Pretext- an auxiliary part of speech that expresses the dependence of some words on others in phrases and sentences.
There are several types of prepositions based on structure, formation and meaning.
Types of prepositions by structure
Depending on their structure, prepositions are divided into:
- simple prepositions;
- compound prepositions.
Simple prepositions always consist of only one word. For example, in front of, around, around, through, etc.
Compound prepositions consist of two or more words that are written separated by a space: in connection with, as a consequence, in the direction of, etc.
Types of prepositions for education
According to the method of formation, prepositions are also divided into 2 types:
- derived prepositions (non-primitive);
- non-derivative prepositions (primordial).
Derivative prepositions– prepositions that are formed from other independent parts of speech.
Among derived prepositions, the following groups are distinguished:
- adverbial prepositions(derived from adverbs): opposite, near, along, across;
- denominal prepositions(formed from nouns in any case): in the form of, in view of, at the expense of;
- verbal prepositions(derived from forms of verbs and gerunds): including, after, thanks, starting.
Non-derivative prepositions do not depend on other parts of speech: in, on, about, through etc.
Types of prepositions by meaning
Depending on the meaning, the following types of prepositions are distinguished:
- Spatial prepositions: around, about, at, from, in, on, near. For example, works at a construction site.
- Temporal prepositions: in, through, before, during, by etc. For example, miss the evenings.
- Causal prepositions: from, because of, in view of, in connection with. For example, suffer from pain.
- Prepositions indicating purpose: for, for, in. For example, not feel sorry for a friend, try for the sake of your son.
- Object prepositions(indicate which object the action is directed at): oh, about, about, regarding etc. For example, find out about the trip.
- Prepositions indicating a course of action:with, from, without. For example, eat with pleasure, watch without interest, laugh from the heart.
Some prepositions can refer to several categories at once, depending on the context. For example, the suggestion V is both spatial and temporal, and pointing to a goal.
The meaning of the preposition, its morphological features and syntactic function
Pretext - an official part of speech, which expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral and pronoun on other words in a phrase and in a sentence.
By origin prepositions may be non-derivative (in, to, over) and derivatives (along, in view of, in order to). By structure prepositions divided into simple (in, on, about), complex (because of, from under, over) and composite (in connection with, at the expense of, during).
Prepositions can express different relationships between words in a sentence: spatial, temporal, causal, target, measures and degrees, object, etc. The same prepositions in different contexts can express different relationships, for example: to go on the road(spatial), eat at night(temporary), say stupidly(causal).
Majority pretexts used with any one case. For example, with parent - prepositions without, for, before, from, because of, from under, from, at; with dative - pretext To; with an accusative prepositions about, through etc.
Some prepositions can interact with several cases, expressing different types of relations in each case: pretext s - with genitive, accusative and instrumental cases (from the mountain, from the mountain, from the mountain);prepositions in, on, about- with accusative and prepositional cases (in the table, in the table, on the table, on the table, about the table, about the table) etc.
Prepositions do not change, and are not independent members of the sentence. When parsing, they are underlined along with the words they refer to. For example:
But the shadow is longer in the garden fresh,
Through the spruce trees ray shines...
(S. Solovyov)
Types of prepositions by origin
In my own way origin prepositions divided into derivatives and derivatives.
Non-derivativesprepositions arose a very long time ago, therefore, at the present time they do not correspond to any significant words: from, from, with, at, to, for, in, on, for, o, through, with, over etc. Most non-derivatives pretexts polysemantic and homonymous with prefixes: stop by- behind the forest, enter- to the forest, drive away- away from the forest, move out- from the mountain, run into the table.
Derivativesprepositions formed at a later time from the words of other parts of speech and are divided into adverbial, denominative and verbal.
Adverbialprepositions mainly express spatial and temporal relationships, for example: near the house, near the river, around the city, in front of the detachment, after dinner.
Denominateprepositions formed from various case forms of nouns and express objective and some adverbial relations, for example: about work, about an application, by means of a prefix, due to a collapse, on the occasion of a holiday, during a lesson etc.
Verbalprepositions originated from gerunds and express various adverbial relations (causal, concessional, temporary, etc.), for example: thanks to the care, despite the illness, a week later.
Derivatives prepositions should be distinguished from homonymous independent parts of speech:
Opposed words | Independent parts of speech | Derivative prepositions |
Nouns and prepositions, nouns. | Put money to the account; make mistakes because of; bends during rivers; be in custody; have in mind; believe by virtue of. | Talk about work; troubles due to negotiations; talk during hours; say Finally lectures; be late in view of bad weather; stay by virtue of circumstances. |
Adverbs and prepositions, formed from adverbs. | Look around, look around all around be close go along, to live in the house against, be near, be ahead, be inside. | To turn around axes, pass all around pond, be close object, go along roads, stand against at home, to be near sick, be ahead everyone, be inside premises. |
Participles and prepositions, formed from gerunds. | Go, despite on both sides; stand up thanks to teachers for congratulations. | Help despite for trouble; win thanks to to the attacker. |
Types of prepositions by structure
By structure of prepositions are divided into simple, complex and compound.
Simple are prepositions consisting of one word: with, in, to, at, on, at, before, through, thanks to and etc.
complex are prepositions, formed by combining two non-derivatives pretexts: because of, from under, over and etc.
Composite are prepositions consisting of several words: despite, in contrast, due to and etc.
Types of prepositions by meaning
Pretext has no independent values. Under meaning pretext understand the grammatical relations that it expresses in combination with the indirect case of a noun. Values, expressed prepositions, are very diverse. Prepositions can be homonymous, therefore, depending on the context, they can have different meanings.
Depending on the nature of the relationship expressed prepositions are divided into several groups:
Meanings of prepositions | Prepositions | Collocations |
|
Spatial | On, in, over, under, at, about, around, for, to, from, from, to, from behind, from under, through, on and etc. | Lie on the table, collect dust in the closet, fly over the table, lie under the table, spin around the house, stand near a tree, run around a pillar, have lunch at the table, go to a friend, get it out of a box, move away from the house, get to the mountain, appear from -behind the scaffolding, crawl out from under the table, get through the door, knock on the wood. |
|
Temporary | By, with, in, to, on, through, before, after, from, before, during, in continuation, on the eve, etc. | Read in the evenings, study from October, work on Saturday, arrive at two o'clock, arrive for a week, appear in a week, appear before Easter, arrive after the sixteenth, work from eight to five, study for a month, work for a year, quit on the eve of the holiday. |
|
Causal | From, because of, in view of, by, as a result of, thanks to, due to, etc. | ||
In, on, for, for, under, by, to, for, for the purpose, for the sake of, etc. | Invite to visit, sign up for an interview, buy something for work, go shopping, a bottle of milk, go on business, drink for preventive purposes, go for a friend. |
||
Measures and degrees | By, before, in, with -a etc. | Fall head over heels in love, fill it to the brim, scream out loud, plunge headlong. |
|
Object | Oh, by, about, etc. | Thinking about a friend, missing your parents, remembering the lecture. |
Morphological analysis of the preposition includes the identification of two constant features (productivity-non-productivity and the nature of the expressed relationships). The preposition has no unstable characteristics, since it is an unchangeable word. For morphological analysis Derivative prepositions are used more often.
Scheme of morphological analysis of a preposition. I. Part of speech. 1) productivity-non-productivity; 2) rank by value; 3) immutability. III. Syntactic function. For just a few minutes I was obsessed with the “horror of the supernatural”... (A. Kuprin) | A sample of morphological analysis of a preposition. I. In continuation- preposition; (was possessed) for (several) minutes; used with a noun in the genitive case. II. Morphological characteristics: 1) the preposition is derivative, formed from a noun with a preposition; 2) expresses temporary relationships; 3) an unchangeable word. III. Syntactic function. Not a member of the proposal. |
A preposition is a service part of speech, the main function of which is the connection between pronouns, nouns, numerals and words belonging to other parts of speech.
The concept of a preposition
Prepositions denote relations between two objects (a boat with a sail), between an object and an action (look at the river), between an object and a sign (ready for self-sacrifice). Prepositions cannot change according to cases, numbers, tenses and genders.
They never act as independent members in a sentence. Often in a sentence, prepositions are placed either before nouns or before attributes that refer to a noun. For example: in a red dress. Some prepositions can also be used after a noun. For example: for what or for the sake of what.
Types of prepositions for education
According to the method of formation, prepositions are divided into two categories: non-derivative and derivative. Non-derivatives prepositions (sometimes called primitives) are prepositions that have no connections with other parts of speech, that is, are not formed from them. Examples of non-derivative prepositions: at, because of, from, with, without.
Derivatives prepositions (non-primitive) are prepositions that are formed on the basis of words belonging to independent parts of speech. Derivative prepositions are divided into three groups:
Adverbial: opposite, around, along, near;
Denominate: in the form of, at the expense of, in view of, about, during;
Verbal: including, starting, excluding, after, thanks.
Types of prepositions by structure
According to their structure, prepositions are divided into two groups: simple and compound. Simple prepositions are written together: about, thanks to, around, as a result. Composite prepositions include two or more words that should be written separately: in continuation, in connection with, towards, depending on, except.
Morphological analysis of the preposition
Prepositions should be parsed according to this scheme:
1. Part of speech, grammatical role (what is this preposition used for in a sentence);
2. Identification of morphological characteristics:
Derivative or non-derivative;
Simple or compound.
For example: Maria Ivanovna, with her hands behind her back, quickly walked around the living room from corner to corner, looking ahead of her, and thoughtfully shaking her head. There are four prepositions in this sentence:
- By: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the dative case;
- from: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the genitive case;
- V: simple, non-derivative, used in a sentence with a noun in the accusative case;
From other words in phrases and sentences. Prepositions, like all function words, cannot be used independently; they always refer to some noun (or a word used as a noun). Due to their syntactic independence, prepositions never act as members of a sentence. They serve control as a type of subordinating connection, being associated with the control component of the phrase.
This part of speech was formed due to other lexical and grammatical categories. This largely determines the heterogeneity of prepositions. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a continuous replenishment of the composition of derivative prepositions. The most interesting developments are prepositions that express the most abstract meanings - objective, causal, target, etc. The development of new prepositions is reflected in the growing role of journalistic and scientific speech in the Russian language of the 19th century.
Some prepositions, mostly derivatives, combine a number of meanings. Yes, suggestions. for, under, from, from, in, on combine causal, spatial and temporal meanings. Pretext through, expressing spatial ( through the mountains) and temporary ( through the centuries) relations, colloquially found when expressing causal relations ( through you I lost my family). Other prepositions combine causal meanings with goal meanings, for example for, by.
Classification by origin and structure
- Non-derivatives (ancient prepositions) - in, without, to, from, to, on, by, about, from, before, at, through, with, at, for, over, about, under, about, for.
- Derivative prepositions were formed at a later time from words of other parts of speech and are divided into:
- adverbial - near, deep, along, near, around, around, ahead, after and etc.;
- denominated - by means of, in the role of, depending on, by, about, regarding, in view of, on occasion, during and etc.;
- verbal (mostly formed from gerunds rather than verbs themselves) - thanks, despite, after and others.
Classification by structure
- Simple (consist of one word): in, with, to, at, over, on, before, at and etc.
- complex (consist of two simple ones connected by a hyphen): from under, from behind, over and etc.
- compound (consist of several words): despite, in contrast to, due to and etc.
Classification by use with noun cases (valency)
- with one case
- with two cases
- with three cases
Classification by relationship
As researchers note, in modern Russian the range of meanings of prepositions and the scope of relationships they express are expanding and deepening. So, prepositions do not change and are not parts of the sentence, but they express different relationships:
- spatial - about , , among , on and etc.;
- temporary - during, in continuation and etc.;
- causal - in view of , thanks to , as a result of , in connection with , because of and etc.;
- target - For and etc.;
- object - and etc.;
- comparative
- definitive
- concessions
- accompanying
see also
Links
- English preposition: "who is he friends with?" (Comparison of Russian and English prepositions)
Literature
- Baranov M.T. Russian language 7th grade. - Education, 2011. - 224 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-09-024813-6
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
Synonyms:- Adverb
- Union (disambiguation)
See what "Preposition" is in other dictionaries:
pretext- Cause, cause, reason; justification, excuse; chicane. Under a plausible pretext.. Cf. . See excuse, cavil, reason, trick, trick to look for an excuse, under the pretext... .. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under.… … Synonym dictionary
PRETEXT Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
PRETEXT- 1. PREPOSITION1, preposition, husband. A reason for something, a fictitious reason. An excuse for a quarrel. “Annibal, Biron’s personal enemy, was sent to Siberia under a plausible pretext.” Pushkin. “You just want it, and there will be an excuse.” Dahl. “I’m Dimitri, or no... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
pretext- 1. PREPOSITION, a; m. A reason for something, a fictitious reason. Find, find p. Blagovidny p. P. for a quarrel. P. to leave. Come up with a way to leave. Reject under any pretext. ◁ Under the pretext of what. in sign. pretext. As a result, because of. Give up... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
pretext- PREPOSITION, reason, obsolete. pretext, colloquial lead ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech
PRETEXT- PREPOSITION, part of speech is a function word used to express various relationships between the dependent and main members of the phrase. Precedes a dependent word (for example, enter the house). Not a member of the proposal... Modern encyclopedia
PRETEXT- part of speech is a function word used to express various relationships between dependent and main members of a phrase. Precedes a dependent word (eg, enter the house). Not a member of the proposal... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
PREPOSITION 1- PREPOSITION 1, a, m. External reason for what n. Find the item for refusal. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
PREPOSITION 2- PREPOSITION 2, a, m. In grammar: a function word expressing the relationship between words that are grammatically dependent on each other (the word and the form of the word), for example. on (put on the table), along (walk across the field), at (be near the house). Dictionary… … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
pretext- PREPOSITION, ah, husband. External reason for what n. Find the item for refusal. Under the pretext of what, meaning. prepositions with gender explaining, justifying that n. than n., referring, relying on what n. Refuse under the pretext of being busy. Under the pretext that (under the fact... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Pretext- (gram.) An invariable particle that serves to more accurately determine the meaning of a verb or case. The original real meaning of P. has been lost, but undoubted traces of their former declination have been preserved; eg Greek en, eni in, on (local fall), ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron
Books
- Preposition - we are familiar with it! Teaching the use of prepositions in writing, Ivanova Svetlana Vasilievna. The manual offers the author's didactic material for working with primary school students with general underdevelopment of speech, with children in classes of correctional and developmental education, ...
As you know, the Russian language is incredibly rich both from a lexical and morphological point of view. That is why foreigners have to spend far more than one year studying at least his oral speech with all the grammar and syntax. And, like any other language, in addition to independent parts of speech, it also needs auxiliary parts for linking words in a sentence, convenience of declension, and the correct formulation of questions. Therefore, in this article we will analyze one of these categories, namely: what is a preposition, why is it needed and how to use it correctly.
Concept and definition
As mentioned earlier, prepositions belong to the service parts of speech and serve to connect words in a sentence. More precisely, they express the dependence of nouns, pronouns and numerals on other words. Thus, they can show a relationship either between two objects (cloth with a pattern), or between an action and an object (go to the pier), or between a feature and an object (the most beautiful in the class). Prepositions differ from unions in that they connect words strictly within a simple sentence; the exception to their use are homogeneous terms, but otherwise their function is extensive. Their similarity with other service parts of speech lies in the fact that their properties are limited, we will talk about this later.
Properties of prepositions as parts of speech
Firstly, they cannot act as independent members in a sentence and are always attached to the word with which they are used, being an integral member with it. For example, in the sentence “The full moon was reflected in the river,” the preposition “in” together with the word “river” is emphasized as an adverbial adverbial clause. Secondly, since we have found out what a preposition is, it, like other function words, cannot be changed by case, gender, tense and numbers, unlike the parts of speech with which they are used. However, they are always part of the question when declension of nouns, pronouns and numerals by case and even help to do this, simplifying the task for students. For example, let’s try to inflect the word “mother”.
- I. p.: Who is standing at the stove? - Mother.
- R.p.: Who has a new dress? - Mom.
- V. p.: Who does dad love? - mom.
- D. p.: Who will I go to for advice? - to Mom.
- T.p.: Who is grandma proud of? - mom.
- P. p.: I will write poems about whom? - about mom.
Location in offer
In addition, in order to understand what a preposition is as a part of speech, you need to learn how to quickly find them in the text. Most often they are adjacent to nouns and pronouns, and therefore are located in front of them. For example, on the desk, at the table, in front of me, etc. If there is a definition (adjective, numeral, possessive pronoun, participle) before the word with which they are used, then the preposition “skips” it forward and stands in front of it. For example: on a wooden desk, at my table, for a long time, etc. However, there are also some phrases in which prepositions are used after the word to which they refer. These are either established phrases or stylistic features of the author. For example: for what?
Classification of prepositions
For the convenience of studying morphology, all parts of speech are divided into types, types, categories according to some unifying feature. A similar division exists in the case of function words; this helps to better understand what a preposition is in Russian and why it is used.
So, there are 3 classifications of this part of speech.
Firstly, by origin, prepositions are divided into non-derivative (“primordial”, i.e., initially refer to function words: to, from, on, under, for, for, etc.) and derivatives (were formed from another part speech). The latter, in turn, can be verbal (thanks to, later, despite, despite), denominative (due to, during, in continuation, in view of, like, due to) and adverbial (inside, near, behind, ahead).
Secondly, in terms of composition, there are simple (they consist of one word and have one root: to, on, from, for), complex (several words: during, despite) and compound (one word, several roots) prepositions (examples : from under, because of).
By semantic meaning
This classification of prepositions is the most capacious, it includes 6 main categories:
- Spaces or "places" (with a defined word answer the question "where?"): in the table, outside the window, on the carpet, under the closet.
- Time - “when? how long?: for half an hour, from morning to night, for a week.
- Object - “about what? about what / who? ”: write about love, talk about school.
- The mode of action is “how?”: with feeling, with love, with anxiety.
- Reasons - “why?”: out of boredom, out of shame, out of fear.
- Goals - “why? for whom? ”: for pleasure, for mom.
Subtleties of the topic
So, we have studied what a preposition is and how it is classified by structure, origin and categories. For those who have not yet fully understood the complexities of this part of speech, we will explain some tricks. So, for example, a rather difficult topic: what is a derivative preposition and how to distinguish it in a sentence. A question will always serve as an assistant in this, since it can be asked to an independent part of speech, but not to a service part. For example, in the sentence: "There were many bends in the course of the river," the second word is a noun ("where? - in the course"). In another case (I couldn’t sleep for an hour), this is a pretext, since a single question is asked of the expression (“how long? - within an hour”). This also raises another difficulty, namely, it is necessary to correctly determine how prepositions are written - with “E” at the end or with “I”. To do this, you will have to learn them by heart: during, in continuation, as a result, but subsequently.
