lat. articulatio, from articulo - dismember, pronounce articulately) - the activity of the organs of speech in the formation of sounds. The idea of the articulateness of human speech formed the basis of the concept, according to which the ability to speak is a fundamental feature common to all languages. The principle of double A. was developed in the 1940s and 1950s by the French researcher, representative of structural-functional linguistics A. Martinet. According to Martinet, there are two levels of articulation in natural language. The first articulation is a way of grouping experience data that is common to all representatives of a particular linguistic community. It consists in the fact that any facticity that one wants to make known to others is divided into successive units, each of which has a sound form and meaning. That is, any fact of reality is conveyed in speech by a certain number of words. For example, to say "I'm walking" means to express the act of walking on foot. This phrase consists of two words, each of which has an independent meaning. This level of autonomously significant units is the first A. The units of the first articulation are the minimum signs - monemes, the number of which forms an "open list". It is impossible to determine exactly how many different monems are contained in a given language, since in any society new needs are constantly being discovered that give rise to new designations. However, we can split the word into smaller ones that do not have the value of a unit - phonemes; the sound itself does not mean anything - neither an object, nor a concept, nor an action: for example, the set "tкte" has the meaning "head", and the units "tк-" and "te" do not have any special meanings. These units characterize the second division and perform a semantic-distinctive function: the sound form can be divided into successive units, each of which is capable of distinguishing one word from others. Thanks to the existence of the second segmentation, languages are able to limit themselves to several dozen different sound formations, the combinations of which create the sound image of the units of the first segmentation ("volume" - "house", "code" - "cat", etc.). The list of phonemes is closed, since each language has a precisely defined and, moreover, a very limited number of units of the second articulation (for example, in French their number ranges from 31 to 34). In addition to the additional economy created by the second articulation, it also has the advantage that it makes the form of the signifier independent of the meaning of the corresponding signified, as a result of which the linguistic form becomes more stable. Thanks to this organization, language appears to us as a rationally organized semiotic system. The number of sounds is limited, the number of monems is extremely large, and the number of statements (formed from monems) is almost infinite. That is why the tongue resembles a pyramid turned upside down. Phonemes do not mean anything, monemes (a paradigmatic community) formed on the basis of phonemes are the level of denotative meanings, and syntagms are combinations of words, statements that can create additional, connotative meanings. A distinctive feature of Martinet's linguistic concept is considered to be the principle of economy substantiated by him, which alone controls the evolution and functioning of the language. Double division facilitates the use and further development of the instrument of communication, makes it possible to transmit a very large amount of accurate information at a low cost. So, you can inform others about your painful sensations through a groan (such a message cannot be characterized as a linguistic one), but a groan is a reflection of any sensation of pain and in this sense the message can be interpreted in any way. The situation will be different if you pronounce the phrase "I have a headache" - four consecutive units that make up the phrase give an idea of the nature of the pain that torments a person. It follows from this what the economy of the first division consists of: we could imagine such a system of communication in which each phenomenon or state corresponds to a special exclamation, but one has only to imagine the whole variety of such situations in order to understand that the human memory is not able to assimilate appropriate number of exclamations and intonations. Several thousand signs (monems), which have wide combinational possibilities, allow us to make reports about such a huge number of phenomena, for which millions of different exclamations would not be enough to designate. Thus, the concept of double articulation plays a double role: 1) double articulation is the criterion by which linguistic phenomena proper are revealed (for a statement is only proper linguistic because it can be subjected to double articulation). However, as it turned out, some linguistic phenomena (such as prosodic phenomena) can still be found outside the double articulation; 2) double division is such an organization of the language, which most effectively implements the principle of economy. If the similarity of all languages lies in the fact that they all have a double division, then the differences between them lie in the methods used by speakers of different languages when dividing the data of their experience, as well as in the ways of realizing the possibilities inherent in the organs of speech. Each language is characterized by a special articulation, and this applies to both utterances and signifiers (cf. French "Jai mal a la tete" and Italian "mi duole il capo": in the first case, the subject of the statement is the person pronouncing it, in the second - a sore head). It happens that differences in division cause a different approach to the assessment of a certain phenomenon, or, conversely, a difference in the assessment of a phenomenon entails a difference in division. Based on the principle he proposed, Martinet gives the following definition of language: any language is an instrument of communication, through which human experience is divided, specific to a given community, into units endowed with semantic content and sound expression, called monemes; this sound expression, in turn, is divided into successive distinctive units - phonemes, a certain number of which characterizes each language; the nature and relationships of phonemes vary from language to language. Every language is a type of organization that fits this definition. The significance of this concept is determined not only and not so much by its influence on the development of linguistic teachings proper, but by its resonance in the field of visual studies (primarily, the semiotics of cinema in the 1960s). The idea of double division as a necessary feature of language (in contrast to any other semiotic systems) led to the formation of the idea of a triple A. cinematic code in an era when the question of the specifics and essence of film language, its autonomy (in relation to verbal language), about the very possibility of qualifying the film image as a language. The failure of the attempt to apply the principle of double A. to the analysis of film language ultimately gave rise to doubts about the universality of the structural-linguistic model for the analysis of cultural phenomena. A.R. Usmanov
Articulation is a concept that means how correctly and clearly you pronounce sounds. Beautiful speech is important for everyone, no matter if you are an announcer or an ordinary office worker. And for its competent construction, it is imperative to master the basics of articulation.
Articulation in Russian, as in all others, consists of several stages.
- The excursion is the beginning, the very first stage, which means the preparation of parts of the speech apparatus for pronouncing a sound.
- Endurance is how you pronounce the sound. At the same time, it is important to take into account the position of the speech apparatus - it must meet the standards.
- Recursion is the final step. The speech apparatus completes its work, its components go into a state of rest or prepare to pronounce the next sound.
However, such a clear sequence of events is characteristic only for the pronunciation of one sound. It would look as clear as in the diagram if a person pronounces the sounds separately.
In real, everyday speech, the stages are “overlapped” on each other, their clarity is blurred. The excerpt often merges with the recursion of the previous sound. A person does not have time to carefully prepare the organs for the pronunciation of sound, so the excursion is not expressed properly. As a result, speech becomes slurred.
This does not mean that you must clearly pronounce each sound, highlight it with intonation. It would be simply impossible, communication would be difficult. Correct pronunciation assumes that you first learn the theory, learn how to apply it, and then it will turn into an unconditioned reflex.
Consider this on the example of the pronunciation of the sound "T". There are often problems with it, because people unprepared for the correct pronunciation express the sound too slurredly. It turns out hoarse, squeezed.
Here's how to pronounce the "T" sound:
- Watch out for the air-tongue pair. The air should not be directed to the ligaments, because in this case the hoarse variant, which was mentioned above, will just turn out.
- Direct the stream of air clearly to the tongue.
Training in the pronunciation of this sound allows you to improve not only pronunciation, but also increase the elasticity of the tongue, and train the speech apparatus well.
You are already familiar with the theory of the pronunciation of the sound "T". At first, you will follow for a long time how it sounds in your everyday speech, but then, when you are sure that you are speaking correctly, this information will be fixed, you will no longer need to correct yourself and take care of yourself.
Articulation gymnastics
What it is? Such gymnastics is designed to warm up the muscles. These exercises do not have to be performed at any particular time of the day. It is easy to apply them from time to time because they are simple and do not require special attention.
Gymnastics for the cheeks includes the following exercises:
- Imagine that you are a hamster. It is necessary to take in air for one cheek, then smoothly “overtake” it under the lower lip, in no case opening the lips. Then go to the other cheek, extreme. You need to repeat this cycle several times.
- The next exercise is similar to the previous one in that you again need to use air. Take it in your mouth and puff out your cheeks. Close your lips tightly. Now you need to try to push the air out, but in no case do not open your mouth! You will feel a slight pressure, which will warm up your cheeks well.
In order to warm up the lower jaw, you can apply one simple exercise that many people do unconsciously. You can simply move the lower jaw in a circle, back and forth, thereby preparing it for the correct diction. Here you need to be careful, as you can accidentally dislocate the jaw. Do not overdo it.
Have you ever tried to yawn with your mouth closed? If not, then be sure to try it. This will help warm up the palate. Another way is to copy the mouthwash. If it’s hard to imagine, then first rinse your mouth really, and then imitate these movements yourself. Over time, you will start to succeed.
After completing these tasks, you can move on to exercises to improve articulation, which depend on the problematic sounds that you have. There are special ones, and many others that you can find on this site. For some people, the simple development of the speech apparatus is enough, because for many it is weak, therefore it needs training. The exercises above will help correct the situation.
Articulation allows you to learn how to correctly pronounce not only problematic sounds, but everything that is in the Russian language, because most people do not even suspect that they pronounce certain sounds incorrectly.
The tongue is the main organ of speech, helping to pronounce sounds and words. Despite the fact that he is boneless, he still needs to be trained. After all, thanks to him we can speak, and in order to do it correctly, articulation exercises are necessary. If little time and attention is given to training, then the adult and the child cannot communicate with everyone properly. As a result, there is a violation on the psychological as well as emotional level. A variety of complexes are purchased.
Therefore, it is important to engage with children from an early age. Gymnastics, which includes articulation exercises, greatly helps in this matter. Two-year-old children begin to speak faster, and older children correct existing shortcomings in their speech.
Adults also need to develop their speech in the process of life. To do this, it is important to read aloud a lot, use different exercises.
Tasks for the development of speech
1. Articulation - what is it? First of all, help. It helps to correct and prevent incorrect pronunciation of speech. In addition, it improves oratory skills.
3. It is necessary to replenish the vocabulary of both an adult and a child.
4. Development of auditory attention, as well as phonetic hearing.
Exercises for the development of speech
Articulation - what is it? At its core, this is the correct work of the tongue and, therefore, it is necessary to improve these muscles so that they are not weak. In this regard, classes should be carried out daily for the tone of the organs involved in the pronunciation of sounds and words. Such activities take a little time. Otherwise, the children will quickly get tired and will not want to study at all. Adults, due to their busyness, simply will not be able to spend a lot of time on their self-improvement. The complexity of the exercises is selected depending on the level at which the person is at the moment.
Proper classes
The articulation of speech sounds must be performed in a certain sequence. When it comes to children, it is preferable to take into account the age of the child. To begin with, he should be told stories and a fairy tale that correspond to the theme of the exercises. Then you can already show the execution technique itself. Then the baby should try to repeat, while controlling the movement of the organs of speech in front of the mirror. It is important to observe him at this moment in order to immediately correct the existing inaccuracies.
An adult is also required to do exercises in front of a mirror, trying to do everything correctly. Pronounce syllables, sentences, controlling the process.
When can you start exercising?
When it comes to children, training can start as early as three months. It's just different sounds. Phonetics helps the baby learn to distinguish the tones of the voice. When the child begins to babble, the next stage begins. Words and sounds are already being uttered here. After the baby has already learned to speak, a more serious articulation of speech sounds begins.
For adults, the program is much more complex and extensive. Here there is a direction not only for the development of speech, but also for its improvement.
To pronounce sounds
A common problem is the pronunciation of the "R" sound. To eliminate it, you need to practice for ten minutes every day. Of course, it is better to start the fight from childhood. Classes will help the baby's tongue become flexible, mobile, and also contribute to the easy pronunciation of other sounds. It is important, first of all, to come up with a scenario so that the child is interested, and then the game is already on.
1. The essence of the first exercise is to imagine that the baby is riding a horse. You should ask him: "Do you know how she clicks her hooves?" Let the child repeat after the adult the sound of the horse's clattering hooves.
2. The next exercise is a smooth transition from the first. Here the child is already in the poultry yard and sees a turkey. One must ask: “How does this bird talk?” "Bl-Bl-Bl" the baby must repeat after the adult.
Pronunciation of sounds in adults
When trained, good articulation appears. What it is pronounced, others understand perfectly well. There are also special exercises for clear speech.
1. It is necessary to raise your eyebrows, hold on and close your eyes sharply. Then stretch your lips into a tube, and then smile. It helps to control facial muscles.
2. The next task is to move the jaw in different directions. Opening your mouth, you need to start moving your jaw to the right, and then to the left. Then pronounce different syllables, changing the tone of the voice.
3. Then start yawning while making the sounds "AAH", "OHH", "UHH".
4. It is also necessary to recite poems, stories and prose aloud. This helps to develop clarity, because of which the articulation of speech will be beautiful and correct.
Exercises in verse
Articulation - what does it mean? Most likely, when adults and children speak correctly, pronounce sounds, the phonetics are clear and understandable. In this regard, you should learn different verses, tell stories. If classes are held with children, then toys will help to come up with scenes and use them to play the plot. You can arrange concerts at home so that the baby, standing in the center, recites poetry, sings songs, or just communicates with everyone. For adults, this method will also help to relax, train their speech, get rid of many complexes, for example, embarrassment to speak in public. The main thing is to devote a lot of time to classes and have a great desire to speak correctly.
Articulation Etymology.
Comes from lat. articulo - I articulate.
Category.form of motor skills.
Specificity.Coordination of the actions of the speech organs when pronouncing speech sounds. When pronouncing a certain sound, auditory and kinesthetic, or speech-motor, control is realized. The underdevelopment of phonemic hearing (for example, among the hearing impaired) significantly complicates the acquisition of correct articulation.
Conditioning.Articulation is carried out by the speech zones of the cortex and subcortical formations of the brain.
Psychological Dictionary. THEM. Kondakov. 2000 .
ARTICULATION
(from lat. articulo- I articulate) - the joint work of the speech organs necessary for pronouncing the sounds of speech. A. is regulated by the speech zones of the cortex and subcortical formations of the brain. For correct pronunciation of each sound, a certain system of movements of the organs of speech is necessary, which is formed under the influence of auditory and kinesthetic (speech-motor) control over the correctness of pronunciation, carried out by the feedback mechanism. Different languages, with some elements of similarity, also have their own characteristic features, and often similar sounds are articulated differently in different languages (Rus. T, English and German. t; Russian e,uh And e in Western European languages, etc.).
The formation of correct A. is closely related to the development phonemic hearing. Its underdevelopment or general impairment (in the hearing impaired) makes it difficult to master the correct A. Distorted pronunciation of speech sounds can be. due to a violation of the central nervous regulation of the muscles of the speech organs that occur when the lower sections of the postcentral region of the cortex of the left hemisphere are damaged (see Fig. oral apraxia in the article ), as well as due to defects in the articulatory apparatus itself. A.'s disturbances are characteristic of dysarthria.
Big psychological dictionary. - M.: Prime-EVROZNAK. Ed. B.G. Meshcheryakova, acad. V.P. Zinchenko. 2003 .
Synonyms:See what "articulation" is in other dictionaries:
ARTICULATION- (anat.) connection of members. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Pavlenkov F., 1907. ARTICULATION (lat., from articulus segment). 1) articulation of bones, joint. 2) in phonetics: the formation of language sounds and their pronunciation through ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Articulation- Articulation: In linguistics: Articulation (phonetics) (or Method of formation of consonants) Place of formation of consonants In music: Articulation (music) Articulation in music Other: Articulation base Articulation gestures Articulation apparatus ... Wikipedia
articulation- pronunciation, pronunciation Dictionary of Russian synonyms. articulation see pronunciation Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. Practical guide. M.: Russian language. Z. E. Alexandrova ... Synonym dictionary
ARTICULATION- (in communication technology) a measure of the quality of communication systems intended for the transmission of speech information; is determined by the ratio of correctly received elements of speech (sounds, syllables, words, phrases) to all transmitted and is expressed in%. For example, in systems ... ...
ARTICULATION- in music, a way of performing a sequence of sounds on an instrument or voice. The main types of articulation are legato, staccato, portamento, glissando. It is technically connected with the methods of moving the hand (its parts) when holding the bow, hitting the key, and ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
ARTICULATION- (from lat. articulo I dismember) the work of the organs of speech, performed when pronouncing a particular sound; degree of pronunciation... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Articulation- coordination of the action of the speech organs when pronouncing speech sounds, which is carried out by the speech zones of the cortex and subcortical formations of the brain. When pronouncing a certain sound, auditory and kinesthetic, or ... ... Psychological Dictionary
ARTICULATION- ARTICULATION, articulations, female. (lat. articulatio) (ling.). The work of the organs of speech, necessary for the pronunciation of speech sounds. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
ARTICULATION- ARTICULATION, and, for women. In linguistics: the work of the organs of speech when pronouncing a sound. | adj. articulatory, oh, oh. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
ARTICULATION- a method for measuring the quality (intelligibility) of a telephone transmission. The decrease in intelligibility and distortion of telephone transmission are caused by uneven attenuation in the line and devices of sounds of different tones. To determine the amount of distortion, use the method A ... Technical railway dictionary
Books
- Articulation of sounds in a graphic image Buy for 120 UAH (Ukraine only)
- Articulation of sounds in a graphic image. Teaching and demonstration material,. Your attention is offered 46 diagrams, which show the position of the articulatory apparatus during the pronunciation of vowels and consonants (voiced and voiced, hard and soft) sounds. In Russian…
In this article, we will consider the basic concepts related to articulation (the joint work of speech organs necessary for pronouncing speech sounds).
dorsal is called the way in which the tip of the tongue is at the base of the lower teeth. The back of the tongue is arched. The place of articulation is at the tip of the tongue and lower teeth.
Apical called a way in which the tip of the tongue is on the most convex part of the alveoli. The place of articulation is at the tip of the tongue and the convex part of the alveoli.
The place of articulation is where the bow occurs and the sound is born.
Pronunciation- the process of clear and correct sound and intonation design of the utterance.
Articulation- the position and movements of the speech organs, which, in their interaction, pronounce the sounds of the language.
Pronunciation includes concepts such as:
- Intonation (accent, rhythm, timbre, pause, tempo)
- Articulation (organs of speech)
Movable (tongue, lips, soft palate)
Fixed (teeth, alveoli, hard palate)
Features of the construction of the speech apparatus:
- Power mechanism: diaphragm, lungs, trachea, larynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity
- Vibration mechanism: vocal cords
- Resonator: nasal cavity, oral cavity, pharynx
- The mechanism that forms an obstacle to the passage of air: tongue (tip, front, middle, back of the tongue), lips, teeth, soft palate and uvula, hard palate and alveoli.
Rhythm- a combination of stressed and unstressed syllables and the relative speed of their pronunciation.
should be distinguished phrasal stress and logical:
Phrasal stress - in both Russian and English, a number of words lose their stress in a sentence (mostly function words, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns).
Logical stress - unlike phrasal stress, often the main semantic load falls on one word (and even on function words). When the logical stress changes, the sentence changes its purpose, that is, it answers different questions.
The rhythm of English speech is characterized by the fact that stressed syllables follow each other at more or less regular intervals, regardless of the number of unstressed syllables between them, therefore, the more unstressed syllables between two stresses, the faster each of them is pronounced.
In English, two or more stresses are possible within a word, but in Russian only one.
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