Possibilities for analyzing the document flow of the film industry

cinema art document flow bibliographic

Film production - a film, source materials of a film, a film chronicle, source materials of a film chronicle, an edition or part of an edition of a film - is information in demand from the consumer, which he can obtain using a variety of information resources.

In relation to the document flow of the film industry, the type of information carrier is of significant importance. Thus, the introduction of electronic resources has created wide opportunities for the distribution of film products. Thus, on the Internet there are catalogs of films differentiated by time (the beginning of the film era, Soviet, perestroika, war), by the main actor (Greta Garbo, Charlie Chaplin, Marlene Dietrich), by genre (comedy, melodrama, tragedy). Libraries around the world, including the National Library of the Republic, present catalogs of film works on reels and microfiches, which are converted into electronic versions. The global network contains sites that allow the user to get acquainted with film works.

The essence of the phenomenon of cinematography involves turning to technical means of creating and storing information. But such means as tape recording and film are not perfect, their circulation is limited and they pose a threat of damage and disappearance of information.

The document flow can be presented in the form of electronic libraries, electronic books, electronic magazines, photographs in electronic form, reports in electronic form, diaries in electronic form, etc.

The most rational way of presenting film information is an electronic medium, which, due to the possibility of increasing circulation, increases the likelihood of storing information. The creation of a global information network facilitates access to information; the user becomes independent of the location of the information. The only barrier complicating the understanding of information is language.

The sphere of screen creativity includes: cinema, various forms of television (terrestrial, satellite, cable), various types of video products, so-called multimedia, based on the synthesis of television and computer technology, in particular (video games). In addition, holograms and experiments in the field of virtual reality, where the screen itself disappears, require special emphasis. In accordance with the established tradition, types of screen creativity are distinguished on the basis of the functional orientation of certain works. So there are: feature films, documentaries and newsreels, popular science films, scientific films, educational films and programs, commercials, animation (animation), commercials.

The division of film products can be carried out on the basis of classification: fiction, animated, documentary (including popular science and educational) tapes, films and programs.

The difficulty of dividing the documentary stream lies in the fact that the boundary between them is arbitrary: many works are based on a combination of fictional, animated and documentary elements.

In addition to the division of views, there is also a gradation of screen works by duration. Practice determines the existence of the concept of a full-length (about 2 hours), medium-length (less than one hour), and short (usually less than half an hour) film. The above classification applies exclusively to films, since the repertoire of cinemas is built on the basis of full-length films.

There are 2 standards on television: a little less than an hour or half an hour / the size of “less” is determined by the standards for including advertising, usually from 10 to 15 minutes /. It is clear that the duration here is determined not by the nature of the work itself, but by the structural features of the television program. There are standards for video clips and commercials, where the count is not by hours, but by seconds. These characteristics can become the basis for the classification of film documents.

The genre structure of screen creativity turns out to be complex. M. Kagan in his book “Morphology of Art” calls for considering film production on several planes: thematic, cognitive, axiological and typologically figurative.

The resources of the “cinema art” industry can be divided into author’s and collective (that is, those prepared by a group of authors). Thus, the library collections contain collections of conferences and articles on the specified topics, but original documents constitute a more significant segment of the document flow.

The type of information presented by the document is also essential. The following division is justified here: resources that publish only news information (posters, announcements of upcoming events), resources that publish only comments (literary and art criticism), and resources that combine these two types of information.

Cultural information resources should also be divided into funded ones and those created without external funding.

However, the main principle of accounting should be territorial, since it is this principle that ensures the primacy of bibliographic accounting of the national press. And NB publications, built on a linguistic and complex principle, are secondary in nature, since they rely on already recorded records in the current national bibliographic indexes of other countries. Thus, Poland has included “polonics” in an independent index since 1960, Czechoslovakia - “Slovakian” and “Bohemian” since 1957. The totality of publications published outside the state is usually called “exterior”.

To divide the document flow, a time principle can be used, according to which film resources will be presented as current and retrospective.

Thus, the analysis of the literature made it possible to identify the following possibilities for analyzing the document flow of the film industry:

• - by type of storage medium;
• - according to the classification of film products;
• - by author (group of authors) of film production;
• - by type of information;
• - on a territorial basis;
• - according to the time of creation of film production.

To analyze the document flow, other grounds can be developed that allow more detailed fragmentation. Our work uses the ability to analyze the document flow based on the time of film production.

The formation of an environmental culture in society involves environmental education through the dissemination of environmental knowledge about environmental safety, information about the state of the environment and the use of natural resources, including through the media, museums, libraries, cultural institutions, educational institutions, environmental institutions, sports organizations and tourism. The legislation, along with the indicated participants in environmental education, including subjects of informing the population about legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of environmental safety, also names government bodies of the Russian Federation and constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public associations and other legal entities.

Since environmental education is recognized as the most important component of the education system and closely related to it general education, teaching the fundamentals of environmental knowledge in educational institutions, the main burden in this area is borne by state educational authorities, headed by the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia. The leading role of the state in organizing environmental education is based on the implementation of the principle of carrying out the activities of government bodies to develop a system of environmental education and the formation of environmental culture, provided for in Art. 3 Federal Law on environmental protection.

Conferences and meetings on environmental education and enlightenment at the environmental (now geographical) faculty of Kazan State University have become popular, bringing together (not a frequent occurrence) not only departments of biologists and geographers, soil scientists and geneticists, zoologists and botanists, but also lawyers, economists, philosophers, based on the results of which fundamental collections and monographs are published.

In the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the public St. Petersburg Association for the Promotion of Environmental Education with an emotional and sensory approach, the Department of Ecology and Environmental Education of the Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University, and the Department of Environmental Education and Pedagogy of the International Independent Ecological and Political Science University operate and have proven themselves to be positive.

Once every two years, the Federal Ecological and Biological Center holds all-Russian gatherings of young ecologists, in which hundreds of people from various school circles participate. Regular Olympiads for young ecologists-schoolchildren represent another effective form of environmental education, expanding ideas about nature, allowing them to form interests and identify young talents, cultivate and prepare a succession of generations from them, and take into account the scores when entering the relevant universities.

In half of the schools in the Volgograd region, a non-standard system of independent educational and research environmental work has been created; based on its results, interdepartmental and school conferences are held for children and (separately) for teachers under the patronage of the state pedagogical institute and IPK. In the Kaliningrad region, the Department of Education of this subject of the Russian Federation and the Center for Local History, Ecology and Tourism are seeking to create schools for young ecologist in all regions, carry out real environmental actions and other educational events, which in the border region acquire additional educational value. Central and local publishing houses involved in environmental education often take part in them.

In state reserves and national parks, in accordance with the provisions approved about them, environmental educational activities are provided, environmental education departments are created, ecological trails, “park marches”, excursions, keeping “chronicles of nature”, teaching schoolchildren to respect nature and its riches are organized. . State Darwin, paleontological, numerous local history and other natural science museums, on the basis of regulations on them and federal and regional laws, use their collections, exhibits and exhibitions to instill in the younger generation a love for the nature of their small and large homeland, a sense of caring attitude towards it.

In the 1990s. Under the Government of the Russian Federation, there was a Commission on Environmental Education, which developed and adopted recommendations on the organization of environmental education and awareness. After existing for several years, the commission was dissolved and ceased its work within the apparatus of the Government of the Russian Federation, although its members did not stop engaging in environmental education. The Commission on Environmental Safety under the Security Council of the Russian Federation systematically hears issues of environmental awareness and education, and based on their results makes decisions and recommendations sent to ministries, departments, and regional safety councils. The Commission, together with the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation, held a scientific and practical conference on environmental safety issues, at which the problems of environmental education were discussed.

To one of the divisions of the State Committee for Nature Protection of Russia in the 1990s. were assigned the task of organizing and implementing environmental education. And currently, among the functions of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources is the organization of environmental education. It must be admitted that its implementation is gradually losing its state character due to the commercialization of educational activities and rests mainly on the enthusiasm of some employees. Among the two dozen expert councils under the Committee on Environmental Management, Natural Resources and Ecology, one of the most active is the Council on Environmental Education.

One of the areas of work of the expert council under the State Duma Committee of the Russian Federation on Culture is environmental culture. Writers, artists, library and museum workers participating in this council come to the realization that it is necessary to save not only flora and fauna, but also man, his soul, the moral foundations of the life of the people; Even the expression “human ecology” begins to be used, although the new phrase is difficult to match with the original meaning of this term. The movement “For a Clean Life” with the elimination of garbage and landfills around cities is supported by the Culture Committee.

Over the past decades, various forms of environmental education have been developed in municipalities.

In accordance with the federal legislation on the basic principles of organizing local self-government and on librarianship in the Perm region, environmental information centers and information leaflets "Eco, Home" are being created in municipalities and their libraries; competitions of social and cultural environmental projects are held with the financial support of municipalities and sponsors , local governments award winning schools and classes.

In the implementation of environmental education as the most important element in the formation of environmental culture, two customers are interested - the state and society, each of which has its own levers of influence and education. The state declares an understanding of the problems, but allows for a gap between intentions and deeds, dismantling the federal system of general environmental education. The constituent entities of the Russian Federation are striving to intensify environmental education, but they run into scarcity of finances and a shortage of teachers of the appropriate profile.

By means of law it is possible to make binding decisions, including those on the legalization of various state forms of environmental education, but they must be based on the real economic and social situation: experience shows that it is possible to force environmental education, and even more so environmental education, but if necessary? In the field of formation of environmental culture, the law should be applied extremely sparingly and carefully, but used. In particular, for public bodies governing education and enlightenment, requirements regarding the establishment and verification of environmental education and enlightenment in subordinate institutions may be increased. In the context of a crisis in higher and secondary education, the transition to new standards and stages of development, regulatory legal acts in this direction will assist in the formation of an environmental culture and support the enthusiasm of environmental educators.

At the second educational congress (Moscow, December 2009), the foundations, practices and methods of organizing noospheric education, noospheric education, noospheric pedagogy, based on the unity of the genetic fund and modern thinking, were outlined, proposals were made on the legislative regulation of these phenomena, on the development of regulations on environmental education, about environmental education.

In relation to environmental education and culture, the views of V.I. Vernadsky about the noosphere - the thinking shell, the sphere of the mind associated with the emergence and formation of civilized humanity in the biosphere as a decisive force in the field of preserving the biosphere, when man becomes the largest geological force that rebuilds with his labor and in thought the global conditions of one’s life in comparison with those that existed before. However, the triumph of reason, which is not observed everywhere, presupposes the possibility of controlling the actions and behavior of people through their legal regulation, in particular the balanced regulation of environmental education.

• Vernadsky, V. I. Chemical structure of the Earth's biosphere and its environment. M., 1965. S. 324, 328; Vernadsky, V. I. Reflections of a naturalist. Book 2. Scientific thought as a planetary phenomenon. M., 1977. P. 24.

The dissemination of the environmental education system is currently one of the most pressing tasks for all civilized states. After all, its solution is the most important condition in eliminating the problems of instability of the natural environment. In addition, environmental education, education and enlightenment of the population can ensure the sustainable development of society as a whole.

Currently, there is a need all over the world for an urgent solution to the environmental issue. Many researchers working in various fields of science are literally ringing bells in an attempt to convey the urgency of the problem to those who have the right to make decisions at the government level. But, unfortunately, only a small part of officials realize how dangerous delay is in this area.

But any wrong decision made by a statesman can lead to irreversible consequences, the result of which will be natural collapse.

Level of environmental education

What do we have at the moment? Many scientists recognize the fact that environmental education, whether it is considered at the level of a politician or an ordinary citizen, is still quite low. At the same time, humanity is not yet aware of the whole tragedy, which finds its expression in the rapid destruction of natural resources.

Only those researchers who are directly involved in this problem fully understand the full scale of the impending crisis, as well as its possible consequences. This is why environmental education is so relevant at all levels of social strata of society.

A little history

Environmental issues have interested people since ancient times. However, only in the 20th century. propaganda of environmental measures has acquired its practical significance.

Environmental education has historically gone through several stages. The first of them began at the end of the Second World War. It was then, in 1948, that a new organization arose - IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources). One of its main tasks was the dissemination of knowledge about nature, the restoration and preservation of its wealth, that is, the environmental education of the population. The IUCN Charter on this issue states that the Union encourages and recommends any international and national activities that contribute to the conservation of nature in all parts of the world and in all environments (in water, soil and forests). At the same time, IUCN aims to disseminate the latest technological and scientific achievements in the field of environmental protection, as well as to use and widely disseminate extensive public awareness and environmental education programs so that public opinion is deeply aware of the need to protect nature. Already by the 70s of the last century, such activities began to cover not only developed countries, but also other countries.

The second stage in environmental education and enlightenment of the population began after organizations such as UNEP and UNESCO approved an international program that provides for the development of a system for obtaining knowledge in the field of the environment. This happened in the mid-1970s.

The third stage of introducing ecological culture and education to the masses dates back to the 1980s. At this time, the idea of ​​continuous universal environmental education began to penetrate more and more actively into the consciousness of various segments of the population. At the same time, it began to spread in developing countries, where until quite recently education in this area was rather skeptical, believing that environmental problems exist only in countries with a high level of economy.

Environmental education strategy

What features are characteristic of gaining knowledge in this area? Environmental education and enlightenment should be carried out throughout human life. At the same time, today they are an integral part of the general education program.

The main objectives of environmental education are to focus the population on practical problems. In addition, they are designed to help realize the value of the environment, promote collective well-being, focusing on the problem of human survival.

Education in this area should not be formal. At the same time, it should be combined with other educational programs.

Types of environmental education

In the 70s-80s. the formation of an environmental education structure took place. This is how formal environmental education appeared, which was limited to the framework of educational institutions’ programs, and informal, covering the entire society as a whole.

The second of these two systems provides for the dissemination of knowledge on the protection of the natural environment of the planet, its promotion and dissemination outside schools and universities. The main goal of non-formal education in the environmental sphere is to reach all layers of society to change the population’s attitude towards the environment. This will increase the responsibility of people in their interaction with nature, and will also give everyone the knowledge that will help minimize the damage caused by humanity to the planet.

Levels of non-formal education

This type of education in the field of people’s attitude to the environment is delimited by certain stages. These are levels of non-formal education that have a close relationship with each other. Thus, the dissemination of knowledge in the environmental field for children of different ages and instilling in them a reverent attitude towards animals and plants is combined with the opening of appropriate educational centers, with the publication of literature on environmental topics, etc.

Levels of formal education

How does environmental education occur in educational institutions? There are 4 levels in formal education. The first of them involves the promotion of knowledge, the subject of which is the relationship that arises between people and nature. All this happens within the boundaries of preschool education. During this period, children receive the necessary knowledge in the form of play, while acquiring the necessary skills of caring for living things.

The second level of environmental education is designed for schoolchildren. Students gain knowledge about nature through special lessons, as well as through programs in related disciplines. During this period, attention is concentrated on practical research that consolidates the material studied.

Environmental education at the third level is implemented in secondary and higher educational institutions. In them:

— students attend special courses;

— specialized faculties are created;

— the environmental theme of traditional courses is being strengthened;

- specialization occurs in the field of studying various aspects of the problem concerning the relationship of man with his natural habitat (scientific, technical, political, socio-economic, etc.).

At the third level, students begin to recognize the need to eliminate the environmental illiteracy of those people who make political decisions.

The fourth level of formal education is completed by all persons who improve their qualifications in the relevant courses of special faculties.

Main goals

Environmental education in general, regardless of its type, is designed to:

— to educate members of society who well understand the relationship between nature and man, and also recognize the need to maintain ecological balance both at the regional and global levels, and constantly contribute to this;

— ensure the flow of accurate data on the state of the natural environment, which will allow society to make the most optimal decisions on its use;

— to promote the dissemination of the skills, abilities and knowledge that a person needs to eliminate existing environmental problems, as well as to prevent them in the future;

— to orient people to the fact that when making any decision in the field of the environment, it is especially important not to forget about the need for a balance between meeting the needs of society today and the possible consequences of such actions in the future;

— to give every member of society an awareness of his involvement in the conservation of nature.

Ecological culture

What can you achieve by understanding the scale and severity of environmental problems, as well as identifying their global nature? Together with a system of appropriate education, it creates excellent preconditions for the formation of an ecological culture among people. It allows us to present the relationship that a person has with nature in the form of a moral problem.

Ecological culture is a set of spiritual and material values, as well as methods of human activity that determine the compliance of socio-cultural processes for preserving the environment.

The role of political aspects

The establishment of an ecological structure invariably causes a transition from acquired knowledge to awareness. This will become the main motivating factor that determines the activities of any person.

A special role in the conditions of the impending environmental crisis is assigned to the executive structures of human society, especially political institutions. In this case, the political aspects that are directly related to the global dynamics of natural changes are primarily subject to study. A special education is being formed. It is called ecological-political science. The main goal of such education is to regulate decisions made by government authorities that influence the growing global environmental problems.

The role of the library in enhancing environmental knowledge

Unfortunately, a large number of people are still not fully aware of the problems that exist on our planet in relation to the environment. This is clearly evidenced by the events taking place in recent years. Among them are deforestation, air pollution, etc. All this led to the decision to conduct environmental education of the population in the library. Its role in this case is difficult to overestimate.

Why the library? Yes, because it represents a whole collection of information base, which is not available in any cultural institution. In addition, the library employs literate people who have received higher education and are ready to promote environmental ideas. All these components together make this institution an indispensable element of the environmental education system.

Main activities

The library's environmental education plan includes:

— partnership with those organizations that are interested in the development of environmental education, considering such a direction to be prestigious and allowing to create a positive image of the company;

— work on complex programs and targeted projects;

— carrying out continuous environmental education with the formation of a civic position when using individual and mass forms of work;

— implementation of scientific and methodological activities, during which the information needs of the population are studied.

Ongoing events

Despite the existing problems, the work of libraries in the field of environmental education of the population is targeted and varied. This becomes possible thanks to program activities, which include educational excursions, as well as intellectual games on the topic of the relationship between man and nature, special classes on this topic, participation in folk celebrations, and meetings with interesting people.

Environmental education activities in libraries are made most effective through close collaboration and relationships with environmental organizations, individuals and businesses. That is why all work is coordinated with various specialists. These include environmental engineers, specialists from the cultural department, and employees of organizations involved in natural resources and environmental protection, etc.

The list of activities for environmental education of the population includes:

— video presentations;

— photo exhibitions;

— educational correspondence trips;

Documentary stream- this is a set of primary documents functioning in society. It becomes available for use only in the process of its identification and analysis.

If the flow of primary documents is revealed through its reflection in bibliographic aids, we are talking about realstream .

If we study documents reflected in book and article lists of references, lists of publications for dissertations and research reports, we identify flow of cited literature . Hit counters allow you to study intensity of access to electronic documents , access to which is possible through computer networks.

When monitoring reader demand, it is necessary to analyze flow of used literature . Book publishers and book distributors study the flow of literature purchased by various groups of citizens.

In the practice of information services and support, they most often turn to the real document flow. At the same time, in complex search cases, bibliographers have long practiced identifying the necessary information through reference lists of publications known to the reader, that is, through a flow of cited literature. However, due to the extreme labor intensity, this path was chosen extremely rarely. The emergence of indexes (databases) “Science Citation Index”, “Social Science Citation Index” and “Arts and Humanities Citation Index” changed the situation and made this procedure much more accessible.

In the aggregate, the flow of real, cited and used literature is considered when conducting bibliographic, sociological, scientific, historical, prognostic, and other studies.

Mastery of document flow analysis methods allows you to identify:

Exactly the social information that is preferred by readers;

Level of information security of the industry or problem;

Directions and rates of development of various areas of scientific and practical activities;

Integrative connections across industries and issues. In the course of information and library activities, the thematic, type-specific, geographical, linguistic, publishing, organizational, corporate and author's structure of the flow is most often considered. In the vast majority of cases, the subject or sectoral attribute of documents is chosen as the leading, basic one, which is explained by the specifics of reader requests related to a certain field of knowledge. On this basis, an industry flow or a flow of documents of a cross-cutting, intersectoral topic is singled out. Further, within the limits of the branch or thematic direction, all other structures are analyzed, and, first of all, type-species, geographical, author's.

However, there are cases when the activity of some organizations, authors or groups of authors is of interest (for example, when compiling biobibliographic indexes or indexes of works of groups), or the state of book publishing. Then, organizational-company, author's and publishing structures are considered as the main ones, respectively, and already within their limits the subject matter of documents. This makes it possible to characterize the profile and range of activities of organizations (including publishing houses and editorial offices of journals) and specialists.

In the process of information service, the analysis of the structure of the documentary flow makes it possible to clarify the search task and criteria for selecting publications, showing which authors and groups of authors, organizations, firms, and countries should pay special attention to. When conducting information research, the features of the structure are used to judge the state and directions of development of the most scientific and practical activities.

Studying the patterns of development of the document flow is essential for many industries. Forecasting the volume of documentary collections and computer memory, the need for personnel in libraries and information and analytical centers, the prospects for the printing industry, book publishing and book distribution, education in higher and secondary schools - this and much more is determined by the peculiarities of recording and transmitting social information to society, and therefore the development documentary stream. Active research into the documentary flow dates back to the beginning of the 20th century. and continues today.

One of the most clearly manifested patterns is increase in flow volume , expressed in a continuous increase in the number of newly created documents.

In 1956, D. Price proposed exponential model (accelerated) growth of the flow with the number of publications doubling every 10-15 years. The concepts of “information crisis” and “information explosion” appeared, expressing fears that humanity will not be able to cope with the avalanche of knowledge it has generated. However, by the beginning of the 60s. the same D. Price wrote that the exponential growth of the flow does not continue indefinitely, it gradually approaches some limit, after which the process slows down and stops, without reaching absurd values. Factors limiting flow growth were identified. This is the completion of any areas of research; termination of appropriations; staffing limitations leading to a reduction in the number of potential authors; changes in public interests, etc.

It has been established that the exponential growth of the documentary flow on any particular topical area or problem is typical for a relatively short period of time, after which it stabilizes and sometimes fades. The growth rate of the flow is not the same both for individual industries and for different areas within the industry. In economics and linguistics, energy and transport, there are problems that are developing extremely actively, there are problems that are stable and those that are fading. Therefore, average data characterizing the growth of the documentary flow, even within just one industry, do not reflect the real state of affairs. We had to realize that it is impossible to create a universal model for the growth of the documentary flow today.

The experience gained during the study of the dynamics of the document flow made it possible to identify a number of points that are significant for information and library activities. So, firstly, the growth rate of the flow of documents on a certain topic, certain countries, organizations, authors indicates the relevance, social significance of the problem and the real contribution of various specialists to its development. Secondly, there are mechanisms for self-regulation of flow volume that do not allow studying it to be based only on statistical indicators. Such mechanisms are: aging of information and the ability of information to be compressed.

Discreteness (discontinuity) of recording and transmission of social information, leading to fragmentation the content of documents is explained by the fact that messages, as a rule, are created during, and not at the end of, research, development, and the introduction of innovations. The reason for this behavior is the desire of the authors to declare their right to an invention or significant improvement of an object, and the need to promptly notify the professional community, the entire population about any events or phenomena, and the difficulty of preparing general publications, and uncertainty about the possibility of continuing work in this direction or team.

As a result, individual documents appear to be embedded within each other, and without knowledge of previous documents, the reader does not understand the meaning of subsequent ones. But this is only one consequence of fragmentation. The other is duplication, the presence in documents of repeated information of a theoretical and factual nature, obtained at previous stages of activity or gleaned from publications of other authors.

The task of an information specialist is to bring together fragments of knowledge and provide users with information about a set of documents that reflect the real picture of social practice. At the same time, it is desirable to eliminate or at least reduce duplication of information. The complexity of solving this problem is due to the fact that there are often no direct indications of the relationship between related documents, and it has to be established independently.

As already noted, aging - this is an objective process of loss of value properties by social information and documents that record this information as new, more complete and reliable information appears. The aging of social information and the aging of documents are closely interrelated phenomena, but not identical. Aging of information consists in refuting certain views, theories, replacing outdated methods with new ones, refusing to use any processes or equipment due to the emergence of new ones. In other words, information that no longer adequately reflects reality becomes outdated. Determining the rate of aging of information is an extremely complex process, but a method for determining the rate of aging of documents exists and is quite widely used.

For this purpose, they introduce the concept proposed in 1960 by R. Bartan and R. Kebler indicator “half-life of documents” , measured by the time during which half of all editions used were published. Typically, the half-life of documents is calculated based on an analysis of the flow of cited literature on a particular industry or problem. It is also possible to establish it based on the use of the library collection by readers, although in this case the accuracy of the result is reduced (readers could use literature from previous years of publication not because it has not lost its relevance, but because of the lack of new publications in the library collection).

Comparison of the half-life of documents of different industry affiliations, and within the industry of different types and types of publications indicates that:

Different industries have different rates of document aging;

In many cases, the rate of aging of documents is directly dependent on the rate of development of the industry (which is why, for example, documents in computer science, radio electronics, aircraft and rocket engineering become outdated extremely quickly);

If industries are actively developing, but the newly created knowledge describes a natural phenomenon or is related to artistic creativity, documents age slowly or do not lose their significance at all (literature on architecture; describing natural phenomena, flora, fauna; mineral deposits; archaeological discoveries; folklore expeditions, etc.);

Within one industry, macro-documents (monographs, manuals, textbooks) become obsolete more slowly than micro-communications (articles, abstracts), and theoretical, generalizing ones - more slowly than documents containing mainly factual information, which explains the reasons for the rapid obsolescence of reference books and dictionaries.

The process of aging is counteracted by updating information . This is a return to the active use of publications of past years, occurring in connection with the revaluation by society of any concepts, ideas, methods, methods of production. Often the reason for such a revaluation is the awareness of the error of the paths chosen in social life or science; obtaining new knowledge that allows you to take a different look at the experience of predecessors; the desire to consider problems from a historical perspective. Updating is manifested first in an increase in demand for published literature of past years, and then in the reissue of these works with detailed introductory articles and comments by modern authors.

S. Bradford is considered the founder of the study of the scattering phenomenon. Having analyzed in the 20-30s. XX century distribution of articles on electrical engineering, geophysics, friction and lubrication, he described the identified pattern as follows: “If scientific journals are arranged in descending order of the number of articles they contain on any given subject, then in the resulting list one can identify the core of journals devoted to this subject, and several groups or zones, each containing the same number of articles as the core. Then the number of logs in the core and subsequent zones will be treated as 1 : p: p 2» .

Subsequent studies of the scattering phenomenon for different fields of science showed that although this phenomenon itself is observed in the flow of articles on any subject, the degree of concentration of publications in the nuclear zone and the ratio of the number of journals in the zones are different everywhere. In this regard, there is no universal mathematical model suitable for describing the distribution of publications and journals, regardless of their thematic affiliation. And only one universal pattern can be spoken of: the increasing complexity of searching for information while striving for completeness of its identification.

Further research showed that scattering intensity depends on the stage of development of the problem. At the stage of the emergence of a new scientific direction, the lack of specialized journals leads to a scattering of publications. At the stage of its formation, first thematic collections appear, and then specialized periodicals. This period is characterized by a concentration of publications. When an already established direction is faced with the task of large-scale implementation of results in other industries, innovative publications will be placed in non-core journals (that is, scattered), and materials for further research on the problem will be published in specialized ones. For specialists interested in this area, the scattering of the first publications is a loss of valuable information, and the scattering of innovative messages is unimportant, since they contain information already known from publications in specialized journals.

Studying the causes and mechanisms of scattering, D.Yu. Teplov came to the conclusion that it was advisable to consider it as a mechanism for information exchange between industries. He experimentally proved the possibility of dividing industries into information-active and information-passive. Active ones include those that “attract” achievements in related fields and which are characterized by a concentration of articles in specialized journals. These are aircraft and rocket engineering, mining engineering, and automobile manufacturing.

Information-passive industries are those that “give” their publications to periodicals in other areas. The most striking example of such industries, which are characterized by scattering of articles, are law, economics, history, computer science, automation, and radio electronics.

The results of the dispersion study turned out to be even more interesting when they began to comprehensively analyze real industry flows and the flow of cited literature. Moreover, the researchers quite rightly emphasize the practical significance and applicability of the results in terms of establishing:

Connections of this problem with other areas, which is important both for adjusting the collection of the fund and for determining the thematic boundaries of information search;

Information Worker's Handbook / scientific. ed. R.S. Gilyarevsky, V. A. Minkina. St. Petersburg: Profession, 2005. – pp. 127-134. - (Series "Library").

Each individual primary document records only small fragments of knowledge concerning new scientific, technical or management decisions. A more complete picture of the state of the market, areas of research and development, introduction of innovations, etc. can be obtained by studying the documentary stream.

Documentary stream- this is a set of primary documents functioning in society.

Document flow(according to N.N. Kushnarenko - this is “an organized set of documents (primary and/or secondary) functioning (created, distributed and used) in a social environment.” (see No. 2, p. 133).

DP- a time-varying set of documents in motion, in dynamics.

DP is characterized by intensity. Intensity - quality of units of publications, publications, storage units per unit of time. For example, books published by a publishing house over a number of years, library receipts for a specific period.

In contrast to the concepts of documentary fund, documentary database, “flow”, it seems to be some kind of abstraction. It becomes a real object only in the process of its identification and analysis.

Real flow- the flow of primary documents, which is revealed through its reflection in secondary publications.

Flow of cited literature - study documents reflected in book and article lists of references, lists of publications and unpublished documents for dissertations and research reports. Counters of the number of visits allow you to study the intensity of access to electronic documents that can be accessed through computer networks.

In the practice of information support, they most often turn to the real documentary flow. In complex searches, the practice is to identify the necessary information through a stream of cited literature. But due to the extreme labor intensity, this path was rarely chosen. The appearance of indexes (DBs) “ScienceCitationIndex”, “SocialScienceCitationIndex”, “ArtsandHumanitiesCitationIndex” made this procedure more accessible.

The flow of real, cited and used literature is collectively considered when conducting informational, sociological, scientific, historical, prognostic and other studies.

Let's consider the functions of DP as a channel in social communications:

Communication;

Informational;

Cognitive;

The function of “external memory” of a person and humanity as a whole;

Educational;

All functions as a whole are inherent in all documents and are performed in any of them simultaneously. This means that they are inherent in DP in general.

But the significance of DP in social communications is determined primarily by the property of transmitting a message, the ability to trace the path of a document according to the formula “Who, what, through what channel, to whom with what effect communicates.” (see No. 10)

The document flow includes documents of various content and purpose, united according to various principles.

During information support, the following flow structure is considered:

Thematic,

Type species

Publishing,

Geographical,

Language

In most cases, the subject or industry of the documents is chosen as the leading (basic) one. This is explained by the specificity of reader requests for a certain area of ​​knowledge. On this basis, the following are distinguished:

1. industry stream (documentary stream on nuclear energy, shipbuilding) or thematic stream of documents on cross-cutting, intersectoral topics (problems of ecology and rational use of natural resources; protection of metals from corrosion, etc.).

Analysis of the structure of the document flow allows

1. clarify the search task and criteria for selecting publications, showing which works of authors and teams of authors, organizations, firms, countries should be paid special attention to.

2. allows one to judge the state and directions of development of scientific and production activities themselves.

3. outline trends in the development of scientific and production activities, identify and analyze patterns of development of the industry documentary flow.