Any community of people is a complex structure of interpersonal relationships and microgroups. Social psychology, studying the nature of these relationships, uses a variety of methods, but sociometry is considered the most famous and popular. This term is translated as “social dimension”, and the developer of the method is the American psychologist Jacob (Jacob) Moreno.
The young doctor Jacob Moreno Levy began his research during the First World War in a refugee camp near Vienna. He drew attention to the fact that the effectiveness of people's interaction depends on who they are currently in contact with. In some cases, it is colored positive, and people interact with pleasure, in others, a rejection effect occurs, and literally everything falls out of hand for partners.
Based on his observations, Moreno came to the conclusion that society is subject to the same laws of attraction and repulsion as the physical world. Therefore, in any community there are people who are drawn to each other and tend to unite in microgroups of 3-4 people. These micro-groups play an important role in the functioning of the entire community. His life is also greatly influenced by those who have the gift of attraction and are sympathetic to other members of the group.
Having emigrated to the USA, J. Moreno continued his research at a specialized school for juvenile delinquents, and then even opened the Sociometric Institute. By the mid-1940s, Moreno's teachings had fully taken shape, and the author himself singled out three areas in it: sociometry, sociodrama and psychodrama.
What is the essence of sociometry
Sociometry is a special experimental technique based on mathematical methods. At present, its results are used by social psychology to organize work with any group: school class, work class, etc.
The procedure for carrying out the technique
The organization of sociometric research is quite simple and does not require any special training, special conditions, or equipment. Participation in the diagnosis does not cause difficulties even for primary school students.
To conduct sociometry, special questions are used (usually only one), which should put the members of the group in a situation of choice. Usually, the subjects are asked to indicate the three most preferred classmates and the three rejected ones.
The very wording of the question largely depends on the age and type of activity of the group members. For example, when studying a school class, the following questions can be asked:
- “Who would you like / would like to invite to your birthday party?” and “Who would you never invite to your birthday party?”
- “Who would you like/want to go camping with?” and “Who would you never want to go camping with?”
- "Who would you agree to be on a desert island with?" and "Who wouldn't you like to have next to you on a deserted island?"
For adults, members of a professional group, questions can be formulated in a slightly different way.
- “If you were offered to work on an important project, which of your colleagues would you like to work with?” and “Who would you like to be with?”
- “If you went on a business trip, which of your colleagues would you like to see next to you?”
Each participant in the study receives a card on which he must write his last name and enter the names of the preferred members of the group and on the reverse side of those rejected. By the way, psychologists who diagnose a group often suggest making only positive choices. And not so much because it will be easier to process the results, but because the very need to make a negative choice can cause negative emotions. Few people like to demonstrate their dislike for colleagues, an outsider. However, in some cases, negative assessments are indispensable, especially if the team has.
But it should be remembered that sociometry is one of the methods, the intermediate results of which the psychologist must keep secret so as not to worsen the social situation in the group.
Processing of the received results
In order to obtain materials that will be analyzed and used in working with a group, a psychologist, based on the data obtained, must solve a number of tasks:
- Determine the number of positive and negative choices each member of the group received.
- Identify the individuals who received the maximum and minimum number of votes.
- Identify people who received neither positive nor negative choices.
- Make a rating of likes and dislikes.
- Establish the presence and number of mutual elections for each member of the group.
- Determine the presence and composition of microgroups.
- Establish links between microgroups or their absence.
It's not easy to do all of this, and it can get confusing, even if the group is relatively small. To facilitate the analysis of the results in sociometry, the compilation of a sociogram and a sociomatrix is provided.
A sociogram is a table in which the names of the participants and the choices they made are entered. To do this, the first column indicates the serial numbers and names of the members of the group, in the subsequent columns only the serial numbers. Then, at the intersection of rows and columns, the selections are marked. For example, No. 1 Andreev chose No. 3, No. 7 and No. 9. No. 2 Borisov chose No. 1, No. 3 and No. 6, etc. As a result, the total amount of choices for each member of the group will be clearly visible in the vertical columns.
Then the obtained data are transferred to the sociogram. It consists of three (rarely four) concentric circles in which the numbers of participants are located depending on the number of choices they received. In the center are those who received the maximum number of choices. Then the arrows indicate the elections themselves, including mutual ones.
Sociogram example
The sociogram gives a vivid picture of interpersonal relationships, and microgroups are clearly visible in it, as well as the connections between them. In studies of school classes and youth groups, psychologists usually mark male and female participants with different icons and place them on different sides of the sociomatrix. It is indicative that there are practically no elections between boys and girls before the late teenage years.
Sociometric group structure
There is a formal group structure, there is an informal one, and there is a sociometric one. Its peculiarity is that this method allows you to evaluate the subjective attitude of people to each other. Their likes and dislikes have little to do with the objective position of individuals in the group, their professional, business qualities, and often personal ones too. This should be taken into account, for example, who wants to use the results of sociometry for the distribution of functions in a team or class.
Sociometric statuses
This is the most important component of the sociometric structure. The status is determined on the basis of the choices received by the individual.
The largest number of elections and, accordingly, the highest status have "sociometric stars". They are sympathetic to many members of the group, and sometimes the majority. But it would be a mistake to identify "stars" with leaders, since they may not have the qualities necessary for a leader: energy and activity, rigidity and exactingness. "Stars" are most often just pleasant, likeable and helpful people. And having been appointed to the position of a formal leader, the “star” may partially lose the sympathy of his comrades, since the leader sometimes has to make unpopular decisions or put pressure on group members.
Following the stars are high-status or "preferred". They received fewer elections than the "stars", but they have significant authority in the group, and most often among them is a potential leader.
Then there are two statuses, the border between which is quite unsteady. In relatively small groups, they are not even separated. These are medium and low status. They do not have a large number of negative or positive choices. Often, individuals with this status form closed microgroups, choosing each other and not particularly communicating with the rest.
The next status is "outcasts". These are individuals who received more negative than positive choices.
"Neglected" or "outcasts" - members of the group who received only negative choices.
"Isolated" - social psychologists consider people who receive neither positive nor negative choices as the lowest status. Their position in the interpersonal hierarchy is even worse than that of the outcasts. "Isolated" as if do not exist for the group.
Sociometric statuses are not rigidly set and can change. Of course, it is almost impossible to go from the status of a "outcast" to the status of a "star", but it is quite possible to become "preferred".
Microgroups in sociometric structure
As a rule, sociometric studies are carried out in small groups with a little more than 20 members. And in them, sociometry makes it possible to identify microgroups of people united by mutual elections. Individuals in such formations are connected by sympathy and common interests, which makes microgroups stable elements of the structure of society.
It is these formations that the leader can effectively use to organize the work of the group as a whole. The convenience and productivity of small associations of people has been proven in pedagogy. Teachers and class teachers have long and successfully used the naturally formed class structure in their work. But also in working with adult communities, relying on microgroups can make the team more effective.
On the other hand, confrontation between microgroups, which often happens, can be destructive for the team as a whole. And sociometry makes it possible to timely reveal the presence of rejection tendencies between individual mini-communities.
The advantage of sociometry as a method is its relative simplicity - it can be carried out even by a psychologist who does not have much experience. And sociometry is very informative. Based on the data obtained, it is possible to create a detailed picture of interpersonal relationships and determine the weight of each individual in these relationships.
SOCIOMETRY
Sociometry is a method that allows you to express quantitatively, graphically the structure of interpersonal relationships in a team.
Sociogram - a graphic representation of the relationship of respondents to each other.
The method of sociometry helps to get a "photo" of intra-collective relations between schoolchildren. The significance of the role of each student in the team, his sympathy, trust, goodwill affect their actions, behavior, the formation of their beliefs, moral habits and other qualities.
Sociometric research can be carried out using a graphic drawing. Children are offered a square card - this is a class. The circle in the square is the guys of his class. Invite the child to indicate his place among the guys (in the form of a dot). If the child puts a dot in the center, he feels comfortable in the team (this is the leader). If on the border of the circle or outside it, help is needed (he is isolated, an outcast, it is difficult for him).
Remember! Sociometry can detect the discrepancy between the official and unofficial structures of the team, sources of tension, conflicts - this facilitates the setting of tasks for collective and individual educational work. The results of this technique require a serious qualitative analysis. It is not recommended for a teacher to use this technique if, for any reason, his relationship with the class team or individual children is damaged.
Using the method of sociometry, it should be remembered that it imposes a great responsibility on the teacher and requires a high sense of tact and measure from him. A lot of conflicts between teachers and children arise due to unfair, according to students, scoring. It sometimes seems to children and, it must be admitted, not unreasonably, that the teachers have delivered unfairly. This problem can be solved by presenting the children with the criteria for judging and systematically teaching them to evaluate the answers of their comrades and their own using these criteria. Let us give as an example one of the possible options for assessment criteria for any subject.
EXAMPLE:
Criteria for evaluating student performance
Ratings:
- It's a pity, of course, but your answers are wrong.
Grades 4-5. There are too many errors in the answers.
Grade 6-7. Correct answers to all questions, but two or three mistakes were made.
Grade 8. Already much better. Correct answers to all questions and only one mistake.
Grade 9. Well done. All answers are correct, no mistakes.
Grade 10. That's great! All answers are correct, not a single mistake, assignments are correctly completed, which the teacher did not even ask to do.
When planning classes at the Active School, it is necessary to carry out diagnostics. Diagnostics is an evaluation procedure aimed at clarifying the situation, revealing the true level of upbringing, activity, implementation of tasks, finding out which of them require further solutions.
Experience shows that diagnostics has a direct connection with the stages of management, the development of the team and the individual (Appendix). Three main diagnostic options have been identified:
- When the team was formed for the first time.
- When the team is not new, and the teacher first starts work.
- When the teacher and the team worked together.
SOCIOMETRY
Target: to study the state of emotional-psychological relations in the adolescent community and the position of each of the children in them.
Required for carrying outfollowing. Each teenager should have a form with the following text: "Please answer the following questions:
- If you had the opportunity to invite one of the students in your group to your birthday party, who would you invite? (Here and for the next three questions, indicate the last name and first name of this person.)
- Who would you invite to your birthday party last?
- To whom will you trust your secret?
- Who will you never trust with your secret? Thank you!"
Poll progress
The researcher asks four questions in turn, which are the selection criteria (two positive and two negative choices). Each of the subjects, answering them, writes down on the form below the proposed question the names of three people to whom he gives his choices. In this case, the first one is indicated to whom the subject gives his greatest sympathy (dislikes, with negative criteria-questions), then the names of those who are given preference in the second and third place are recorded. When answering various questions, the names of the selected students
can be repeated (this should be told to the subjects). After completing the task, the researcher and subjects must check whether the names of three people are named after each question. Correct execution of the task facilitates the processing of the results of the experiment.
PROCESSING AND INTERPRETATION OF THE OBTAINED DATA
Based on the results obtained, a matrix is compiled.
The matrix consists of: vertically - from a list of students' surnames, arranged in alphabetical order and grouped by gender; horizontally - from the number under which the subjects are indicated in the list.
Opposite the names of each subject, data on the choices made by him are entered. For example, if Alexandrov P. gave his first choice in the experiment according to the first criterion to Ivanov A., then the number 1 is placed at the intersection of the first row and the second column. Alexandrov gave the second choice to A. Begliev, so the number 2 is written in the square at the intersection of the first and third columns. If the subjects made mutual choices, then the corresponding numbers of these choices are circled. At the bottom of the matrix, the number of choices received by each subject is counted (vertically from top to bottom), including mutual choices. In the same way, the matrix of negative sociometric choices.
C=M / (n-1),
where C is the sociometric status of the adolescent;
M is the total number of positive choices received by the subjects (if negative choices are taken into account, then their sum is subtracted from the sum of positive ones);
n is the number of subjects;
For example: the sociometric status of Ivanov A. Will be equal to the quotient obtained from the division: 7: 9 = 0.78.
Depending on the number of sociometric positive choices received, the subjects can be classified into five status groups.
Surname, Name | Choice | Who is chosen? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 |
|
Aleksandrov Petr Ivanov Alexey Begliev Anvar Ilchenko Ivan Kislova Maria Kitaeva Anna Malakhova Sima Novikova Elena Pavlova Elena Pokrovskaya Daria | 1 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 |
||
Received elections Received Mutual Elections | 0 7 6 5 6 12 10 5 8 1 0 5 4 4 6 6 6 3 6 0 |
Classification of subjects
According to the sociometric experiment
The average number of choices by one subject (K) is calculated by the formula:
K = Total number of positive choices made
Total number of test subjects
For our example, K = 60: 10 = 6
In accordance with the data of the matrix, the subjects can be classified into the following groups:
"Stars" - Kitaev A.;
"Preferred" - Malakhova S.;
"Accepted" - Ivanov A., Begliev A., Ilchenko I., Kislova M., Novikova E.;
"Unacceptable" no;
"Rejected" Alexandrov P., Pokrovskaya D.
One of the indicators of the well-being of emerging relations is the coefficient of reciprocity of elections. It shows how mutual sympathy is in the children's community. The reciprocity coefficient (CR) is calculated by the formula:
KV = Number of mutual elections
Total number of elections
In our case, CV = (40: 60) .100% = 66.7% This indicator indicates a fairly large number of mutual elections.
OUR RELATIONSHIPS
(the method was compiled according to the book: L.M. Fridman "Studying the personality of the student and student groups")
Target: to identify the degree of satisfaction of the teenager with various aspects of the life of the team.
Poll progress
The subject is asked to read six statements. It is necessary to write down the number of the statement that most of all coincides with his opinion. Several different areas of adolescent relationships in a team can be identified. For example, to study the mutual acceptability of each other (friendship, solidarity) or, conversely, conflict, a series of statements can be proposed:
- 1. Our team is very friendly and close-knit.
- 2. Our team is friendly.
- 3. There are no quarrels in our team, but everyone exists on his own.
- 4. There are sometimes quarrels in our team, but our team cannot be called conflict.
- 5. Our team is unfriendly, quarrels often arise.
- 6. Our team is very unfriendly. It's hard to study in such a class.
Another series of statements reveals the state of mutual assistance (or lack of it):
- 1. In our group, it is customary to help without a reminder.
- 2. In our group, help is provided only to our friends.
- 3. In our group, they help only when the student himself asks for it.
- 4. In our group, help is provided only when the teacher requires it.
- 5. It is not customary in our group to help each other.
- 6. Our group refuses to help each other.
Processing and interpretation of results
Those judgments that are noted by the majority of students testify to certain relationships in the team. At the same time, the opinion of a particular teenager shows how he feels himself in the system of these relations.
Teacher - psychologist Molokanova V.N.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ATMOSPHERE IN THE COLLECTIVE
(method of L.G. Zhedunova)
Target: study the psychological atmosphere in the team.
Poll progress
Each teacher, teenager is invited to assess the state of the psychological atmosphere in the team according to a nine-point system. Polar qualities are evaluated:
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1. Friendliness Hostility
2. Agree Disagree
3. Satisfaction Dissatisfaction
4. Enthusiasm Indifference
5. Effectiveness Ineffectiveness
6. Warmth of relationships Coldness of relationships
7. Cooperation Lack of cooperation
8. Mutual Support Malevolence
9. Entertaining Boredom
10. Success Failure
The higher the score, the higher the assessment of the psychological climate, and vice versa.Analysis of resultsinvolves subjective assessments of the state of the psychological climate and their comparison with each other, as well as the calculation of the average assessment of the atmosphere for the team.
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR STUDENTS
Target: determine the state of interaction between teachers and students in the team, as well as the dynamics of its development.
The course of the survey
Respondents are asked to answer the following questions:
- Which adult should be invited on a camping trip?
- Who serves as a moral example for you *
a) comrades;
b) parents;
c) teachers;
d) heroes of books;
e) outstanding athletes;
f) members of youth ensembles;
g) no one;
h) add ____________________________________
- In which areas of life do students in your school have real rights:
a) in improving the educational process;
b) in the organization of leisure;
c) in control over the quality of knowledge;
d) in encouragement;
e) in the organization of educational work;
e) nowhere;
g) add
- where you can most fully express your personality (where you are most interested, where you are appreciated, understood);
a) in educational work;
b) in the classroom;
c) in the company of friends;
d) in public work;
e) in educational and labor training;
f) in leisure activities;
g) in the family
h) nowhere;
i) add _______________________________________
- Who can you be honest with:
a) with no one
b) with the guys from our company;
c) with the director of the educational institution;
d) with group mates;
e) with parents;
f) with the head of the circle, section, club;
g) with grandparents;
h) with the class teacher;
i) with an old acquaintance;
j) with any person;
k) with a teacher;
m) add _____________________________________
- What would you do if the teacher, in your opinion, unfairly offended you:
a) keep silent
b) I will answer with impudence;
c) turn to parents for support;
d) turn to comrades for support;
e) calmly try to prove my case;
e) complain to the administration;
g) I will take revenge on occasion;
h) contact the class teacher;
i) contact a teacher I trust;
j) I will ask you to put my question at the class meeting;
l) add ______________________________________
- In what cases do teachers of an educational institution participate on an equal footing with students?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
- Complete the phrases: "I want to go to school when ______________________________________________
"I don't feel like going to school when ____________
_____________________________________________________
"The model of moral attitude towards people in our educational institution is _________________________________
______________________________________________________
"The relationship between teachers and students in our educational institution can be called ________________________________________
______________________________________________________
- What systems of relations in the lyceum need to be improved:
a) teacher - student;
b) teachers - teachers;
c) teachers - administration;
d) teachers - parents;
e) parents are students;
e) students - students;
g) administration - students
- Who can you turn to for help in difficult times?
- What matters in an educational institution, in your opinion, can be solved:
a) some teachers;
b) jointly by teachers and students;
c) self-student
- The following relations prevail in the team of employees of our educational institution:
a) hostile
b) unfriendly;
c) business;
d) group;
e) you - to me, I - to you;
g) all sorts;
h) friendly;
i) add __________________________________________
Teacher-psychologist Molokanova V.N.
DETERMINATION OF THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE COLLECT
(method of M. I. Rozhkov)
Target: determine the level of development of student self-government.
Poll progress
Each teen fills out a form with the following numeric codes and sentences.
4 3 2 1 0 1. I consider it important for myself to strive for the team of my group to work better.
4 3 2 1 0 2. I make suggestions for improving the work of the group.
4 3 2 1 0 3. I independently organize individual events in the group.
4 3 2 1 0 4. I participate in carrying out the results of the group's work, in determining the immediate tasks.
4 3 2 1 0 5. I think that the group is capable of unanimous independent actions.
4 3 2 1 0 6. In our group, all responsibilities are clearly and evenly distributed among the guys.
4 3 2 1 0 7. The elected asset in the group does not enjoy authority among all members of the team.
4 3 2 1 0 8. I think that the asset in our group copes well and independently with its duties
4 3 2 1 0 9. I think that the guys in our class are conscientious about fulfilling their public duties.
4 3 2 1 0 10. Timely and accurately implement the decisions made by the meeting or group members.
4 3 2 1 0 11. I strive to make every effort to fulfill the tasks assigned to the team.
4 3 2 1 0 12. Ready to answer for the results of his work and for the results of the work of his comrades.
4 3 2 1 0 13. We are well aware of the tasks facing the staff of the educational institution.
4 3 2 1 0 14. Students in my group often participate in organizing various events for the entire lyceum staff.
4 3 2 1 0 15. We strive to help the representatives of the team of the group, the self-government bodies of the lyceum in solving the problems facing them.
4 3 2 1 0 16. My comrades and I regularly participate in the discussion of the problems facing the lyceum staff.
4 3 2 1 0 17. We strive to cooperate in solving problems
facing the whole collective, with other groups and associations.
4 3 2 1 0 18. Satisfied with the attitude of my comrades towards other groups.
4 3 2 1 0 19. We strive to help other teams, younger groups in resolving the difficulties that arise before them.
4 3 2 1 0 20. I believe that students elected to self-government bodies of an educational institution enjoy well-deserved authority
4 3 2 1 0 21. The students of my group conscientiously carry out the instructions of the student self-government bodies of the entire team.
4 3 2 1 0 22. We strive to ensure that the staff of the educational institution achieves better results.
4 3 2 1 0 23. Ready to defend the interests of the entire Lyceum team in other teams and public organizations.
4 3 2 1 0 24. I am aware of my responsibility for the results of the work of the entire staff of the lyceum.
The semantic meaning of digital codes is given on the board:
4 - "Yes"; 3 - "Rather yes than no"; 2 - "It's hard to say"; 1 - "Rather no than yes"; 0 - "No".
Results processing
When processing the results, 24 sentences are divided into 6 groups (blocks). This systematization is due to the identification of variousaspects of self-management:
- involvement of adolescents in self-government activities (sentences 1 - 4);
- organization of the class team (5 - 8);
- responsibility of members of the primary team for its affairs
(9 - 12);
- involvement of the group in the affairs of the whole team (13 - 16);
- group relationships with other learning communities
(17 - 20);
- the responsibility of students for the affairs of the entire staff of the educational institution (21 - 24).
For each block, the sum of points is calculated.
All survey participants. Then it is divided by the number of survey participants and by sixteen (16 is the maximum number of points that the respondent can indicate in each block). If at least one of the coefficients is less than 0.5, then the level of self-government short ; if more than 0.5 and less than 0.8 - average ; if more than 0.8 - high.
The level of development of self-government of the entire educational institution is determined by the coefficient of the last three blocks. If each of them does not exceed 0.55, then the level of self-government in the team short, if above this level, but below 0.85 - the level of development of self-government
Want to know more about it? The robot tried to pick up materials for you that are close to the topic. For students undergoing pedagogical practice.sociometric technique, developed J. Moreno, is used to diagnose interpersonal and intergroup relations in order to change, improve and improve them. With the help of sociometry, it is possible to study the typology of people's social behavior in the conditions of group activity, to judge the socio-psychological compatibility of members of specific groups.
sociometric procedure may have purpose:
a) measuring the degree of cohesion-disunity in the group;
b) identifying "sociometric positions", i.e., the relative authority of group members on the basis of sympathy-antipathy, where the "leader" of the group and the "rejected" are at the extreme poles;
c) detection of intra-group subsystems, close-knit formations, which may be headed by their informal leaders.
The use of sociometry makes it possible to measure the authority of formal and informal leaders in order to regroup people in teams in such a way as to reduce tension in the team arising from the mutual hostility of some members of the group. The sociometric technique is carried out by a group method, its implementation does not require large time costs (up to 15 minutes).
There can be no complete anonymity, otherwise sociometry will be ineffective. The experimenter's requirement to disclose his likes and dislikes often causes internal difficulties for the respondents and is manifested in some people in the reluctance to participate in the survey.
Group members are invited to answer questions that provide an opportunity to discover their likes and dislikes for leaders, members of the group, whom the group does not accept. The researcher reads out two questions: a) and b) and gives the following instructions to the subjects: “Write on pieces of paper under the number 1 the name of the group member you would choose first, under the number 2 - who would you choose if there was no first, under the number 3 - who would you choose if there were no first and second. Then the researcher reads out a question about personal relationships and also conducts a briefing.
Sample questions for studying business relationships.
1. a) which of your comrades from the group would you ask, if necessary, to help you prepare for classes (first, second, third)?
b) which of your comrades from the group would you not like to ask, if necessary, to provide you with assistance in preparing for classes?
2. a) with whom would you go on a long trip?
b) Which member of your group would you not take on a trip?
3. a) which of the members of the group will better perform the functions of a leader (headman, trade union representative, etc.)?
b) which member of the group will find it difficult to fulfill the duties of a leader?
Examples of questions for the study of personal relationships.(Assignment: choose one of the three options.)
1. a) Who in your group would you turn to for advice in a difficult life situation?
b) with whom from the group would you not like to consult about anything?
2. a) if all the members of your group lived in a hostel, with which of them would you like to live in the same room?
b) if your whole group were to be re-formed, which of its members would you not want to keep in your group?
3. a) who from the group would you invite to a birthday party?
b) who from the group would you not like to see at your birthday party?
The received answers are processed mathematically and presented in the form of a table - a sociomatrix.
Sociomatrix (table). First, you should build the simplest sociomatrix. An example is given in the table (see below).
Election results are spread across the matrix using symbols. The results tables are completed first, separately for business and personal relationships.
The names of all members of the group being studied are written vertically behind the numbers; horizontally - only their number. At the corresponding horizontal intersections, the numbers +1, +2, +3 indicate those who were chosen by each subject in the first, second, third turn, the numbers -1, -2, -3 - those whom the experimental person did not elect in the first, second and third turn.
Mutual positive or negative choices are circled in the table (regardless of the order of choice). After the positive and negative choices are entered in the table, it is necessary to calculate vertically the algebraic sum of all the choices received by each member of the group (the sum of the choices). Then you need to calculate the sum of points for each member of the group, taking into account that the choice in the first place is equal to +3 points (-3), in the second - +2 (-2), in the third - +1 (-1). After that, the total algebraic sum is calculated, which determines the status in the group.
leader in the group is the one who scored the most points.
Preferred group members - who also scored a large number of points, but less than the leader.
Neglected group members - who scored the minimum number of points (1-2).
Isolated- received only negative choices.
By the number of negative choices, one can also determine the one who arouses the greatest antipathy towards himself.
Based on the sociomatrix, a sociogram is built - a map of sociometric choices.
Sociogram- a graphic representation of the reaction of the subjects to each other when answering the sociometric criterion. The sociogram allows you to make a comparative analysis of the structure of relationships in a group in space on a certain plane (“shield”) using special signs (Fig. below). It gives a visual representation of the intra-group differentiation of group members based on their status (popularity). An example of a sociogram (map of group differentiation) proposed by Ya. Kolominsky, see below.
The sociogram consists of several circles, usually equal to the number of choices. The leaders are placed in the center of the sociogram, and the rest of the group members are placed in the next circles, as the number of choices received by them decreases.
The sociogram technique is an essential addition to the tabular approach in the analysis of sociometric material, because it enables a deeper qualitative description and visual presentation of group phenomena.
The analysis of the sociogram consists in finding the central, most influential members, then mutual pairs and groupings. Groupings are made up of interrelated individuals seeking to choose each other. Most often in sociometric measurements there are positive groupings of 2, 3 members, less often of 4 or more members.
The data presented on sociograms are often supplemented with numerical indicators—indexes—to obtain more detailed information about a person's position in the system of intragroup relations. The most famous of them is the index of group cohesion, which characterizes the system of group relations as a whole. Its formula looks like this:
Based on the data obtained, it is required to describe the results of the study, to give recommendations for improving the psychological climate in the classroom.
sociometry) Moreno described a number of ways to collect data on interpersonal relationships in groups. One such approach, called S., has attracted much attention from psychologists and educators because it provides a simple method for measuring interpersonal attraction among group members. This method has been widely used in the study of social. structure of play, work and study groups, and also proved to be useful in assessing the interpersonal attractiveness of individuals. Sociometric data can be described as the number of choices (or rejections) received by an individual member of the group. They can also act as the basis for constructing a "sociogram", which is a "map" of the choices made in response to a question. S. can be used to study factors related to group morality, and sociometric methods can be used in any research that considers interpersonal assessments, attitudes, beliefs, or impressions that arise in group conditions. Among the variables studied using the sociometric method are leadership, honesty, aggressiveness, prestige, and personal adjustment. See also Ingroups/Outgroups, Interpersonal Perception G.K. Lindgren
SOCIOMETRY
microsociology) - created by J. Moreno - the science of society, the psychological theory of society and at the same time - an experimental method, a socio-psychological test, providing the study and regulation of relations between people, used to assess interpersonal emotional relationships in a group.
Now it is understood mainly as a branch of sociology, social psychology and group psychotherapy, aimed at studying and harmonizing interpersonal relations in small groups using various quantitative methods and instrumental techniques.
The basis of theoretical sociometry is the desire to explain all aspects of social life - economic, political - by the state of emotional relations between people, their likes and dislikes towards each other. Moreno and his followers came to the conclusion that all the problems of modern society, regardless of its class structure, can be solved by rearranging people according to their emotional preferences - so that the "sociometric" revolution will harmonize social relations, which are systems of mutual preference or aversion. of people.
One of the central concepts of this theory is the body, a term meaning the simplest unit of feeling transmitted from one individual to another, which determines the number and success of interpersonal relationships in which they enter. As a result of the sociometric procedure, a sociometric matrix, a sociogram is compiled, the sociometric coefficients of group cohesion, understood as a communicative community, are calculated.
Sociometry is characterized by the active use of questioning, interviewing, testing, indexing, the use of sociomatrices and sociograms, various modifications of group discussions, role-playing and business games, psychodrama and sociodrama.
Numerous experimental studies carried out within the framework of the concept of mediation of interpersonal activity relations have shown that sociometry makes it possible to analyze only the external emotional layer of group activity and does not make it possible to analyze interpersonal relations based on social factors.
SOCIOMETRY
English sociometry) is a theory and method developed by the Austrian-Amer. psychiatrist Jacob Moreno (Moreno, 1890-1974), allowing empirically to identify, schematically (in the form of a sociogram) represent and interpret the structure of interpersonal relationships in a group. S. is currently regarded as a direction in socio-psychological research that uses sociometric methods (methods, tests). See sociometric research method (in developmental psychology). (B. M.)
SOCIOMETRY
1. Free meaning - any attempt to measure, quantify or formalize interpersonal relationships. The most developed method is the method of J. Moreno. 2. Special Meaning - Methods and theory, developed largely through the work of Jacob L. Moreno, which are the basis for the most commonly used procedures for measuring social things. Moreno's methods consist primarily of finding out the network of relationships that exist between the various members of the group. The procedure for establishing a set of relationships is a sociometric test, and the final schematic diagram that is built on the basis of this test is called a sociogram.
Sociometry
A scientific method that can be used to quantify relationships within a group. This method allows you to predict the laws of interpersonal relationships that will operate in specific situations.
Sociometry
lat. societas - society + Greek. metreo - I measure] - a psychological theory of society developed by J. Moreno and at the same time a socio-psychological test used to assess interpersonal emotional ties in a group. At the heart of theoretical S. is the desire to explain all aspects of social life - economic, political - the state of emotional relations between people, their likes and dislikes in relation to each other. J. Moreno and his followers came to the conclusion that all the problems of modern society, regardless of its class structure, can be resolved by rearranging people in accordance with their emotional preferences, so that the "sociometric" revolution would harmonize social relations that are, in their opinion, systems of mutual preference or aversion of people. One of the central concepts of this theory is "tele" - a term denoting the simplest unit of feeling, transmitted from one individual to another, which determines the number and success of interpersonal relationships in which they enter. As a result of the sociometric procedure, a sociometric matrix, a sociogram are compiled, sociometric coefficients of group cohesion are calculated. Numerous experimental studies carried out within the framework of the concept of activity-based mediation of interpersonal relations have shown that S. allows one to analyze only the external emotional layer of group activity and does not make it possible to analyze people's interpersonal relations on the basis of taking into account deep social factors. I.V. Porotova
SOCIOMETRY
from lat. societas - society and Greek. metreo measure) - - a method of standardized tests to measure interpersonal relationships in small groups. C, being one of the forms of a group survey, allows diagnosing and predicting changes in the structure of the relationship of an individual in a team, and makes it possible to quantitatively approach the study of the phenomena of interpersonal communication. The essence of the sociometric approach lies in the fact that with the help of subjective assessments of the activities of other members of the collective or elections, for some reason, both the appearance of individuals in the collective and the appearance of the entire collective are determined. The most common are two main options for a sociometric survey: 1) the method of elections - each person chooses another person for any joint activity, based on likes or dislikes for this person; 2) evaluation method - each person evaluates or characterizes other members of the group. Both of these methods allow you to explore the informal structure of the group. They allow you to get the structure of relationships in the group at the time of the study: to reveal the existing groupings, to determine the degree of authority of all members of the group, to identify individuals who introduce elements of discord, enmity into the sphere of communication, etc. The identification of these issues allows you to build educational work in a certain way with the goal of increase the effectiveness of the group, but this work must be carried out very delicately and carefully; otherwise, you can get a negative effect. The results of a sociometric survey are entered into a special table - a sociomatrix and processed using special mathematical methods, on the basis of which a graphical representation of relationships in a group is built - a sociogram. In engineering psychology, the S. method in combination with other methods (homeostat, cybernometer, etc.) is used to study relationships in operator groups (crews, crews, teams), in particular, to determine the type of communicative behavior of individual operators, analyze the psychological compatibility of the group, etc. .
The method of sociometry is absolutely specific for social psychology. Sociometry allows you to identify the features of the systems of informal relations in a group; the degree of psychological compatibility of specific people; intra-group statuses of participants in the procedure; the quality of the psychological atmosphere of the group as a whole.
Sociometry is a theory and a holistic practical method of psycho-diagnostic socio-psychological measurement of interpersonal and intra-group relations, the author of which is the Austrian-American psychologist and sociologist Jacob (Jacob) Levi Moreno (1892-1974). In his opinion, the psychological state, the adequacy of a person's behavior largely depends on the position he occupies in the informal structure of a small group. The lack of sympathy becomes both a consequence of interpersonal problems and their source. According to J. Moreno, sociometry is a method of primary diagnosis of the presence of certain problems in relationships. The undoubted advantage of this method is that group relations receive a specific expression in the form of a table, diagrams, graphs, and numerical values.
The method of sociometry refers to the tools of socio-psychological research of the structure of small groups, as well as the study of personality as a member of a group. Methodology "Sociometry" is used to measure group properties, captures certain properties of the group as a holistic entity. The methodologically justified use of the arsenal of the sociometric method makes it possible to obtain serious theoretical conclusions about the processes of functioning and development of the group, and also, as a result, to achieve practical results. Repeated measurements carried out in the same group allow one to explore the dynamics of relationships in the group.
Thus, the area of measurement by sociometric technique is the diagnosis of interpersonal and intragroup relations. With the help of the sociometric method, they study the typology of social behavior in a group activity, evaluate the cohesion, compatibility of group members. The sociometry method was developed by J. Moreno as a way to study emotionally direct relationships within a small group. Measurement involves a survey of each member of a small group in order to establish those members of the group with whom he would prefer (choose) or, on the contrary, would not want (did not choose) to participate in a certain type of activity or interact in any situation.
The sociometric measurement procedure includes the following elements: determination of the variant (number) of elections (deviations); selection of survey criteria (questions); organizing and conducting a survey; processing and interpretation of the results using quantitative (sociometric indices) and graphic (sociogram) methods of analysis.
Sociometric procedure is carried out in two forms. The non-parametric procedure involves answering questions without limiting the number of choices or rejections. Parametric procedure - limiting the number of choices.
There are different types of sociometric criteria: communicative (highlight real relationships), gnostic (determine the degree of awareness of real relationships), double and single, role-playing, etc.
The choice of criteria is connected with the problem of determining their number and specialization in a sociometric questionnaire. It is recommended to specialize and select criteria based on a preliminary analysis of the group's life, highlighting situations that are especially significant for the group, i.e. mediated by the tasks and goals facing the group, use a common, fundamental criterion to identify the "deep" connection of group members. The latter involves the use of questions relating to the assessment of the general emotional state of the subjects under the condition that the group breaks up in the future, for example, in the event of a reorganization of a group or team, its movement, etc.
The results of the study can be presented in the form of a sociometric matrix (table), which includes all the choices and (or) deviations made or assumed by the members of the group, as well as in the form of a sociogram that graphically depicts the results obtained or in the form of various sociometric indices that give a quantitative presentation. about the position of the individual in the group, as well as an assessment of the group as a whole.
Sociometric indices are divided into two groups: individual and group. Individual indicators include: sociometric status - the value of the positive or negative attitude of the group towards its individual member, which is determined by the ratio of the number of choices and deviations that the individual received to their maximum possible number. The index of emotional (psychological) expansiveness is the degree of activity of an individual in interaction with other members of the group, the need to make contacts with them. It is calculated as the ratio of the number of choices made by individuals and deviations regarding group members to their maximum possible number.
To characterize the position of an individual in a group, other indices are also calculated, for example, the “prescribed role”, the acceptability of an individual by a group, etc. However, the main difficulty lies in their interpretation, comparing them with known socio-psychological concepts.
The most popular group indices include the following: indicators of group expansiveness (intensity of group interaction), group integration (the degree of involvement in communication of group members in a particular type of activity or situation), indicators of cohesion, and a number of others.
We emphasize that one of the most significant scientific and practical innovations of J. Moreno is the so-called sociogram. This is a certain pictorial scheme, which consists of several concentric circles containing graphical aspects of the sociometric status of group members. Each of the circles corresponds to the number of preferences in this group (the closer to the center, the more preferences). Preferences are identified through surveys or other research. The most popular member of the group in this group (or several such members) is placed in the center, then the less popular ones, in descending order, up to the outcasts (extreme circle). Between individuals, indicated by circles, lines with arrows are drawn, indicating mutual, or one-sided, sympathy or antipathy.
Thus, graphical data analysis is carried out by constructing a sociogram. Sociograms make it possible to visually single out subgroups (groups), positive, conflict or tense "areas" within group relations, its "popular" members (individuals with the maximum number of choices) or "rejected" ones (individuals who received the maximum number of deviations or the minimum number of choices), determine the leader of the group.
