What does the word destructive mean? Destructive character - what does it mean in psychology What is destructive

24.11.202227.05.2017

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. Children show their negativism towards toys and parents.

Adolescents are often aggressive, violate the norms and rules of behavior in society. And adults break down on the household at work.

Destructive - is it a character, or a common reaction to external stimuli? What is the reason for this behavior, and what to do about it?

Destructive behavior is...

Destructive behavior is physical actions or words aimed at destroying something: relationships, objects, health, mood, peace, tranquility.

A person invades someone else's life, spoils his own. Maybe laws.

Expressed as:

stubbornness;
aggression;
coarseness;
fear;
intolerance;
pugnacity;
hatred;
panic.

Unconscious goals can be bullying, torture or even killing of living beings: both animals and people. Also, a violation of social peace - coups in the state and acts of terrorism, causing harm to nature or property.

Types destructive behavior:

There is a difference in destructive behavior by gender.

Men are prone to extreme sports and entertainment, performing dangerous work. Women choose a passive form of self-destruction - they exhaust themselves with routine obligations.

History of the study of destructiveness

In theory Z. Freud about the forces that move every person, a significant place is occupied by the instinct of death.

It means that a person strives for a primary inanimate state with the help of destructive behavior.

K.Lorenz, like Freud, believes that aggression is inherent in. She adapts to different conditions. As well as survival among other individuals, taking their position in the social hierarchy.

A. Bass defines:

“Aggression is a reaction that brings pain to the organism to which it is specifically directed.”

This is one of the types of behavior to achieve the goal. Often the meaning of aggression is to get the other person to do something - a kind of manipulation.

F. Allan believes that this is just a way to gather their strength in order to resist external factors. L. Bender says that people use destructiveness to approach or move away from a person, a situation.

Other points of view for destructive behavior

reaction to mental or physical discomfort;
drive and fuse that brings pleasure, despite all the negativity;
- when you cannot meet your needs or solve a problem.

Destructiveness in childhood

Psychologist Alfred Adler - the first who began to study destructive behavior in children, and classified possible motives.

power struggle

Each child seeks to show his strength, and try to pull the veil of power over himself.

Some do it passively, and after the mother’s words: “Do your homework” or “Wash the dishes”, they simply do not follow these instructions. Others immediately aggressively show their position: “I don’t want, I won’t.”

In such a situation, parents should explain what the consequences of non-compliance and disobedience will be. Let the son or daughter decide for their own actions what to do.

To attract attention

If a child constantly pulls on parents at home, on the street, and in a store, and also gets teachers with frequent exit from the classroom during a lesson or loud conversations, then these are all ways to attract attention. It is obvious that it is missing.

Parents need to spend more time with their children. Not only when you need to criticize them, but also in a positive way. And if the child whines: “Pay attention! Play now! ”, then it’s worth saying: “Okay, after 10-15 minutes, I’ll be free.”, and not immediately run so that it does not become a mechanism for manipulation.

Revenge

If the kids don't like it how they are treated, they will take revenge in a variety of ways: name-calling, deceit, theft, painting walls or mom's favorite book, they can even hit.

In such situations, it is better to consult a psychotherapist. Most likely, parents cannot establish a trusting relationship, and they themselves show initial anger. Therefore, you need a specialist and an outside perspective.

Demonstration of insolvency

The child does not believe in the success of the tasks and instructions. Therefore, he skips school and tutors, does not want to go to the blackboard and makes a scandal on this basis, lies.

Most likely the reason in constant criticism and the authoritarian method of education, which must be changed immediately. It is necessary to support such children in all endeavors, praise and pay attention when spending time together.

Destructive teenager

More often in adolescence subject to destructive behavior, who:

increased anxiety;
fixation on negative moments;
depressive disorder;
increased sense of guilt for the problems of loved ones;
somatic or mental illness.

Possible reasons:

In such situations, it is worth educating children in a positive outlook on the world, involving them in useful activities.

And also parents should set up a trusting contact so that growing individuals can trust them, ask for help and know that they will be heard.

Signs of a destructive person (destructor)

The destructive nature of a person may not be corrected in childhood or adolescence, so he will carry it through his whole life. How do you know that this type of people is in front of you?

Hidden and overt threats

It is important for destructive personalities to know that they are better than others, and the whole world owes them. To maintain this role and pride, does not allow others to express their opinion. And also suppresses any disobedience and criticism. The interlocutor may hear an orderly tone or a threat.

Triangulation

A person lures third-party people into a dispute, whose opinion allegedly coincides with his, and not his opponent. Makes references to the fact that his colleagues, friends, scientists are also on his side. Thus, it puts pressure on the victim so that she breaks down and takes the position of the interlocutor.

Boundary checking

Such people like to check where other people's boundaries are. And every time they try to break them, while they remain unpunished. Therefore, if the victim returned to the offender, then this gives the latter a reason to further exhaust her with his study of the framework.

cruel sarcasm

Humiliating others is destructive. this helps a lot, because you can turn everything into an innocent joke in time. And if a person is offended, then this is his “problem” that he is so sensitive.

gaslighting

If you hear the following phrase in response to your remark about the behavior of the character under discussion: “That didn’t happen!”, “?!”, “It seemed to you”, then know that this is manipulation. The interlocutor is trying to destroy confidence in reality and shake the conviction that he is right.

Projection

Since a person cannot admit to himself that he has flaws, he projects it onto others. He can say that it would not hurt someone to go to the gym if he himself is not satisfied with his figure. Thus, it causes a feeling of shame, which should be characteristic of him.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

5.1 Destructive psychological influence

Psychological influence can be destructive for a person: to deprive a person of the opportunity to choose, take responsibility, plan, rely on his own efforts, create something new. Such influence is called destructive. Destructive influence- influence, involving interaction on the positions of inequality of partners, the attitude towards other people as objects of influence, which can be influenced by force or cunning in order to achieve only one's own benefit. Restriction of personal freedom and infringement of dignity leads to the destruction of relationships and disruption of personality development. Depending on whether open or hidden pressure is exerted on another person, they distinguish varieties destructive influence:

power;

manipulative.

Force psychological influence

Power psychological influence has various names in the studies of modern authors: “ imperative» [Kovalev, 1987]; " dominance» [Dotsenko, 1996].

Power influence- open, without disguise, imperative influence to achieve one's own goals and ignoring the interests and intentions of another person.

A distinctive feature of this influence is the interaction from a position of strength, so some modern authors call this type of influence " barbaric”, primitive, close to physical impact and unworthy of a civilized person [Sidorenko, 2001].

Forceful influence can be momentarily effective: forced to do, achieved the desired. However, it is ineffective in the long run, as it leads to the gradual destruction of business, business relationships, and personal integrity. Forceful influence can be justified only in extreme cases - extreme situations that pose a threat to human life and safety (fire, flood, etc.).

Ways force psychological influence are:

attack;

compulsion.

The attack is expressed in the fact that the other person is perceived as booty or how let, which can interfere with the capture of prey, and therefore must be eliminated or neutralized.

Coercion is that the other person is perceived as tool which can be used, or how let, which you can try to turn into a weapon.

Attack- this is an attack, a sudden militant action against another person or group of people. This is a manifestation of psychological aggression or war. In a psychological attack, only psychological means–verbal, non-verbal and paralinguistic. Psychological attack is primarily verbal attack. The words used by the attacker are addressed not to the cognitive, but to the emotional layer of the personality. This is a sharp and crushing blow with a word, from which the whole soul is shaken. The attack makes the partner suffer. The blow induces peace of mind for a more or less long period of time.

Forms of psychological attack:

impulsive- an irrational, unintentional action, the cause of which is the desire to get rid of tension, defuse aggressive impulses ("I flared up").

Purposeful- a conscious and controlled action in order to influence the emotional state, thoughts, intentions, actions of another person (“This will make him scared and change his behavior.”)

Total- an action that is first performed under the influence of an impulse, then continued already in order to achieve a specific goal (“I flared up, and it frightened him and forced him to change tactics.”)

Means of psychological attack:

Destructive criticism;

Destructive statements;

destructive advice.

Destructive criticism- This:

disparaging or offensive judgments about a person's personality (“It’s hard for you to do such things”; “Except for you, no one could do this job so badly”);

gross aggressive condemnation, defamation or ridicule of his deeds and deeds, people significant to him, social communities, ideas, values, material objects, etc. (“Your passion for cheap things amazes me”; “You always surround yourself with suspicious people”);

rhetorical questions aimed at detecting and “correcting” shortcomings (“How can you dress so ridiculously?” “Have you completely lost your mind?”).

The destructiveness of such criticism is that it does not allow a person to "save face", diverts his strength to fight the negative emotions that arise, and takes away self-confidence. In form, destructive criticism is often indistinguishable from the formulas of suggestion: "You are an irresponsible person." However, the initiator of the impact has as his conscious goal the “improvement” of the behavior of the addressee of the impact (and the unconscious goal is liberation from annoyance and anger, a manifestation of strength or revenge). He by no means has in mind the consolidation and strengthening of those models of behavior that describe the formulas he uses. Characteristically, the reinforcement of negative patterns of behavior is one of the most destructive and paradoxical effects of destructive criticism. It is also known that in the formulas of suggestion and auto-training, positive formulations are persistently preferred, rather than the negation of negative ones (for example, the formula “I am calm” is preferable to the formula “I am not worried”).

Destructive statements- This:

references and reminders of objective facts of a biography that a person is not able to change and which he most often could not influence (national, social and racial origin; urban or rural origin; occupation of parents; illegal behavior of someone close; hereditary and chronic diseases, natural constitution, facial features, etc.). (“Well, yes, you are from a small town”; “When you get angry, for some reason I remember your brother, who ended up in places not so remote.”)

“friendly”, “harmless” links and hints of mistakes, blunders and violations made by the addressee in the past; playful mention of "old sins" or personal secrets of the addressee (“I often think about how much we fiddled with the entire department to correct your mistake.”)

Destructive statements can be made intentionally in order to cause negative reactions of the partner, or out of bewilderment, thoughtlessness, tactlessness, under the influence of an impulse. The effect is the same in all cases: the addressee experiences a state of confusion, helplessness, and confusion.

Destructive advice- This:

peremptory instructions, commands and instructions not implied by the social or working relations of partners.

E.V. Sidorenko in her work gives an example of a case that happened to her and her American colleague and illustrates the prevalence of destructive advice and its negative consequences in our daily life.

“Once an American colleague Shelby Morgan told me: “I am not always open to other people's criticism and other people's advice. Often I want peace and wholeness, and sometimes I feel that something important is ripening in me. Why do I need someone else's intervention at this moment? Once Shelby came to my country house with her daughter Sarah. The girl was five years old. The three of us walked along the platform, and Sarah's shoelaces were not tied. It just rained. Snow-white laces turned into dirty wet ponytails before our eyes. Both Shelby and Sarah paid no attention to it. I, taught by the experience of communicating with my American friend, also kept quiet and kept possible comments to myself. However, every woman walking towards us always said something like: “Tie the child's shoelaces! Watch how they hang out! Sensing a foreigner in Shelby, they turned to me: "Tell her ...", etc. I answered everyone: “Thank you” and moved on. After the third such treatment, Shelby could not stand it: “Why do we have to walk with our shoelaces tied? Why does everyone know better than me what I need to do and try to make me live differently? Why does everyone in Russia advise me something? After all, this is a violation of my rights!”[Sidorenko, 2002, p. 44 - 45].

Unsolicited advice is a psychological attack because it violates personal rights, challenges a person's ability to determine for himself what questions to ask himself and what to avoid, what to pay attention to, what decisions to make and how to learn from his own mistakes.

Another way of power influence is coercion.

Compulsion- forcing (stimulating) a person to perform certain actions with the help of threats (open or implied) or deprivation.

Coercion is possible only if the coercive person really has the ability to implement threats, that is, the authority to deprive the addressee of any benefits or to change the conditions of his life and work. Such possibilities can be called controlling. By forcing, the initiator threatens to use his controlling abilities in order to get the desired behavior from the addressee.

Forms of coercion:

Announcement of rigidly defined deadlines or ways of doing work without any announcement or justification: "You should check your calculations three times, that's my golden rule."

The imposition of non-negotiable prohibitions and restrictions: " You have no right to approach the client if I am negotiating with him, even if he is your personal acquaintance.”

Intimidation of possible consequences: " Those who are going to object to me now will take a long time to disentangle this.”

The threat of punishment, in the most rude forms - physical violence: "You either make it by Tuesday or quit."

Coercion is a method of influence that is limited in the scope of its possible application, since the initiator of influence must have leverage non-psychological pressure on the addressee. If both partners have such leverage, then they can begin to "measure their strength." Such interaction can be called an open power struggle. The one whose threats are more effective wins.

In everyday life, especially business, we often encounter civilized forms of coercion. We are forced to follow the terms of the contract, the decision made, the official instructions, the rules of courtesy, etc. In all these cases, we voluntarily agree that the terms of the contract, decisions, etc. will force us to act accordingly. What really compels is that prohibition, decision, restriction, punishment, etc., which were not agreed with us in advance and do not have the status of a specific contract.

The profound social changes taking place in the world at the beginning of the 21st century force us to take a fresh look at a number of phenomena, the study of which has previously received insufficient attention. One of them - destructive human activity . The destructive side of human nature was especially clearly manifested in the twentieth century: massacres, revolutions, wars, numerous terrorist acts. The media daily reports on violent crimes taking place even in the most prosperous countries. Moral, religious and legal norms designed to help reduce destructiveness are not able to completely prevent it. Even the most comfortable conditions of existence do not lead to a decrease in destructiveness, and it manifests itself not only in the attitude of people to each other: the natural environment, and cultural monuments, and the simplest objects are subjected to senseless destruction. Given the current level of development of technology and technology, destructive activity currently poses a real threat not only to individual social groups, but to all of humanity.

For today's Russia, this problem is particularly relevant, since in a country that is in the context of a protracted process of transformation, there is practically no generally accepted system of values that would restrain the destructive tendencies inherent in human nature. In addition, the deterioration of the general socio-economic situation in the country, the growth of unemployment, the social insecurity of people, their disappointment in life, associated with the lack of prospects, contribute to the growth of destruction. The need for research is also ripe because during the formation of the information society, the degree of influence of the individual on society increases significantly, and, consequently, the consequences of destructive activity can be completely unpredictable.

It should be noted that the phenomenon of destructive activity has not been sufficiently studied in science. Even the concepts of "destruction", "destructiveness", "destructive activity" are not in most dictionaries, and if they are found, then their interpretation ends with a simple translation of the word. So, for example, in the "Big Encyclopedic Dictionary" destruction is interpreted as "violation, destruction of the normal structure of something." The “Newest Dictionary of Foreign Words and Expressions” states that destruction is “destruction, violation of the correct, normal structure of something”, and destructiveness is understood as “destructiveness; desire for spoilage; infertility."

Although the presence of a destructive principle in human nature was stated by many researchers, only one large-scale work is devoted to this topic - the book by E. Fromm "Anatomy of human destructiveness". Meanwhile, the attention of many scientists was attracted by particular manifestations of destruction, such as murder, suicide, and terrorist activity. But these phenomena have largely common grounds that need to be clarified. In addition, individual manifestations of destructive activity were studied, as a rule, by narrow specialists: biologists, geneticists, psychologists, sexologists, historians, and lawyers. But it is known that only a holistic study of the phenomenon with the involvement of data obtained by narrow specialists allows us to comprehend its essence. So, the insufficient development of the problem of destruction in general and destructive human activity in particular, the lack of unambiguous interpretations of the terms themselves indicate the need for research. Only a deep study of this topic, an analysis of the determinants of destructive activity, the features of its manifestation in the information society, and the elucidation of the specifics of self-destruction, may make it possible to develop sociocultural mechanisms that restrain the destructive beginnings of human nature and reorient destructive tendencies to other areas of activity.

The problem of destructive human activity has been little studied, moreover, it was formulated only in the 20th century, although it was intuitively guessed by thinkers in the distant past. A Chinese thinker wrote about the presence of innate evil in the souls of people Xun Tzu and ancient Greek philosopher Plato . In the Judeo-Christian theological tradition, the concept of "original sin" is used, which in the form of a mythological image expresses the destructive principle inherent in human nature. About the destructive aspirations inherent in human nature, mentioned I. Kant. However, only in the 20th century were attempts made to substantiate the destructive activity of man. One of the most famous theories explaining the presence of a destructive principle in human nature is the concept of the founder of psychoanalysis Z. Freud . Freud was deeply pessimistic about human nature and, influenced by the terrible brutality and destruction caused by the First World War, came to the conclusion that two basic instincts are inherent in man: Eros - the instinct of life, the energy of which (known as "libido") is aimed at strengthening, preserving and reproducing life; And Thanatos - the instinct of death, the energy of which is directed to the destruction and termination of life. At the heart of the "death instinct", Freud believed, is a biological mechanism common to all forms of life. Every organism, he reflected, strives to reduce nervous excitation to a minimum. Death completely removes all internal tension, and thus all organic forms of life tend towards death. However, the desire for complete inner peace collides with the opposite force, the instinct of life. According to Z. Freud, all human behavior is the result of a complex interaction of these two instincts. He pointed out that destructive tendencies take place in all people, and "... in a large number of individuals they are strong enough to determine their behavior in human society." According to Z. Freud, destructive tendencies cannot be ignored, since if the energy of Thanatos is not turned outward, this will lead to the destruction of the individual himself. The discharge of destructive energy can be given by catharsis - the performance of expressive actions that are not accompanied by destruction. The concept of Z. Freud is supported by a famous psychologist and psychotherapist E. Bern . However, these researchers only state the presence of destructive tendencies in human nature, without conducting their in-depth analysis.

The well-known American scientist was engaged in the study of destructiveness E. Fromm . He pays enough attention to her at work "Escape from freedom" and devotes a separate book to this phenomenon, called by him "Anatomy of human destructiveness" . E. Fromm is a supporter of the socio-cultural determination of destructiveness, which, in his opinion, is one of the varieties of aggression. He discerns benign And malignant aggression . In the first, he highlights pseudo-aggression (including reckless killing or injury), game aggression in training and defensive aggression (including in order to protect the freedom of the individual and society, one’s body, one’s needs, thoughts, feelings, one’s property; aggression associated with a person’s reaction to an attempt to deprive him of illusions, due to conformism; instrumental aggression, which aims to ensure that necessary and desirable). In general, E. Fromm defines benign aggression as biologically adaptive, contributing to the maintenance of life and serving the cause of life. He notes that this type of aggression is a reaction to a threat to the vital interests of the individual. Benign aggression is inherent in phylogenesis, is characteristic of both animals and humans, is explosive in nature, arises spontaneously as a reaction to a threat. Unlike benign, malignant aggression – destructiveness - biologically non-adaptive, it is not inherent in phylogeny, is inherent only in humans, is not needed for physiological survival - on the contrary, destructiveness brings biological harm and social destruction. Its main manifestations - murder and cruel torture - have no purpose other than obtaining pleasure. E. Fromm believes that they differ spontaneous destructiveness - the manifestation of dormant destructive impulses that are activated under extreme circumstances (for example, destructiveness out of revenge), and destructiveness associated with character structure , which is always inherent in a particular individual in a hidden or explicit form ( sadism, necrophilia ). The main reasons for destructiveness E. Fromm refers to the lack of opportunities for creative self-realization, narcissism, a sense of isolation and "worthlessness". Currently, the growth of destructiveness is observed in connection with the spread of freedom, which brings not only positive changes, but also leads to the loss of a sense of security and a sense of belonging to society. Freedom is accompanied by a feeling of loneliness, own insignificance and alienation. People strive to overcome them, to "run away from freedom." One of ways to "escape from freedom" , according to E. Fromm, and is destructiveness . Following this tendency, a person tries to overcome the feeling of inferiority by destroying or conquering others.

With undoubted value, the concept of E. Fromm is not free from a number of shortcomings. Thus, E. Fromm notes that aggression that has arisen to protect one's vital interests is not malignant. In this case, the question inevitably arises: what interests should be classified as vital? After all, the sphere of vital interests in people is much wider than in animals, and if we attribute to them, say, the need for security, the desire to belong to a social group, to achieve high self-esteem and self-actualization, the need for respect from others, we will see that the scheme proposed by E. Fromm for dividing aggression into benign and malignant is not applicable. After all, most destructive actions are precisely the result of the dissatisfaction of the needs we have listed. It is rather difficult to draw a dividing line between destructiveness and defensive, instrumental aggression. It should be noted that destructive actions are often committed when objectively there is no threat to the vital interests of a person, but for the subject this threat is a reality. In addition, E. Fromm focuses on such forms of manifestation of destructiveness as sadism and necrophilia, ignoring self-destruction, vandalism, terrorism and a number of its other manifestations. Also, considering the predominantly psychological and sociocultural foundations of destructiveness, he leaves its biological and neurophysiological foundations without due attention, does not analyze the historical diversity of destructiveness forms, confirming his conclusions with only a few examples.

concept self-destructive human behavior formulated N. Farberow however, it has not been widely adopted. He refers to self-destructive behavior not only completed suicides, but also alcoholism, substance abuse, drug addiction, neglect of medical recommendations, workaholism, delinquent acts, unjustified risk taking, reckless gambling. This approach allowed N. Farberow to develop the principles of modern suicide prevention and become the initiator of the creation of centers for their prevention in the United States, and then in many countries of the world.

Despite the absence of special works, the presence of the problem of destructiveness is stated by a number of domestic and foreign scientists. At the same time, destructiveness is considered as a component of aggression, a type of deviant behavior, an integral element of creativity or a type of transformation. So, a domestic researcher Yu.M. Antonyan highlights three components of aggression : constructive, destructive and deficient. He points out that at destructive aggression the activity of the individual is deformed, therefore his activity is destructive in relation to others, such a subject may develop sadistic disorders, form a sadistic or authoritarian character. O.S. Osipova distinguishes two types of deviant behavior: constructive and destructive. deviant destructive behavior - the commission by a person or a group of people of social actions that deviate from the sociocultural expectations and norms that are dominant in society (a separate social group, stratum), generally accepted rules for the fulfillment of social roles, entailing a curbing of the pace of development of society: the destruction of the energy potential of individuals and society as a whole. O.S. Osipova points out the connection between deviant behavior and risk, as well as the fact that deviant behavior contributes to self-actualization, self-realization and self-affirmation of the individual. C.P. Korolenko And T.A. Don , analyzing behavioral deviations, divide them into two large groups: non-standard And destructive behavior . The typology of destructive behavior is built in accordance with its goals. In one case, these are externally destructive goals aimed at violating social norms (legal, moral, ethical, cultural), and, accordingly, externally destructive behavior. In the second case, intra-destructive goals aimed at the disintegration of the personality itself, its regression, and, accordingly, intra-destructive behavior. E.V. Zmanovskaya identifies three groups of deviant behavior: antisocial (delinquent), asocial (immoral), self-destructive (self-destructive). Under self-destructive she understands behavior that deviates from medical and psychological norms, threatening the integrity and development of the personality itself. Self-destructive behavior in the modern world appears in the following main forms: suicidal behavior, food addiction, chemical addiction (substance abuse), fanatical behavior (for example, involvement in a destructive religious cult), autistic behavior, victim behavior (victim behavior), activities with a pronounced risk to life (extreme sports, significant speeding when driving a car, etc.). According to the direction and severity of destructiveness, E.V. Zmanovskaya suggests using the following scale of deviant behavior: antisocial (active-destructive) - prosocial (relatively destructive, adapted to the norms of the antisocial group) - asocial (passive-destructive) - self-destructive (passive-autodestructive) - suicidal (active-autodestructive).

Some researchers point to the connection between destruction and creativity. So, V.N. Druzhinin highlights two types of conversion : creative behavior , which creates a new environment, and destruction - maladaptive behavior that does not create, but destroys the previous environment. He notes that creativity and destruction are united by the fact that their cause is the alienation of man from nature and the world as a whole. B. Karlof emphasizes that in the creative act itself there is inevitably an element of destruction. He writes about two kinds of behavior : adaptive associated with the resources available to the individual, and creative , which he defines as "creative destruction" . An interesting approach of the Polish scientist Y. Kozeletsky to this problem. According to him, man has "transgression" - the desire to constantly overcome their previous achievements and results, the desire to go beyond what he possesses. Yu. Kozeletsky singles out constructive creative transgression - creativity, and destructive transgression - actions that lead to the destruction of the former. Thus, there is no certainty in science as to what is meant by “destructiveness” and “destructive human activity”.

It should be noted that a number of issues directly related to destructive activity are studied in works devoted to the analysis aggression And violence . The most significant in this regard are the works of foreign researchers K. Lorenz, R. Baron and D. Richardson, A. Bandura, L. Berkovits, R. Bowen, N. Zinberg and G. Fellman, as well as articles by domestic scientists L.V. Skvortsova, I.Yu. Zalysina, A.A. Rean. In general, all works that somehow affect the destructive activity of a person can be divided into two groups . The first one should include the works of researchers who believe that destructiveness – property inherent in human nature which cannot be completely eradicated. The second group includes studies that show that the desire for destruction is not inherent in man from the very beginning. It is acquired in the process of life as a result of the individual's dissatisfaction with basic needs, is a consequence of frustration, and is formed as a result of social learning. And consequently, by changing the conditions of existence, it is possible to influence the destructive activity of a person.

Although destructive activity has not been studied comprehensively, its individual forms have been studied quite deeply. Yes, research suicide E. Durkheim, A. Camus, N. Berdyaev, L.Z. Tregubov and Yu.R. Vagin, A.G. Ambrumova, V.A. Tikhonenko, L.L. Bergelson, I.B. Orlova; killings – Yu.M. Antonyan; terrorism – V.V. Vityuk, S.A. Efirov, L.A. Mojoyan, E.G. Lyakhov, A. Taheri, A.P. Schmid; cannibalism - E. Volkhard, P. Brown, L. Kanevsky. Biological And neurophysiological the determinants of destructive activity are touched upon in the works of D. Dewsbury, K. Lorenz, O. Manning, R. Chauvin, J. Dembovsky, M.L. Butovskaya, V.P. Efroimson, R. Bolton, J. Wilder. Points that shed light on sociocultural determinants of the phenomenon under study are contained in the works of E. Fromm, B.F. Porshneva, A.P. Skripnik, P. Kuusi.

Thus, an analysis of the degree of scientific development of the problem shows that it has practically not been studied comprehensively. The only fundamental work - "The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness" by E. Fromm - is not without flaws, primarily because its author focuses only on the psychological and sociocultural foundations of the phenomenon under study, ignoring the biological, neurophysiological, genetic foundations, as well as the problem of self-destruction. In this regard, there is a need for a holistic study of the destructive activity of a person with the involvement of data from particular sciences: ethology, neurophysiology, endocrinology, genetics, psychology, sociology, cultural history.

Download the book Lysak I.V. about destructive activity

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The term destructiveness means something destructive, aggressive behavior of a person, which can be directed both at some external objects and at oneself. This word consists of the prefix "de", meaning "negation, destruction", and the word "structure". That is, literally, this term can be translated as “destruction of the structure”.

In some situations, the concept of "destructiveness" is applicable to actions not only human but also some organizations. So, at the heart of most totalitarian sects is a destructive cult that destroys the human psyche. In medicine, there are the concepts of "destructive processes", and in computer science - "destructive virus".

Destructive human behavior

Destructive behavior is a term used in psychology and psychoanalysis, which is largely synonymous with deviant behavior. It implies psycho-emotional deviations in human behavior, characterized by external aggression, manifested in the need for destruction.

In many situations, destructive behavior can be described as defensive reaction person. Such behavior is typical for a person with a weak will and psyche, who is regularly subjected to external aggressive pressure. As a result, the victim of psychological or physical aggression eventually begins to identify his behavior with the behavior of the aggressor. Destructive behavior may include:

Psychologicalany destructive impacts aimed at the people around him including close relatives. A person consciously breaks the previously established communication ties, responds with open aggression to attempts to establish contact with him. Such behavior is often found in adolescents who are not yet able to regulate their psycho-emotional state and adequately respond to the new challenges that the surrounding life throws at them. In addition, such behavior can manifest itself in people with a misanthropic, withdrawn personality type.
Physical actions directed at surrounding people and objects. Such individuals tend to hooligan actions, bursts of physical aggression, causeless vandalism. Such actions are considered by many psychologists to be the consequences of external pressure on a person. Moreover, as an aggressive pressure on his personality, he perceives not only the actions of certain persons, but in general any unfavorable life circumstances, in the occurrence of which he himself is sometimes guilty - troubles at work, problems in his personal life, etc. Here, in contrast to banal criminal acts, the motivating causes are not attempts to take possession of some material wealth.and, a "revenge" on the world around.
Destructive actions directed inside a person. Such actions can be expressed both in psychological self-abasement and in physical self-mutilation, up to suicidal tendencies. The reasons for this behavior are the feeling of their own inferiority, the inability to resist the impact of external aggressive factors. Sometimes demonstrative destructive behavior, especially in children and adolescents, is a kind of "call for help", an attempt to make it clear to the surrounding adults that the child is faced with some problems that are insoluble for him.

Famous psychologists and psychoanalysts - Jung, Adler, etc. paid attention to the destructive behavior of a person. In terms of personal qualities, traditionally destructive are all those negative qualities that prevent a person from establishing normal contact with the rest of the inhabitants of society: rudeness, deceit, greed, selfishness.

Destructive cult

As synonyms for a destructive cult, the concepts of a destructive sect and a murderous sect are often used. Often a destructive cult is used as a basis in many sects of a totalitarian nature. In foreign jurisprudence, extreme forms are considered destructive. totalitarian sects, by their actions, forcing their adherents to commit murders and suicides, forcing them to self-harm.

In the West, such a definition appeared quite a long time ago - back in the late 19th century. In Russia at that time, this term was not used either officially or in journalism, despite the presence of clearly destructive sects.

Since the 18th century, such destructive cults have been known, sporadically widespread among the peasantry, such as eunuchs, whips, etc. In Russian society, the concept of a “destructive sect” appeared in the 1990s, when numerous “prophets” and “saints” poured into the expanses of the post-Soviet space, creating various religious associations.

Main features destructive cult is the implementation of powerful psychological pressure on the personality of a person, the complete subordination of his will. A variety of methods and factors can be used as elements of influence on the psycho-emotional state of the adept - group emotional worship; drugs; sex; limiting contact with the outside world. In the Russian Federation, the activities of destructive sects pursued by law.

Other concepts of destructiveness

In computer science there is a concept of a destructive virus. It refers to a computer virus that can infiltrate other people's computers, destroying data, destroying software and the operating system. In medicine, the term biological destruction means the destruction of cells and tissues of the body as a result of some pathogenic processes, such as necrosis, or after death.

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The destructive type of behavior is a deviation from the generally accepted norms of behavior and morality and is destructive in nature. Destruction affects all spheres of human life: health, relationships with friends, socialization, etc.

The destructive model is typical for 89% of people on the planet and manifests itself in difficult, turning points in life.

But most often, such a disorder is typical for adolescents who, due to their transitional age, lack of sufficient attention from adults, the influence of the street, the substitution of real values, priorities, and a number of other reasons, succumb to such behavior. In order to understand how to deal with such a problem, you need to understand what caused this behavior. Having understood this, it is possible to cope with destructiveness without much difficulty and outside help. We will talk about all this in the article.

Why does a destructive behavior pattern arise?

For a person from childhood, family and parents become an example to follow. By the age of 4-5, the child receives a store of knowledge and understanding of human relationships, which will guide him in later life.

If a constructive model of behavior is the norm in the child’s family, all family members take care of each other, solve problems in reasonable ways, and not through scandals and reproaches, the child does not see constant drinking and grows up in a harmonious environment, then such a deviation is unlikely to develop in his life . If the opposite happens, the firstborn is at risk.

Destructive activity has two direction vectors:

External manifestations (vandalism, cruelty to animals and people, wars, terrorist attacks, ecocide).
Direction to the inner world of a person or self-destruction (alcohol, drugs, psychoactive substances, suicide, etc.).

The condition is exacerbated by the presence of some factors:

Alcoholism, rampant crime, lack of punishment by the state and the ruling class;
Marriages of convenience, various speculations;
Public indifference (drop in the level of criticism and condemnation from outside);
Imperfection or complete absence of penalties for misconduct.

Characteristic features

Cruel and hostile attitude towards others;
Aggression in communication;
Tendency to destroy material things and values;
Tendency to destroy the way of life of loved ones;
Alienation from emotions and feelings, resulting in the inability to feel anything;
Presenting a danger to one's own life and the lives of loved ones.

Types of destructive behavior

It is difficult for psychologists to clearly define what destructive activity is, since it is inseparable from the concept of the norm, and the norm, nevertheless, is an unstable concept.

The main classification of the types of such behavior is given below.

Delinquent

It is the illegal actions of a person, which entails criminal, administrative and legal liability.

deviant

A model of behavior that is contrary to the moral, moral and ethical ideas of the public (difference from the recognized norm of behavior).

Forms

The forms of the destructive model can vary and differ depending on the existing relations with the society and the social adaptation of the individual.

Destructive conflict - what is it?

A conflict is a contradiction in the views and interests of individuals or groups of individuals. Psychologists are calling. In this case, all parties will be able to express their vision and come to a consensus.

Destructive behavior is characterized by the inability to adequately perceive someone else's opinion.

In this case, there are two options for conducting a confrontation:

destructive- the individual intentionally aggravates the conflict, switches to insults and personalities, is overly emotional, provokes the opponent to aggression, thereby aggravating the situation.
Conformist- in this case, the person obeys the opponent without reservation, even if he does not agree with him.

In both models, the approach to conflict resolution is not correct, since the controversial situation is not resolved in this way and leaves the possibility of repeating the situation in the future.

How destructiveness is dangerous for society

A family, team, friends, strangers can suffer from the impact of a destructive person when it comes to murder and other manifestations of delinquent behavior. It also undermines the psychological health of the individual himself, as he also tries to destroy himself.

A person may not understand what poses a threat to society. That is why a person needs help, since a destructive model can eventually develop into.

How can a destructive person change for the better?

To change the state you need to work hard on yourself. If possible, it should, if the degree of disorder is strong enough.

and capacity for compassion

If a person shows compassion and sympathy for others, it means that he feels much less aggression towards himself and towards others. People will stop being afraid of him and begin to communicate with him, help and show reciprocal feelings.

Do not be afraid

In psychology, all fears are divided into true and false. True fears are circumstances that pose a real threat to life and health; false - all those fears that a person feels in relation to himself. Do not be afraid to seem ridiculous, inferior, imperfect. The most important thing is your own adequate perception of yourself. Then no one can humiliate or insult you.

The lack of discharge can negatively affect the health of the individual, so it is worth finding the most suitable method for releasing emotions for yourself. For some, it can be music, someone likes running more, someone needs to beat a punching bag, and someone finds himself in art directions. The main thing is that it brings emotional relief.

Start already, without leaving the screen, engage in emotional discharge. Many psychologists have been practicing Antistress coloring books lately. Below you have the opportunity to use this technique absolutely free.

Choose how you want to paint.

If you yourself will be a full-fledged and self-sufficient person for yourself, you will not have to prove anything to anyone and assert yourself through other people. To do this, engage in personal growth and grow in your eyes in relation to yourself yesterday.

Frequent "questions - answers"

What is the prevention of destructive behavior?

Since teenagers are most susceptible to destructive behavior, and then people who have not been given proper time for education, preventive work should begin in the family from childhood, sometimes involving a psychologist. The algorithm of actions is as follows: understanding the child - a balance between desire, possibility and necessity - activation of personal resources and motives - absence of aggression - a soft transition to growing up and responsibility.

How is it "destructive"?

Synonyms for this concept are unfruitful, destructive, disastrous, unstable, what devastates, violates the normal structure.

What is destructive activity?

What is constructive behavior?

What is destruction in psychology?

What is a destructive approach?

What is constructive and destructive aggression?

Constructive aggression is an active, curious position in life, the desire to establish interpersonal contacts, despite obstacles and contradictions, to go towards your goal even in inappropriate conditions, the ability to stand up for your opinion, entering into productive conflicts. This type of aggression makes it possible to openly express their emotions, empathic experiences, interests and dreams.
Destructive aggression, on the contrary, is a process of destructive and destroying "enemies" through insult, humiliation, ridicule; manifestations of evil and the desire to destroy the object that is currently the irritant.

"Self-destructive behavior" is how?

In other words, self-destructive. This is a type of human behavior in which his actions, thoughts, conscious and subconscious reactions are directed to bring harm to himself - physical or psychological. The critical form is suicide, the common form is bad habits, self-mutilation, aggravation of an unpleasant situation.

This is a type of personality that can be described as "fruitful and productive." Such a person knows how to behave rationally in society, to single out and structure what is important for himself, his words and actions are logical, well-formulated, effective and devoid of aggression. People who have the quality of constructiveness think in the right order, move towards their goal.

What are destructive relationships?

They are also called "toxic" because they are not healthy, they are bad. This is a kind of relationship between people when one of the couple loses himself as a person, is subjected to any kind of violence and control, manipulation of guilt, feels a lot of negativity in his address, self-destructs, but cannot break the connection, as he feels an acute dependence on a partner.

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