when the able-bodied part of the population, which creates a stable economic condition of the territory, region, country, must have a change in the form of a population group up to working age and be able to bear the burden of supporting the population group after working age. High rates of infant mortality (compared to economically developed countries: Denmark, Sweden, etc.) and mortality of children aged 0-14 form a deficit of the population group up to working age. In this case, it will not be enough to focus the policy only on supporting the birth rate; it is necessary to comprehensively solve the problem of reducing the mortality of the child population, especially with regard to limiting intentional deaths (murders and suicides).
At the present stage, the level of awareness of the population, its education, the readiness of large groups of the population to participate in preventive programs is of great importance. At the same time, not only the fashion for health and comfortable living conditions is being formed, but also the responsibility of each person for their health is being formed.
Bibliography
1. The concept of health care in the Russian Federation. Approved by order of the Ministry of Health of Russia on March 21, 2003 No. 113 // Healthcare. 2004. No. 9. S. 93-103.
2. Losev R.M. Reproductive Health Guide. - M.: "Triada-X", 2001. - 568 p.
3. Rezer T.M. Medico-social approaches to the organization of sexual education and sexual education // Sotsiol. research. - M., 2003. - No. 1. - S. 102-108.
4. Smirnov N.K. Valeology. M., 2005.
5. Social stress and mental health / Ed. academician of RAMS prof. T.B. Dmitrieva and prof. A.I. Volozhin. - M.: GOU VUNMTs of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2001. - 248 p.: ill.
6. Tatarnikova L.G. Valeology in the pedagogical space. Monograph - essay. SPb., 1999.
7. Tatarnikova L.G., Pozdeeva M.V. Valeology of a teenager. 5th, 6th, 7th grade. M., 1998.
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Valeology (from the Greek "valeo" - health) is the science of health and a healthy lifestyle. The object of interest of this science is a person as an integral, self-regulating system, and not a set of organs. The human body is a unity of physicochemical, energetic and emotional components. And health is the most precious treasure that a person can possess. As you know, health is not only the absence of disease, but a state of physical and emotional comfort. Valeology combines methods and techniques that prevent diseases and restore health without the use of chemicals.
The phenomenon of man, which arose in the process of evolution of the organic world, became the subject of study of a huge variety of natural (biology, genetics, anthropology, chemistry, etc.) and social (history, philosophy, sociology, psychology, economics, etc.) sciences. However, until now, a person cannot give definitive answers to many questions concerning not only his essence, but also being. This fully applies to one of the fundamental aspects of his life and activity - health. At the same time, the very idea of health in recent decades has acquired particular relevance due to the fact that the quality of health is experiencing a steady downward trend. At the same time, it becomes more and more clear that to go “from the opposite”, from illness to ensuring health - and in fact, it is precisely this principle, despite the declared idea of prevention, that medicine professes - both wrong and harmful. The difficulty, however, is that the health methodology does not yet exist. This is not surprising, since until very recently there was, paradoxically, the science of health itself!
Russian scientist I.I. Brekhman was one of the first in modern times to sharpen the problem of the need to develop the foundations of a new science and in 1980 introduced the term "valeology" (as a derivative of the Latin valeo - "health", "be healthy"). Since then, the term has become generally accepted, and valueology as a science and as an academic discipline is gaining more and more recognition not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. Its fundamental positions can be reduced to the following definitions:
Valeology is an interscientific direction of knowledge about human health, about the ways of its provision, formation and preservation in specific conditions of life. As an academic discipline, it is a body of knowledge about health and a healthy lifestyle.
The central problem of valeology is the attitude to individual health and the education of a culture of health in the process of individual development of the personality.
The subject of valeology is individual health and human health reserves, as well as a healthy lifestyle. This is one of the most important differences between valeology and preventive medical disciplines, the recommendations of which are aimed at preventing diseases.
The object of valeology is a practically healthy person, as well as a person in a state of pre-illness in all the boundless diversity of his psychophysiological, sociocultural and other aspects of existence. It is such a person who is out of the sphere of health care until he goes into the category of sick people. When dealing with a healthy or at-risk person, valeology uses the functional reserves of the human body to maintain health, mainly through familiarization with a healthy lifestyle.
The method of valueology is the study of ways to increase the reserves of human health, which includes the search for means, methods and technologies for the formation of motivation for health, familiarization with a healthy lifestyle, etc. Here an important role is played by the qualitative and quantitative assessment of human health and health reserves, as well as the study of ways to improve them. If the qualitative assessment of health is traditionally used in medicine in its practice, then the quantitative assessment of the health of each individual person is purely specific to valeology and successfully develops and complements the qualitative analysis. Thanks to this, the specialist and the person himself acquire the opportunity to dynamically assess the level of his health and make appropriate adjustments to his lifestyle.
Homeostasis, or homeostasis, is the property of an organism to maintain its parameters and physiological functions within a certain range, based on the stability of the internal environment.
It is this indicator - the ability to homeostasis - that is often considered as the biological basis of health.
To preserve the biochemical and functional constants of the body, it is necessary to maintain a constant temperature of the whole organism, its parts and systems and even organs, glucose content, pH and other physicochemical properties of blood, stability of the cellular composition, etc.
The constants of the organism are quite rigid, but there are also relatively mobile constants with wide adaptive values. Rigid constants are a necessary condition for the preservation of life, and movable constants ensure the maintenance of the first, rigid constants.
However, the conditions in which the organism exists are constantly changing, which inevitably leads to changes in homeostasis. This feature is called "the law of deviation of homeostasis as a condition for development" and states the need for constant training loads as an obligatory way to improve the mechanisms of homeostasis and to ensure health. That is why one should strive to expand the limits of these indicators of homeostasis, which can be compensated without disturbing the normal functioning of the body, which should mean a transition to a new, higher level of health.
Mapping the defining features of the human health sciences
Defining features of science 1. Medicine (clinical, preventive, theoretical, experimental).
2. Hygiene (general, communal, social, radiation, nutrition, labor, adolescent).
3. Valeology (medical, pedagogical, psychological, ecological, biological)
Main directions of science Main concept, doctrine Object of study
Deliverance of a person from diseases, their diagnosis, treatment and prevention;
Research and maintenance of healthy living conditions for a person and his environment;
Formation, strengthening and preservation of human health.
Adaptation (adaptation, adaptive reactions) is the development of new biological properties in an organism that ensure the vital activity of the biosystem when the external environment or the parameters of the biosystem itself change.
The adaptive nature of life is one of its essential features: the entire life activity of the organism proceeds in accordance with the events of the external environment, changes in which also determine changes in life activity. The purpose and meaning of these changes in the body is to ensure the preservation and maintenance of the life of an individual and species, their development. Adaptation allows you to maintain the constancy of the internal environment, increases the power of homeostatic mechanisms, communicates with the external environment and, ultimately, allows you to keep the essential parameters of the body within the physiological limits that ensure the stability of the system. According to academician P.K. AnokhinY, each organism is a dynamic combination of stability and variability, in which adaptive reactions protect its hereditarily fixed vital constants.
The beneficial effect of adaptation also lies in the increase in the body's ability to withstand the destructive influence of environmental factors, its resistance. The latter is based on the mechanisms fixed in evolution and determines the adaptive norm of the reaction of an individual or a species as a whole. It is clear that resistance is a very important indicator of the organism. There are three types of adaptive changes - urgent, cumulative and evolutionary.
Urgent adaptation is characterized by continuously occurring adaptive changes that occur in response to continuously changing environmental conditions.
The characteristic properties of urgent adaptation are:
Their occurrence only with direct external influence, therefore, urgent reactions are not fixed in the body and disappear immediately after the elimination of this influence;
The nature and intensity of the urgent adaptive reaction correspond exactly to the nature and strength of the external stimulus;
An organism can respond with urgent reactions only to influences that, by their strength, nature and time, do not exceed the physiological capabilities of the organism.
Cumulative adaptation is characterized by such changes that occur in response to long-term repeated external or internal influences. At the same time, the body becomes able to respond with faster, more accurate and adequate responses at the level of its functional reserves. If the repeated influences correspond to certain patterns of irritating changes (in strength, duration, periodicity, etc.), then the body acquires the ability to perform more work (in terms of volume, intensity, frequency of repetitions, etc.), that is, there is a transition of adapted body systems to a qualitatively different state.
The essence of evolutionary adaptation lies in the fact that if the changed environmental conditions persist for a sufficiently long time (at least 10 generations are assumed), then this leads to adaptive changes in the gene structure, as a result of which such conditions become “their own”, natural for subsequent generations.
Adaptive protective-adaptive reactions are divided into specific and non-specific. The first of them provide stability and resistance of the body only against a given stimulus (typical examples are adaptation to given physical loads in training and immunity of the body to certain types of pathogens of infectious diseases in the form of immunity). Nonspecific adaptive responses contribute to the increase of stability and overall resistance of the organism to any disturbing environmental factors. In humans, the non-specific adaptation mechanism has been noticeably developed through purposeful volitional training, which ensures the growth of the body's reserve capabilities.
Adaptation should not always be seen as a positive development. Depending on the type and characteristics of the stimulus, it can be accompanied by varying degrees of stimulation of the functional systems of the body, because in the process of adaptation they can not only be activated, but also depleted.
In the problem of health, the concept of adaptation should be considered central. The essence of their interdependence can be formulated as follows: health is a state of balance between the adaptive capabilities of the body (human potential) and constantly changing environmental conditions. This is especially clearly manifested in the nature of age-related changes in adaptation. Thus, the newborn does not have rigid mechanisms of adaptation, due to which the range of adaptation turns out to be quite wide, which allows him to survive in a rather large range of changes in living conditions. In the future, the formation of rigid adaptation mechanisms is accompanied, however, not by a decrease, but by an increase - mainly due to socio-psychological factors - in the number of disturbing factors. That is why, with age, the number of people with a breakdown in adaptation is growing, and fewer and fewer people have a satisfactory adaptation to environmental conditions.
In addition to the age limitation of the limits and rigidity of adaptation, this is largely due to two more interdependent circumstances: on the one hand, the fact that instead of training adaptation mechanisms by natural factors of existence, a person changes the very conditions of existence, and on the other hand, the lack of demand for adaptive reserves by comfortable living conditions. Therefore, the reserves of adaptive capabilities in the body are always higher than their implementation.
Genotype and phenotype. The genotype is understood as the hereditary basis of the organism, the totality of genes localized in the chromosomes. In a broader sense, it is the totality of all hereditary factors of the organism. The genotype is formed as a natural consequence of genetic development due to the improvement of adaptive mechanisms to relatively constant and changing environmental conditions.
The phenotype is understood as the totality of all the signs and properties of the organism, formed in the process of its individual development. The phenotype is determined by the interaction of the genotype, that is, the hereditary basis of the organism, with the environmental conditions in which its development proceeds.
Belonging to the species Homo sapiens does not mean at all that all its representatives are genotypically identical. In this regard, all people differ in a number of geno- and phenotypic features:
Adaptive nature, determined by climatic and geographical factors; therefore, the adaptation of the Eskimo to the conditions of Central Africa (as well as the Ethiopian to the conditions of the tundra) will be rather inadequate;
Historical and evolutionary nature in the form of an ethnos, distinguished by its specific religious, national, cultural, etc. features, therefore, for example, the Scandinavian ethnos differs from the Mongoloid;
Social nature, leading to differences in lifestyle, culture, social claims, etc., between an intellectual and a peasant, a city dweller and a village dweller;
Economic character, due to belonging *: to one or another socio-economic group (banker and worker, businessman and clerk).
Thus, the nature of the organism's vital activity presupposes its determinism by the genotypic program and living conditions. This means that the development of an individual at any given moment and in the future is a single process of life, by no means completely predetermined by its genotype, but determined by its internal program, in which the genetic component is included only as an initial basis, which is corrected in the course of life. Such self-development, self-programming of an individual is carried out under the influence of the external environment.
It should be noted that in ensuring health, in organizing a healthy lifestyle, the genotypic component has not been given due attention so far. That is why, most often, practical recommendations for the formation of health are of a general nature and do not take into account individual genotypic characteristics. The latter should be understood as: the type of physique, the nature of blood coagulation, the type of higher nervous activity, the features of gastric juice secretion, the predominant type of autonomic nervous regulation, and much more. On the other hand, the person himself, in choosing the trajectory of his individual development, must know (or learn) the features of his genetic nature - without the implementation of this condition, one cannot speak of his valeological literacy and valeological culture. In particular, in such an important aspect of human life as professional activity, in the Russian Federation, only less than 3% of people have chosen a profession corresponding to their genotype. Therefore, it is natural to say that in 97% of cases, professional activity comes into conflict with the individual characteristics inherent in its carrier, which often results in a breakdown in adaptation and a transition to illness.
