The hardiness test is an adaptation by Leontiev D.A. the Hardiness Survey, developed by American psychologist Salvatore Maddi.

Hardiness is a system of beliefs about oneself, the world, relationships with it that allow a person to withstand and effectively overcome stressful situations. In the same situation, a person with high resilience is less likely to experience stress and cope better with it. Vitality includes three relatively independent components: involvement, control, risk taking.

The concept of resilience is similar to the concept“the courage to be”, introduced by P. Tillich within the framework of existentialism - a trend in psychology that proceeds from the uniqueness of a particular human life, which cannot be reduced to general schemes. Existential courage presupposes a readiness to “act contrary to” - contrary to ontological anxiety, anxiety of losing meaning, despite the feeling of “abandonment” (M. Heidegger). It is hardiness that allows a person to endure the ineradicable anxiety that accompanies the choice of the future (unknown), and not the past (invariance) in a situation of existential dilemma.

Hardiness test (Method of S. Muddy, adaptation of D.A. Leontiev).

Instruction.

Read the following statements andselect that answer option “no”, “more no than yes”, “more yes than no”, “yes”) which best reflects your opinion.

There are no right or wrong answers here, only your opinion matters.

Please work at a pace, without thinking about the answers for a long time. Answer sequentially without skipping questions.

Test material (approval questions)

1. I am often unsure of my own decisions.
2. Sometimes I feel like no one cares about me.
3. Often, even after a good night's sleep, I can hardly force myself to get out of bed.
4. I am constantly busy and I love it.
5. Often I prefer to "go with the flow".
6. I change my plans depending on the circumstances.
7. I am annoyed by events that force me to change my daily routine.
8. Unforeseen difficulties sometimes make me very tired.
9. I always control the situation as much as necessary.
10. Sometimes I get so tired that nothing else can interest me.
11. Sometimes everything I do seems useless to me.
12. I try to be aware of everything that is happening around me.
13. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.
14. In the evening I often feel completely overwhelmed.
15. I prefer to set myself elusive goals and achieve them.
16. Sometimes I get scared thinking about the future.
17. I am always sure that I can bring to life what I have planned.
18. It seems to me that I do not live a full life, but only play a role.
19. It seems to me that if in the past I had less disappointments and hardships, it would be easier for me to live in the world now.
20. The problems that arise often seem to me unsolvable.
21. Having experienced defeat, I will try to take revenge.
22. I love meeting new people.
23. When someone complains that life is boring, it means that he simply does not know how to see the interesting.
24. I always have something to do.
25. I can always influence the outcome of what is happening around.
26. I often regret what has already been done.
27. If a problem requires a lot of effort, I prefer to put it off until better times.
28. It's hard for me to get close to other people.
29. As a rule, people around listen to me attentively.
30. If I could, I would change a lot in the past.
31. I quite often put off until tomorrow what is difficult to implement, or what I am not sure about.
32. I feel like life is passing me by.
33. My dreams rarely come true.
34. Surprises give me interest in life.
35. Sometimes I feel like all my efforts are in vain.
36. Sometimes I dream of a quiet measured life.
37. I don't have the courage to finish what I started.
38. Sometimes life seems boring and colorless to me.
39. I do not have the ability to influence unexpected problems.
40. People around me underestimate me.
41. As a rule, I work with pleasure.
42. Sometimes I feel superfluous even in a circle of friends.
43. Sometimes, so many problems pile up on me that they just give up.
44. Friends respect me for perseverance and inflexibility.
45. I am willing to take on new ideas.

Processing test results.

For scoring, answers to direct items are assigned points from 0 to 3 (“no” - 0 points, “rather no than yes” - 1 point, “rather yes than no” - 2 points, “yes” - 3 points) , answers to the reverse items are assigned points from 3 to 0 (“no” - 3 points, “yes” - 0 points). The total resilience score and scores for each of the 3 subscales (engagement, control, and risk taking) are then summed. The forward and reverse points for each scale are presented below.

The key to the viability test.

Interpretation (decoding) for the hardiness test.

The severity of resilience in general and its components prevents the emergence of internal tension in stressful situations due to persistent coping, coping strategies (hardy coping) with stresses and perceiving them as less significant.

Involvement (commitment) is defined as "the conviction that involvement in what is happening gives the maximum chance to find something worthwhile and interesting for the individual." A person with a developed component of involvement enjoys his own activities. In contrast, the absence of such a conviction creates a sense of rejection, a feeling of being “outside” of life.

If you feel confident in yourself and that the world is generous, you are inherently engaged.

Control (control) represents the belief that the struggle allows you to influence the outcome of what is happening, even if this influence is not absolute and success is not guaranteed. The opposite of this is the feeling of helplessness. A person with a highly developed component of control feels that he chooses his own activity, his own path.

Risk taking (challenge)- a person's conviction that everything that happens to him contributes to his development through the knowledge gained from experience, no matter positive or negative. A person who considers life as a way of gaining experience is ready to act in the absence of reliable guarantees of success, at his own peril and risk, considering the desire for simple comfort and security to impoverish the life of an individual. At the heart of risk taking is the idea of ​​development through the active assimilation of knowledge from experience and their subsequent use.

The components of resilience develop during childhood and partly during adolescence, although they can be developed later. Their development is crucially dependent on the relationship of parents with the child. In particular, acceptance and support, love and approval from parents is fundamental to increase involvement. For the development of the control component, it is important to support the child's initiative, his desire to cope with tasks of ever-increasing complexity on the verge of his capabilities. For the development of risk acceptance, the richness of impressions, the variability and heterogeneity of the environment are important.

Muddy emphasizes the importance of all three components for maintaining health and optimal levels of performance and activity in stressful conditions. It is possible to speak both about the individual differences of each of the three components in the composition of resilience, and about the need for their consistency with each other and with a common (total) measure of resilience.

Averages and standard deviations of the total indicator.

Vitality test. S. Muddy's technique, adaptation by D.A. Leontiev.

4 Rating 4.00 (3 votes)

When creating the resilience questionnaire, the authors selected 6 scales of different tests (S. Muddy's Alienation Test, M. Khan's California Life Goal Assessment Test, D. Jackson's Personality Test, J. Rotter's Locus of Control Test), which are meaningfully relevant to the components of involvement, control and risk acceptance. During testing, the most valid and reliable items were selected.

The original English version of the resilience questionnaire (The Personal Views Survey III-R) consists of 18 items, including forward and backward questions and covering all three scales of the questionnaire (involvement, control and risk taking). The pilot sample included 430 IBT managers experiencing stress due to changes in the company. Managers have been documented to have increased subjective stress and disease rates over 10 years (Maddie, Kobasa, 1984). The study was conducted over 12 years. To date, the number of subjects who have responded to the hardiness test exceeds 6,000 people of different sex, age, family and social status, education and religion. Both for measuring hardiness and for examining stress-related symptoms of illness, mostly self-report data were used; in some cases, objective data, expert reports and medical records were also considered. Hardiness indicators turned out to be independent of education, age, gender, marital status, status in society, as well as religion and ethnicity.

The third, final to date, version of the questionnaire included the most valid and reliable items, and the items were considered internally valid if they predicted the development of somatic diseases in a stressful situation within a year after measuring hardiness. { Maddie, 1998 b). Research by S. Maddy and his colleagues (Maddie, Khoshaba, 2001) confirmed the reliability-consistency of the questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha, according to various data, ranged from 0.70 to 0.75 for the involvement component, from 0.61 to 0.84 for the control, from 0.60 to 0.71 for risk taking and from 0.80 to 0.88 on the total hardiness scale) and its reliability-stability (overall on the hardiness scale 0.58 at 3 months, 0.57 at 6 months). Factor analysis confirmed the presence of a three-factor structure corresponding to the model proposed by S. Maddy.

Hardiness studies have not found a relationship of hardiness with the race of subjects studying in the United States. According to cross-cultural studies of immigrants from Asia to the United States, from Turkey to Canada, and from Latin America to Australia (Maddie, Harvey, 2005), the higher the resilience, the faster the adaptation to new conditions, the less pronounced the culture shock and the subjective level of stress. Similarly, hardiness among US residents who went to work in China for 2 years was positively correlated with stabilization of emotional state and job quality after culture shock.

Validation of the resilience questionnaire was the most important task. In a number of studies, the goal was to reveal the relationship between the results of measuring hardiness and its individual components, on the one hand, and other variables (indicators of health / illness, efficiency, etc.) - on the other.

Research on resilience in line with the concept of S. Muddy, which at the same time serves as a test of the validity of the methodology for measuring resilience, can be divided into three main areas:

Studies of the relationship of hardiness with psychological variables reflecting various kinds of problems and disorders (construct validity);

Studies of the relationship of resilience with other positive personality characteristics and the rationale for their difference (discriminant validity);

Studies of the relationship of hardiness with clinical and behavioral variables - health, performance efficiency, etc. (environmental validity).

There are also studies on the development of resilience { Khoshaba, Maddie, 1999) and the effects of resilience training { Maddie, 1987, 1994, 1998 b; Maddie, kapp,Maddie, 1998).

Resilience and coping with problems and impairments

In accordance with the theoretical model of resilience, a positive correlation of resilience with transformational coping and a negative one with the level of stress was revealed. (Maddie, 1999). Problem coping was measured using a Ways of Coping Checklist, and stress measures were measured using blood pressure and Hopkins Symptom Checklist. Interestingly, resilience was not associated with innate constitutional vulnerability to disease. (Maddie, Kobasa, 1984). Nevertheless, in subjects with a high level of subjective stress, low hardiness was a predictor of the development of somatic diseases over the next year (the probability of their disease in the near future was 92%, during the year - 81%, while with high hardiness - less than 10% and less than 24% respectively). According to more recent research, the positive effects of hardiness do not only appear in stressful situations: high levels of hardiness are associated with imagination and creativity in familiar environments. Promoting awareness and adequate assessment of the situation (Maddie et ai, 2006), resilience is negatively correlated with crowding out and authoritarianism (an inflexible dominant mode of interaction) and positively with creativity and innovation, which were measured experimentally (subjects suggested ways of acting with various objects).

Experimental study of the reaction to a stressful situation (Solcova, Sykora, 1995; Alexandrova, 2004) showed that physiological responses to stress were significantly less pronounced in subjects with low anxiety and high hardiness.

Hardiness is associated with a person’s stable experience of his actions and the events taking place around him “as interesting and joyful (involvement), as the results of personal choice and initiative (control) and as an important incentive to learn new things (risk acceptance)” (Maddie, Kobasa, 1984; Maddie, 1999, p. 85). In order to test this hypothesis, the “Experience Sampling Method” by M. Csikszentmihalyi was used: each subject wore a pager for a week, at the signal of which (10 times a day) he filled out a short questionnaire regarding his activity and state at the moment . In the group of subjects with high indicators of resilience, interest in and enthusiasm for the activity, its importance, mood, feeling of support from others were significantly higher than in the group of subjects with low indicators of resilience (p<0,006-0,04 для разных показателей), тогда как выполнение работы просто потому, что ее «надо» выполнить, встречается значимо реже (р<0,001). Испытуемые с высокими показателями жизне­стойкости чаше говорили, что сами выбирают, чем занимать­ся (компонент контроля), и чувствуют, что получают важ­ный опыт во всем, что с ними происходит (компонент во­влеченности).

In other studies (Maddie, 1998 b) a moderate negative correlation of hardiness with "type A behavior" - a behavioral syndrome expressing a psychological predisposition to cardiovascular diseases was revealed. (S. Booth-Kewley, H. Friedman). The high level of hardiness in some people exhibiting Type A behavior dramatically reduces their likelihood of getting sick. Although both Type A behavior and hardiness have one component in common—control—they are rather opposite in other respects. Type A people are intolerant of other views to the point of hostility and experience a constant lack of time. Engagement and risk taking as components of resilience reflect fundamentally opposite attitudes.

In one of the recent works (Maddie et ai, 2002) conducted a correlation analysis of the results of hardiness measurements with the results of MCMI-III (Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory) and MMPI-II (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory).

A negative relationship was found between hardiness and the severity of most personality traits according to MMPI-II and MCMI-III, which reflect clinically significant symptoms, with problems at work, and the F scale. ego, dominance, with a scale of social desirability K and social responsibility. Unexpectedly, there was a positive correlation of hardiness with hysterical (histrionic) and narcissistic personality traits according to MCMI-III. Muddy notes that these traits may also express the strength of the ego rather than the presence of neurotic symptoms.

In another study by S. Maddy and D. Khoshaba (Maddie, Khoshaba, 1994) assessed the relationship between MMPI indicators and resilience and, in many respects, the opposite variable, negative affective ™ - a tendency to negative emotions and pessimism in response to ongoing events. { Watson, Pennebaker, 1989; Bright, Jones 2003). The difficulty in comparing resilience with negative affectivity was the difficulty in differentiating stress and negative affectivity. Conducted for this purpose, multiple regression analysis gave the following results:

A significant correlation was found between negative affectivity and the propensity to use defensive mechanisms (defensiveness), while hardiness did not correlate with this indicator.

There was a significant negative correlation of resilience with measures of depression, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, social interest, anxiety, addiction, as well as a positive correlation with ego strength.

Neither viability nor negative efficacy showed a statistically significant correlation with other MMPI measures.

Another interesting study regarding the correlation of resilience and other indicators related to human health is the study of the relationship between resilience and alcohol and drug use among adolescents. (Maddie, Wadhwa, haier, 1996). Unfortunately, despite a rather large sample (participation rate was 88.5% of 226 students who agreed), toxicological analysis gave isolated results, on the basis of which it is difficult to draw conclusions. However, according to questionnaires and indicators of resilience, taking into account the family risk factor (measured on the basis of self-reports of domestic violence, frequency of job changes, legal, financial problems, psychiatric diseases of parents), a significant negative correlation was found between the level of resilience and alcohol consumption during the year. , with current drug use and frequency (rather than variety).

Conducted studies (in which, in particular, bus drivers, lawyers, nurses, military under stress, Americans working abroad and immigrants to the United States) have recorded significant inverse correlations in the likelihood of illness, culture shock, post-traumatic disorders, depression, etc. .d. with a level of resilience (Maddie, Khoshaba, 1994). In the study of X. Li (Lee, 1991; Alexandrova, 2004) showed that subjects with high hardiness feel healthier socially and mentally, but not physically. The negative relationship of hardiness with the development of somatic diseases was revealed by S. Muddy in his early study of company managers 1ET (Maddie, 19986). Resilience has been shown to be negatively associated with depression and anger. (Maddie, 2004 b).

Resilience is of particular importance in severe and terminal diseases. (Maddie, 2003). Advances in resuscitation and surgery often make it possible to significantly prolong life, but at the cost of disability or serious limitations. In this case, resilience becomes a resource for coping with despair, feelings of helplessness and loss of meaning. In addition, in a resilient patient, the disease is less likely to exacerbate long-standing psychological experiences and conflicts and feelings of guilt in the family. In turn, more resilient health and social workers are more open and willing to accept the illness, aging, and death of others than their counterparts with low levels of resilience.

The ratio of resilience to other positive personality traits

In his work, S. Muddy considers a number of psychological variables that are similar to resilience in some respects, but which must be distinguished from it:

/. Feeling of connectedness. This concept, developed by A. Antonovsky, characterizes the potential for healthy development and psychological stability (see: Osin, in print). If, however, the feeling of connectedness is based on understanding and acceptance, then resilience is more about turning difficulties into advantages through more proactive and active intervention in events.

2. Optimism. In modern psychology, two approaches to understanding optimism dominate. One of them considers optimism-pessimism as a generalized disposition (C. Carver, M. Scheyer), and the other - as an attribution style, a way of explaining ongoing events (M. Seligman). Like resilience, optimism gives a person self-confidence, provides a sense of support. On the other hand, effective coping with stressful circumstances implies their adequate assessment, with which the expressed optimism may disagree.

In a study of the relationship between optimism and resilience with various types of coping strategies (Maddie, 1994) showed that the predictive power of hardiness is higher than the predictive power of optimism. Of the 15 types of coping strategies, the level of resilience predicted 8, five of which (emotional social support, denial, alcohol and drug use, psychological and behavioral withdrawal) could not be predicted on the basis of optimism. The correlation of optimism with the “positive reassessment” indicator was higher than that of resilience, which is associated with the already mentioned theoretical differences in the constructs: a positive reassessment of any event is possible only if it is inadequately positively assessed.

In a later study (Maddie, High tower, 1999) in the first two series, indicators of optimism and resilience in students were compared with their usual ways of coping with the situation and behavior in current stressful circumstances. The subjects in the third series were women awaiting the results of a medical examination suspected of having a tumor. Hardiness, optimism (using the Life Orientation Test questionnaire by Ch. Carver and M. Scheier) and coping strategies (two different questionnaires were used) were tested.

In the first and second series, resilience was more strongly associated with coping strategies than optimism, and only it found a significant negative correlation with the regressive type of coping. In the third series, optimism found a higher correlation with coping type than resilience. Muddy explains this result by stating that the high level of risk makes optimistic subjects more tenacious in their efforts to cope with the situation than under normal circumstances (although in this case, the more mature age of the subjects may play a role). However, in this series, hardiness, in contrast to optimism, turned out to be a negative predictor of the three types of regressive coping, which is consistent with Muddy's hypothesis.

3. Self-efficacy. Self-efficacy, or confidence in one's ability to perform a particular activity (Bandura, 1977), often correlated with the hardiness control component. However, resilience is a general disposition, while self-efficacy is activity-specific. General self-efficacy as the sum of self-efficacy experienced by a person in various activities is indeed close to the control component, but its relationship with involvement and risk taking remains unclear. (Maddie, Harvey, 2005).

4. Sustainability(resilience). Divorcing this concept with resilience, Muddy notes that resilience is related to behavioral responses, being rather a possible consequence of resilience as a personal disposition. A recent book by S. Muddy and D. Hoshaba is called Sustainability in Action; the authors characterize sustainability as a problem, more precisely, a problem area, and resilience as a specific approach to solving this problem, the answer to the question about the mechanisms of sustainability { Maddie, Khoshaba, 2005).

5. Religiosity. Both religiosity and resilience have a sense of support and spirituality. However, the source of spirituality in religiosity is belief in the supernatural, which is attributed responsibility for what is happening, while the source of spirituality in hardiness is personal efforts to interpret, streamline and generalize the picture of the surrounding world.

Filed by empirical research { Maddie, 2004/?), religiosity is significantly correlated with involvement and control, but is not related to the risk-taking component. Both religiosity and hardiness are negatively associated with depression and anger, but only hardiness predicts depression levels regardless of religiosity. Finally, although both indicators protect a person from stress and tension, as well as from regressive coping, only resilience allows one to predict transformational coping, active actions of a person to overcome and reassess the situation. In other words, resilience and religiosity, while linked, independently enhance coping with stress.

6. Big Five scales. When compared with the data on the Big Five NEO-FFI scale questionnaire, not only a negative relationship of resilience with neuroticism was recorded, but also positive relationships with other features of the Big Five (strong - with extraversion and openness, weaker - with friendliness and conscientiousness) . However, regression analysis confirmed the discrepancy between these variables. Ch. Sensan with co-authors { Sansone et al., 1999), who studied the influence of hardiness on the self-regulation of monotonous activity, came to the same conclusion about the discrepancy between hardiness and the Big Five scales.

Relationship of resilience to environmental variables

Hardiness turned out to be significantly associated not only with clinical variables, but also with the success of activities in various fields. For example, in a prospective study of consultants (Maddie et al., 2006) revealed a positive relationship between all components of resilience and work efficiency over the next year (r = 0.32-0.46).

The relationship between performance (performance) under stressful conditions and resilience was shown in a study of college basketball players in Southern California. (Maddie, Hess, 1992). Testing was carried out before the start of the season, and after it ended, the coaches provided the experimenters with reports of game statistics on each of the testees according to 9 parameters. The only indicator not related to vitality was the success of free throws, which are made when the game is stopped and there is no interference; all other indicators, reflecting the success of actions in the conditions of the struggle on the site, found a significant correlation with hardiness (0.269-0.522). A study of resilience in rugby players in the UK also found that all components of resilience were associated with the professional level of the players: involvement, control and risk taking were highest in the international team, average in the super league team, and least in the second division team (Golby, Sheard, 2004). Thus, the level of stress affects, if not the resilience itself, then its manifestation in activity.

Hardiness contributes to self-regulation of activity not only under stress, but also in conditions of monotonous activity. (Sansone et al., 1999): in fatigue tasks, subjects with high hardiness tended to independently vary the ways of completing the task and, due to this, completed it longer, but only if the task was meaningful for them (they were told that their comments would optimize the work of people engaged in such monotonous activities). For comparison: subjects with high conscientiousness on the NEO-FF1 questionnaire varied the ways of performing and completed the task for longer, regardless of its meaningfulness. In other words, unlike conscientiousness, resilience provides "flexible" self-regulation and the ability to choose between continuing activities in spite of fatigue or stopping them.

Interestingly, resilience also promotes effective performance under conditions in which stressful events are replaced by long waits and periods of monotonous activity. Thus, studies of firefighters have shown that the higher their resilience, the more they are satisfied with their work and experience a lower level of stress, the higher the score they receive in the point system for assessing the effectiveness of their work for 4 months after graduation. (Maddie et al, 2007). The connection between hardiness and performance efficiency was revealed in firefighters even before the training, which indicates a causal effect of hardiness on the implementation of activities under stressful conditions. In addition, performance was positively related to the level of family support.

In a study by S. Kobeisa and R. Hinkler, it was found that resilience demonstrates a stable positive correlation not only with performance, but also with satisfaction with all aspects of work, confidence that the organization provides sufficient autonomy and freedom of decision-making (Maddie, Kobasa, 1984).

The original question that led to the creation of the theory of resilience was "what psychological factors contribute to successful coping with stress and reducing (or even preventing) internal tension?".This factor is what was later called resilience- a kind of existential courage that allows a person to be less dependent on situational experiences, to overcome constant basic anxiety, which is actualized in a situation of uncertainty and the need to make a choice. I suggest you measure it with the help of a questionnaire. It will show how ready you are for stress.

Vitality characterizes the measure of a person's ability to withstand a stressful situation, maintaining internal balance and not reducing the success of the activity.

resilient people have three important qualities. They know how to accept reality as it is; they are deeply convinced that our life has meaning (the basis for this conviction often comes from commitment to certain values); they are distinguished by their extraordinary ability to improvise and find non-trivial solutions.

• Vitality is a combination of vitality and vigor; an active interest in life and opportunities to achieve your goals.
• Resilience is the ability to respond in a non-standard way to standard life situations, which increases the likelihood of their successful resolution.
• Resilience is the belief that everything in life has its own meaning, and everything has its own purpose.
• Resilience is the willingness to emerge victorious from any life trials and endure life experience.
• Resilience is an optimistic way of interacting with the world and the people around you.

Vitality(hardiness) is a system of beliefs about oneself, about the world, about relationships with the world. This is a disposition that includes three relatively autonomous components: involvement, control, risk taking. The severity of these components and hardiness in general prevents the emergence of internal tension in stressful situations due to persistent coping (hardy coping) with stresses and perceiving them as less significant.

Involvement(commitment) is defined as "the conviction that involvement in what is happening gives the maximum chance to find something worthwhile and interesting for the individual." A person with a developed component of involvement enjoys his own activities. In contrast, the absence of such a conviction creates a sense of rejection, a feeling of being “outside” of life. “If you feel confident in yourself and that the world is generous, you are inherently engaged.”

Control(control) represents the belief that the struggle allows you to influence the outcome of what is happening, even if this influence is not absolute and success is not guaranteed. The opposite of this is the feeling of helplessness. A person with a highly developed component of control feels that he chooses his own activity, his own path.

Risk taking(challenge) - a person's conviction that everything that happens to him contributes to his development through knowledge derived from experience, no matter positive or negative. A person who considers life as a way of gaining experience is ready to act in the absence of reliable guarantees of success, at his own peril and risk, considering the desire for simple comfort and security to impoverish the life of an individual. At the heart of risk taking is the idea of ​​development through the active assimilation of knowledge from experience and their subsequent use.

Thus, resilience is a personal characteristic that is formed in childhood and adolescence, although theoretically its development is possible at a later age.

Muddy cautions that the concept of resilience should not be confused with related concepts such as optimism, sense of connectedness, self-efficacy, resilience, religiosity etc.

The hardiness test is a reliable and valid tool for psychological diagnostics, the results of which do not depend on gender, education and region of residence of a person. The results of the resilience test make it possible to assess the ability and readiness of a person to act actively and flexibly in a situation of stress and difficulties, or his vulnerability to experiencing stress and depression. At the same time, resilience is a factor in preventing the risk of impaired performance and the development of somatic and mental diseases under stress, and at the same time contributes to the optimal experience of situations of uncertainty and anxiety. Resilient beliefs create a kind of "immunity" to really hard experiences. It is important that resilience affects not only the assessment of the situation, but also the activity of a person in overcoming this situation (the choice of coping strategies).

Yes, let me remind you that there are a number of tests on the site:

Instruction

Please answer a few questions about yourself. Choose the answer that best reflects your opinion. There are no right or wrong answers here, only your opinion matters. Please work at a pace, without thinking about the answers for a long time. Work consistently without skipping questions.

Statement	No	Probably not	Rather yes	Yes
1. I am often unsure of my own decisions.
2. Sometimes I feel like no one cares about me.
3. Often, even after a good night's sleep, I hardly force myself to get out of bed.
4. I am constantly busy and I like it
5. I often prefer to go with the flow.
6. I change my plans depending on the circumstances.
7. I am annoyed by events that force me to change my daily routine.
8. Unforeseen difficulties sometimes make me very tired.
9. I always have as much control as necessary.
10. Sometimes I get so tired that nothing can interest me anymore.
11. Sometimes everything I do seems useless to me.
13. Better a tit in the hands than a crane in the sky
14. In the evening I often feel completely overwhelmed.
15. I prefer to set myself difficult goals and achieve them.
16. Sometimes thoughts about the future scare me.
17. I am always sure that I can bring to life what I have in mind.
18. It seems to me that I do not live a full life, but only play a role
19. It seems to me that if in the past I had less disappointments and hardships, it would be easier for me to live in the world now
20. Problems that arise often seem insoluble to me.
21. Having experienced defeat, I will try to take revenge
22. I love meeting new people.
23. When someone complains that life is boring, it means that he simply does not know how to see interesting things.
24. I always have something to do
25. I can always influence the outcome of what is happening around
26. I often regret things that have already been done.
27. If the problem requires a lot of effort, I prefer to postpone it until better times.
28. I find it difficult to get close to other people.
29. As a rule, people around me listen carefully.
30. If I could, I would change a lot in the past
31. I quite often put off until tomorrow what is difficult to implement, or what I am not sure about.
32. It seems to me that life is passing me by
33. My dreams rarely come true
34. Surprises give me interest in life
35. Sometimes it seems to me that all my efforts are in vain.
36. Sometimes I dream of a calm, measured life.
37. I lack the perseverance to finish what I started.
38. Sometimes life seems boring and colorless to me.
39. I do not have the ability to influence unexpected problems.
40. People underestimate me
41. As a rule, I work with pleasure
42. Sometimes I feel superfluous even among friends.
43. It happens that so many problems pile up on me that I just give up

Hardiness test (Method of S. Muddy, adaptation of D.A. Leontiev).

Instruction: Read the following statements and choose the answer (“0-no”, “1-more likely than not”, “2-more likely than not”, “3-yes”) that best reflects your opinion. (Indicate the score of the selected answer next to the question number)

There are no right or wrong answers here, only your opinion matters.

Please work at a pace, without thinking about the answers for a long time. Answer sequentially without skipping questions.

1. I am often unsure of my own decisions.

2. Sometimes I feel like nobody cares about me.

3. Often, even after a good night's sleep, I hardly force myself to get out of bed.

4. I am constantly busy and I like it.

5. I often prefer to "go with the flow."

6. I change my plans depending on the circumstances.

7. Events annoy me because of which I am forced to change my daily routine.

8. Unforeseen difficulties sometimes make me very tired.

9. I always control the situation as much as necessary.

10. Sometimes I get so tired that nothing can interest me anymore.

11. Sometimes everything I do seems useless to me.

12. I try to be aware of everything that is happening around me.

13. Better a titmouse in the hands than a crane in the sky.

14. In the evening I often feel completely overwhelmed.

15. I prefer to set myself difficult goals and achieve them.

16. Sometimes thoughts about the future scare me.

17. I am always sure that I can bring to life what I have planned.

18. It seems to me that I do not live a full life, but only play a role.

19. It seems to me that if in the past I had less disappointments and hardships, it would be easier for me to live in the world now.

20. Problems that arise often seem to me insoluble.

21. Having experienced defeat, I will try to take revenge.

22. I love meeting new people.

23. When someone complains that life is boring, it means that he simply does not know how to see the interesting.

24. I always have something to do.

25. I can always influence the outcome of what is happening around.

26. I often regret what has already been done.

27. If a problem requires a lot of effort, I prefer to put it off until better times.

28. I find it difficult to get close to other people.

29. As a rule, people around me listen carefully.

30. If I could, I would change a lot in the past.

31. Quite often I put off until tomorrow what is difficult to implement, or what I am not sure about.

32. It seems to me that life is passing me by.

33. My dreams rarely come true.

34. Surprises give me interest in life.

35. Sometimes it seems to me that all my efforts are in vain.

36. Sometimes I dream of a calm measured life.

37. I lack the perseverance to finish what I started.

38. Sometimes life seems boring and colorless to me.

In every situation in life, there is something good to be found that will help us deal with this problem.

Vitality- a system of beliefs about oneself, about the world, about relationships with the world. This is a disposition that includes three relatively autonomous components: involvement, control, risk taking. The severity of these components and hardiness in general prevents the emergence of internal tension in stressful situations due to persistent coping with stress and perceiving them as less significant.

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Hardiness test (Method of S. Muddy, adaptation of D.A. Leontiev).

Instruction.

Read the following statements and choose the answer (“no”, “more likely not than yes”, “more likely than not”, “yes”) that best reflects your opinion.

There are no right or wrong answers here, only your opinion matters.

Please work at a pace, without thinking about the answers for a long time. Answer sequentially without skipping questions.

Test material (approval questions)

I am often unsure of my own decisions.

Sometimes I feel like no one cares about me.

Often, even after a good night's sleep, I can hardly force myself to get out of bed.

I am constantly busy and I love it.

Often I prefer to "go with the flow".

I change my plans depending on the circumstances.

I am annoyed by events that force me to change my daily routine.

Unforeseen difficulties sometimes make me very tired.

I always control the situation as much as necessary.

Sometimes I get so tired that nothing else can interest me.

Sometimes everything I do seems useless to me.

I try to be aware of everything that is happening around me.

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

In the evening I often feel completely overwhelmed.

I prefer to set myself elusive goals and achieve them.

Sometimes I get scared thinking about the future.

I am always sure that I can bring to life what I have planned.

It seems to me that I do not live a full life, but only play a role.

It seems to me that if in the past I had less disappointments and hardships, it would be easier for me to live in the world now.

The problems that arise often seem to me unsolvable.

Having experienced defeat, I will try to take revenge.

I love meeting new people.

When someone complains that life is boring, it means that he simply does not know how to see the interesting.

I always have something to do.

I can always influence the outcome of what is happening around.

I often regret what has already been done.

If a problem requires a lot of effort, I prefer to put it off until better times.

It's hard for me to get close to other people.

As a rule, people around listen to me attentively.

If I could, I would change a lot in the past.

I quite often put off until tomorrow what is difficult to implement, or what I am not sure about.

I feel like life is passing me by.

My dreams rarely come true.

Surprises give me interest in life.

Sometimes I feel like all my efforts are in vain.

Sometimes I dream of a quiet measured life.

I don't have the courage to finish what I started.

Sometimes life seems boring and colorless to me.

I do not have the ability to influence unexpected problems.

People around me underestimate me.

As a rule, I work with pleasure.

Sometimes I feel superfluous even in a circle of friends.

Sometimes, so many problems pile up on me that they just give up.

Friends respect me for perseverance and inflexibility.

I am willing to take on new ideas.

Processing test results.

For scoring, answers to direct items are assigned points from 0 to 3 (“no” - 0 points, “rather no than yes” - 1 point, “rather yes than no” - 2 points, “yes” - 3 points) , answers to the reverse items are assigned points from 3 to 0 (“no” - 3 points, “yes” - 0 points). The total resilience score and scores for each of the 3 subscales (engagement, control, and risk taking) are then summed. The forward and reverse points for each scale are presented below.

The key to the viability test.

Interpretation (decoding) for the hardiness test.

The severity of resilience in general and its components prevents the emergence of internal tension in stressful situations due to persistent coping, coping strategies (hardy coping) with stresses and perceiving them as less significant.

Involvement (commitment) is defined as "the conviction that involvement in what is happening gives the maximum chance to find something worthwhile and interesting for the individual." A person with a developed component of involvement enjoys his own activities. In contrast, the absence of such a conviction creates a sense of rejection, a feeling of being “outside” of life.

If you feel confident in yourself and that the world is generous, you are inherently engaged.

Control (control) represents the belief that the struggle allows you to influence the outcome of what is happening, even if this influence is not absolute and success is not guaranteed. The opposite of this is the feeling of helplessness. A person with a highly developed component of control feels that he chooses his own activity, his own path.

Risk acceptance (challenge) - a person's conviction that everything that happens to him contributes to his development through the knowledge gained from experience, no matter positive or negative. A person who considers life as a way of gaining experience is ready to act in the absence of reliable guarantees of success, at his own peril and risk, considering the desire for simple comfort and security to impoverish the life of an individual. At the heart of risk taking is the idea of ​​development through the active assimilation of knowledge from experience and their subsequent use.

The components of resilience develop during childhood and partly during adolescence, although they can be developed later. Their development is crucially dependent on the relationship of parents with the child. In particular, acceptance and support, love and approval from parents is fundamental to increase involvement. For the development of the control component, it is important to support the child's initiative, his desire to cope with tasks of ever-increasing complexity on the verge of his capabilities. For the development of risk acceptance, the richness of impressions, the variability and heterogeneity of the environment are important.

Muddy emphasizes the importance of all three components for maintaining health and optimal levels of performance and activity instressful conditions. It is possible to speak both about the individual differences of each of the three components in the composition of resilience, and about the need for their consistency with each other and with a common (total) measure of resilience.

Averages and standard deviations of the total indicator.

Norms	Vitality	Involvement	Control	Risk taking
Average	80,72	37,64	29,17	13,91
Standard deviation	18,53	8,08	8,43	4,39