In the course of the thought process, four operations take place. These include, in particular, the division, definition, limitation and generalization of concepts. Each operation has its own characteristics and patterns of flow. What is a generalization? How is this process different from others?
Definition
Generalization is through it, when a specific feature is excluded, a different definition is obtained as a result, having a wider scope, but significantly less content. It can be complicated to say that generalization is a form of increment of knowledge through a mental transition to the general from the particular in a certain model of the world. This, as a rule, corresponds to the transition to a higher level of abstraction. The result of the considered logical operation will be a hypernym.
general information
Simply put, generalization is the transition from specific concepts to generic ones. For example, if we take the definition of "coniferous forest". By generalizing, the result is a "forest". The resulting concept already has content, but the volume is much wider. The content has become less due to the fact that the word "coniferous" - a specific sign - has been removed. It should be said that the original concept can be not only general, but also singular. For example, Paris. considered to be singular. When making the transition to the definition of "European capital", then there will be "capital", then "city". This logical operation can be subverted by various definitions. For example, to conduct a generalization of work experience. In this case, through the transition from the particular to the general, the comprehension of activity takes place. Generalization of experience is often used when there is a large accumulation of methodological and other material. So, gradually eliminating the characteristic features that are inherent in the subject, there is a movement towards the greatest expansion of the conceptual volume. As a result, content is sacrificed in favor of abstraction.
Peculiarities
We have considered such a concept as generalization. Its purpose is the maximum removal of the original definition from its characteristic features. At the same time, it is desirable that the process proceed as gradually as possible, that is, the transition should occur in the direction of the closest species with the widest content. A generalization is not a limitless definition. A certain general category acts as its limit. This is a concept that has the ultimate breadth of scope. These categories include philosophical definitions: "matter", "being", "consciousness", "idea", "movement", "property" and others. Due to the fact that these concepts do not have a generic affiliation, it is not possible to generalize them.
Generalization as a task for artificial intelligence
The formulation of the problem was carried out by Rosenblatt. In the course of the "pure generalization" experiment, it was necessary to switch from a perceptron or brain model to one stimulus from a selective response to a stimulus similar to it, but not activating any of the previous sensory endings. A weaker kind of task may, for example, be the requirement to extend the system's response to components of a category of similar stimuli that are not necessarily separated from the previously shown (or perceived by touch or heard before) stimulus. In this case, it is possible to explore spontaneous generalization. In this process, the criteria of analogy are not imposed by the experimenter or introduced from outside. It is also possible to study forced generalization, in which the researcher "trains" the system in terms of similarity.
Limitation
This logical operation is the opposite of generalization. And if the second process is a gradual removal from the features inherent in a particular object, then the restriction, on the contrary, is designed to enrich the complex of characteristics. This logical operation provides for a reduction in volume based on the expansion of content. The restriction is terminated at the moment when a single concept appears. This definition is characterized by the most complete volume and content, where only one subject (object) is assumed.
conclusions
The considered operations of generalization and limitation are processes of abstraction and concretization within the boundaries from a single definition to philosophical categories. These processes contribute to the development of thinking, knowledge of objects and phenomena, their interactions.
Through the use of generalizations and limitations of concepts, the thought process flows more clearly, consistently and clearly. At the same time, the considered logical operations should not be confused with the selection of a part from the whole and consideration of the resulting part separately. For example, a car engine includes several parts (starter, air filter, carburetor, and others). These elements, in turn, consist of other, smaller ones, and so on. In this example, the concept that follows is not a kind of the previous one, but only its constituent element. In the process of generalization, characteristic features are discarded. Along with the decrease in content (due to the elimination of features), the volume increases (as the definition becomes more general). In the process of limitation, on the contrary, the generic concept adds more and more specific characteristics and features. In this regard, the volume of the definition itself decreases (because it becomes more specific), and the content, on the contrary, increases (due to the addition of characteristics).
Examples
In the educational process, generalizations are used in almost all cases when definitions are given through a specific or generic difference. For example: "Sodium" is a chemical element. Or you can use the nearest genus: "Sodium" - a metal. Another generalization example:
And here is an example of a restriction in Russian:
- Offer.
- Simple sentence.
- Simple
- A simple one-part sentence with a predicate.
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Generalization
GENERALIZATION - a mental combination of similar features of several objects in one concept about these objects. For example, letters and numbers are generalized into the concept of *sign*. Those similar features of individual objects that stand out in the process of their analysis, comparison and abstraction are summarized. - this is also the transition from a more particular concept to a more general one, from thoughts about the general to thoughts about the more general. happens with words. Every word refers not to a single object or phenomenon, but to their multitude. Allocate empirical and theoretical generalization. The function of empiricism of generalization consists in ordering the variety of objects, in their classification. The function of theoretical generalization consists in ascending from the abstract to the concrete, in highlighting the essential internal connections of an object that define this object as an integral system. In the process of assimilation by students of a new concept, it is important to consider and, in particular, independently search for relevant examples.
List of random tags:
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Hull Clark Leonard - Hull Clark Leonard (05/24/1884 - 1952) - American psychologist, representative of neobehaviorism, author of the "hypothetical-deductive" concept of behavior. He relied on those requirements for the methodology of constructing a theory and experiment that were developed in the natural sciences, primarily in mathematics. He proceeded from the need to introduce “intermediate variables” between the elements of classical behaviorism, which he proposed to consider need, reaction potential, skill strength, goal.
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Hallucination - Hallucination - the perception of a really absent object or its signs, subjectively recognized as a real perception. It occurs, as a rule, with various mental disorders, in stressful situations, as well as during prolonged sensory isolation.
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Sense of inferiority - FEELING OF INDEFICIENCY - a stable form of a person's experience of his real or imagined inferiority, formed when a person notices one or another of his shortcomings. A feeling of inferiority that arises in a child as a result of his awareness of his biological or other inferiority and causes him to develop his own lifestyle that can allow him to develop abilities and gain superiority over others. The feeling of inferiority is caused both by organic-morphological and functional deficiencies of organs, anomalies of organs, their functions, etc., and by subjective factors; assessment of natural weakness, difficulties in social relations, etc. The feeling of inferiority is not a passive state, it can be a stimulus for the mental development of an individual if he strives to overcome inferiority. In this case, the stronger the feeling of inferiority, the stronger the desire to overcome it in the form of a desire for superiority.
1) Generalization- (lat. generalisatio) - a mental operation, the transition from the thought of the individual, contained in the concept, judgment, norm, hypothesis, question, etc., to the thought of the general; from thoughts about the general to thoughts about the more general; from a number of facts, situations, events to their identification in some properties with the subsequent formation of sets corresponding to these properties (see: Inductive generalization). Not only concepts but also judgments are formed through inductive reasoning. Analytical is understood as O., carried out on the basis of the analysis of the corresponding linguistic expressions, definitions, application of the rules of deduction and not requiring recourse to experience. Examples can be mental transitions from the concept of "mechanical form of motion of matter" to the concept of "form of motion of matter", from the judgment "Whales are mammals" to the judgment "Whales are vertebrates", from the question "Is this problem solvable in this case?" to the question "Is this problem solvable in the general case?", from the legal norm "theft is prohibited" to the norm "theft is prohibited". Synthetic (or inductive) are understood as O. associated with the study of experimental data. They are used in the formation and development of various concepts, judgments (including laws), and scientific theories. In traditional logic, the definition of a concept is understood as a transition from a concept of lesser generality to a concept of greater generality by discarding features that belong only to those elements that are included in the scope of the generalized concept (the transition from the concept of "right triangle" to the concept of "triangle"). The opposite of O. is the operation of limiting a concept. The abstraction of identification plays an important role in synthetic identifications. The O. process is widely used in the formation of concepts, not only in scientific knowledge, but also, for example, in the process of forming artistic images.
2) Generalization- - highlighting a number of things in common properties and relationships between them (things and properties).
3) Generalization- Conclusion from particular to general. Generalization is induction, i.e. the conclusion will always be hypothetical. It presupposes an abstraction from some features in which objects differ from each other, since thought retains only features that are present in all objects. In scientific research, generalization is very fruitful: it allows one to move from the observation of a few particular cases to the hypothesis of a universal law. However, one should beware of too hasty generalizations: the generalization must be verified by applying it to as many special cases as possible.
4) Generalization- - a method of thinking, as a result of which the general properties and signs of objects are established.
5) Generalization- Mental transition from individual facts, events to their sets (classes), from one thought to another - more general.
6) Generalization- - formulation of conclusions, regularities and laws from facts, analyzes of events and phenomena.
7) Generalization- (from Lat. generalisatio) a mental transition from individual facts, events to their identification (and inductive generalization); from one thought to a more general, another (logical generalization). By making appropriate abstractions, one passes from, say, the geometry of Euclid to the geometry of Lobachevsky, which means that both judgments and scientific theories can be generalized. Even such a scheme emerges as a result of the generalization process: a single concept - a generalized concept - a judgment - a law of science - a theory. Obtaining generalized knowledge means a deeper penetration into the essence of reality. The opposite of generalization is restriction.
8) Generalization- - the logical process of transition from the individual to the general. from less general to more general knowledge (for example, the transition from the concept of "heat" to the concept of "energy", from the geometry of Euclid to the geometry of Lobachevsky), as well as the result of this process: a generalized concept, judgment, law of science, theory. Obtaining generalized knowledge means a deeper reflection of reality, penetration into its essence. In formal logic, concept differentiation is understood as the transition from a specific to a generic concept. At the same time, the content of the generic concept turns out to be narrower, since specific features are excluded from it (the scope and content of the concept). So, in the transition from the concept of “oak” to the concept of “tree”, signs specific to oak are discarded. The opposite process to O. is limitation.
Generalization
(lat. generalisatio) - a mental operation, the transition from the thought of the individual, contained in the concept, judgment, norm, hypothesis, question, etc., to the thought of the general; from thoughts about the general to thoughts about the more general; from a number of facts, situations, events to their identification in some properties with the subsequent formation of sets corresponding to these properties (see: Inductive generalization). Not only concepts but also judgments are formed through inductive reasoning. Analytical is understood as O., carried out on the basis of the analysis of the corresponding linguistic expressions, definitions, application of the rules of deduction and not requiring recourse to experience. Examples can be mental transitions from the concept of "mechanical form of motion of matter" to the concept of "form of motion of matter", from the judgment "Whales are mammals" to the judgment "Whales are vertebrates", from the question "Is this problem solvable in this case?" to the question "Is this problem solvable in the general case?", from the legal norm "theft is prohibited" to the norm "theft is prohibited". Synthetic (or inductive) are understood as O. associated with the study of experimental data. They are used in the formation and development of various concepts, judgments (including laws), and scientific theories. In traditional logic, the definition of a concept is understood as a transition from a concept of lesser generality to a concept of greater generality by discarding features that belong only to those elements that are included in the scope of the generalized concept (the transition from the concept of "right triangle" to the concept of "triangle"). The opposite of O. is the operation of limiting a concept. The abstraction of identification plays an important role in synthetic identifications. The O. process is widely used in the formation of concepts, not only in scientific knowledge, but also, for example, in the process of forming artistic images.
Identification of a number of things in common properties and relationships between them (things and properties).
conclusion from particular to general. Generalization is induction, i.e. the conclusion will always be hypothetical. It presupposes an abstraction from some features in which objects differ from each other, since thought retains only features that are present in all objects. In scientific research, generalization is very fruitful: it allows one to move from the observation of a few particular cases to the hypothesis of a universal law. However, one should beware of too hasty generalizations: the generalization must be verified by applying it to as many special cases as possible.
Reception of thinking, as a result of which the general properties and signs of objects are established.
A mental transition from individual facts, events to their sets (classes), from one thought to another - more general.
Formulation of conclusions, patterns and laws from facts, analyzes of events and phenomena.
(from Lat. generalisatio) a mental transition from individual facts, events to their identification (and inductive generalization); from one thought to a more general, another (logical generalization). By making appropriate abstractions, one passes from, say, the geometry of Euclid to the geometry of Lobachevsky, which means that both judgments and scientific theories can be generalized. Even such a scheme emerges as a result of the generalization process: a single concept - a generalized concept - a judgment - a law of science - a theory. Obtaining generalized knowledge means a deeper penetration into the essence of reality. The opposite of generalization is restriction.
Logical process of transition from singular to general. from less general to more general knowledge (for example, the transition from the concept of "heat" to the concept of "energy", from the geometry of Euclid to the geometry of Lobachevsky), as well as the result of this process: a generalized concept, judgment, law of science, theory. Obtaining generalized knowledge means a deeper reflection of reality, penetration into its essence. In formal logic, concept differentiation is understood as the transition from a specific to a generic concept. At the same time, the content of the generic concept turns out to be narrower, since specific features are excluded from it (the scope and content of the concept). So, in the transition from the concept of “oak” to the concept of “tree”, signs specific to oak are discarded. The opposite process to O. is limitation.
Generalization (lat. generalisatio) - a mental operation, the transition from the thought of the individual, contained in the concept, judgment, norm, hypothesis, question, etc., to the thought of the general; from thoughts about the general to thoughts about the more general; from a number of facts, situations, events to their identification in some properties with the subsequent formation of sets corresponding to these properties (see: Inductive generalization). Not only concepts but also judgments are formed through inductive reasoning. Analytical is understood as O., carried out on the basis of the analysis of the corresponding linguistic expressions, definitions, application of the rules of deduction and not requiring recourse to experience. Examples can be mental transitions from the concept of "mechanical form of matter movement" to the concept of "form of matter movement", from the judgment "Whales are mammals" to the judgment "Whales are vertebrates", from the question "Is this problem solvable in this case?" to the question “Is this problem solvable in the general case?”, from the legal norm “theft is prohibited” to the norm “theft is prohibited”. Synthetic (or inductive) are understood as O. associated with the study of experimental data. They are used in the formation and development of various concepts, judgments (including laws), and scientific theories. In traditional logic, the definition of a concept is understood as the transition from the concept of lesser generality to the concept of greater generality by discarding features that belong only to those elements that are included in the scope of the generalized concept (the transition from the concept of "right triangle" to the concept of "triangle"). The opposite of O. is the operation of limiting a concept. An important role in synthetic identifications is played by the abstraction of identification. The O. process is widely used in the formation of concepts, not only in scientific knowledge, but also, for example, in the process of forming artistic images.
Definitions, meanings of the word in other dictionaries:
Philosophical Dictionary
(lat. generalisatio) - a mental operation, the transition from the thought of the individual, contained in the concept, judgment, norm, hypothesis, question, etc., to the thought of the general; from thoughts about the general to thoughts about the more general; from a series of facts, situations, events to their identification in some ...
Philosophical Dictionary
conclusion from particular to general. is induction, i.e. the conclusion will always be hypothetical. It presupposes an abstraction from some features in which objects differ from each other, since thought retains only features that are present in all objects. With scientific...
Psychological Dictionary
Cognitive process leading to the selection and meaning of relatively stable properties of the surrounding world. The simplest types of generalization are already carried out at the level of perception - , manifesting as the constancy of perception - . At the level of human thinking - a generalization ...
Psychological Encyclopedia
(English generalization) - one of the main characteristics of cognitive processes, consisting in the selection and fixation of relatively stable, invariant properties of objects and their relationships. The simplest type of O., made in terms of direct perception, allows a person ...
