D. I. Mendeleev is one of the greatest scientists in the field of natural science, whose name will forever be in the history of science along with the names of Archimedes, M. V. Lomonosov, C. Darwin and others.
The works of D. I. Mendeleev are multifaceted: chemistry, physics, meteorology, metrology, the development of industry, agriculture, shipbuilding, and aeronautics.
“A brilliant chemist, a first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the field of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, in various departments of chemical technology, a deep connoisseur of the chemical industry, a statesman who, unfortunately, was not destined to become a statesman, but who saw and understood the tasks and the future of Russia is better than the representatives of official power. Such was Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev. ”- so wrote in 1922 L. A. Chugaev, professor of chemistry at Petrograd University, author of the first detailed study of the life and career of D. I. Mendeleev.
A bright page in the life of Mendeleev is his work on the organization of the Russian Chemical Society (RCS), which is still the center of scientific thought of the leading chemists of our country. 2008 marks the 140th anniversary of the founding of the RCS.
The object of research is the Russian and All-Union Chemical Society named after V.I. D. I. Mendeleev.
The subject of our research is the study of the activities of D. I. Mendeleev in the creation and work of the RCS, the work of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev, the study of the activities of the Vologda branch of the RHO.
Our goal is to find out the role of the personality of a scientist in the RCS - his organization, formation, collection of local history material on the organization and work of the chemical society.
1. To study the history of the creation of the chemical society, its goals.
2. To study the activities of D. I. Mendeleev in the period from 1860 to 1907 and determine the contribution of D. I. Mendeleev to the creation and organization of the Russian Chemical Society.
3. Collect material about the presidents of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev, the work of the Mendeleev Congresses.
4. To study the work of the Vologda branch of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev.
5. Collect local history material on members of the Russian Chemical Society.
Research methods:
1. Study of literature and archival documents.
2. Literature analysis and work with it.
3. Collection of local history material about members of the Russian and All-Union Society.
Literature analysis
Work on this topic began with the study of literature on the life and work of Mendeleev, published in various years. The analysis of literary and archival sources was based on the following questions:
In what period did the need arise to unite scientists in a chemical society?
Who was at the origins of the creation of the RHO?
What underlies the activities of the RHO?
Did political events influence the work of the RCS during that period and now?
We managed to find and read a unique edition - A. Arkhangelsky's book of 1907 - "Mendeleev, his scientific and social activities." This book was published in Bryansk and is dedicated to the memory of D. I. Mendeleev, compiled according to his speech at a meeting of the Warsaw circle of teachers of physics and mathematics. The income from the sale of this publication went to the construction of a monument to the great chemist. The author shows the versatility of the activities of the great scientist, who achieved world recognition during his lifetime.
In 1951, the youngest daughter of D. I. Mendeleev, Maria Dmitrievna, published the Archive of D. I. Mendeleev, which contains bibliographic notes compiled by the scientist himself at the end of his life. In them, Mendeleev singled out work, trips; remembered where his articles were published, right down to the pages. What he considered most important is underlined = or ≡. That. Mendeleev left behind a whole archive (55 volumes), the results of his life, in which a brief and clear assessment of each of his works is given. Mendeleev himself said on this occasion: "The one who will write my biography will thank me."
The next book that helped us in studying the topic is “Chronicle of the life and work of D. I. Mendeleev”. It reproduces the main events of the life and work of D. I. Mendeleev. These archival documents helped us to restore the chronology of the works of D. I. Mendeleev and his personal attitude to certain issues.
Since the creation of the Russian Chemical Society dates back to those years of the scientist’s life, when he worked at St. Petersburg University (and this is 40 years of his life), where he received his education, went from Privatdozent to Honored Professor, where his laboratory and apartment were located, where the first organizational meeting of the Russian Chemical Society was held, then when the book by A. A. Makaren and I. N. Filimonova “D. I. Mendeleev and St. Petersburg University”, we simply had to study it. She helped to assess the political situation of that time, the attitude of officials to science. The period of formation of the RHO is also indicated here.
On the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the Periodic Law and the Russian Chemical Society in 1947, the publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences published a book covering this event. The collection includes the main materials of the ceremonial meetings, reports of leading scientists A. A. Baikov, A. E. Fersman, A. F. Ioffe, A. I. Lazarev, V. V. Kozlov. Books by Professor V.V. Kozlov “Essays on the history of chemical societies of the USSR”, in 1958 edition
Academy of Sciences of the USSR - "All-Union Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev", is a huge work on the study of chemical societies, including the Russian Chemical Society, created by Mendeleev. It covers such sections as "Organization of the Russian Chemical Society", "Public and scientific and technical activities of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society", "Work of the All-Union Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev", "Scientific and technical conferences, meetings, symposiums " and etc.
In these literary sources, we gleaned information about the outstanding figures of the RCS, the history of the creation of the journal of the society.
To study the activities of the Vologda branch of the All-Union Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev, we analyzed the materials of the local archive, which helped our research on the fact of the importance of the chemical society in the modern world, had the opportunity to personally talk with the chairman of the Vologda branch of the chemical society, I. A. Podolny.
When collecting material about the vice-president of the Russian Chemical Society L. Chugaev, we turned to the archives of the Gryazovets Museum of Local Lore and the Spaso-Obnorsky Monastery.
To study the work of the Mendeleev congresses, we worked out a selection of journals, a conversation with participants in the XI and XII congresses, and collected photographic material.
To collect data on the presidents of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev used the Internet search engine.
3. Emergence and formation of the chemical society in Russia
3. 1 Organization and development of the Russian Chemical Society
“Chemical scientific societies and unions are voluntary associations of persons engaged in scientific research in the field of chemistry and chemical technology, teaching these sciences, working at chemical industry enterprises and in factory laboratories, as well as persons who, regardless of their profession, contribute to the progress of chemistry and are interested in it. successes” is the definition of chemical societies in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
Chemical scientific societies and unions began to emerge only in the first half of the 19th century. influenced by the industrial revolution. Prior to this, mutual communication between chemists was carried out through personal contacts, correspondence, reading reports in the academies of sciences and scientific societies of the natural sciences. There were also informal meetings of chemists (for example, at A. L. Lavoisier in 1770-90). The first was the Physico-Chemical Society, founded in 1807 (according to other sources, in 1805) by C. L. Berthollet and P. S. Laplace in the Paris suburb of Arceuil. It consisted of about 20 members, among whom were J. B. Biot, J. L. Gay-lussac, A. Humboldt, O. P. Decandol, P. L. Dulong, E, L. Malus, S. D, Poisson , L. J. Tenor and others. After the restoration of the Bourbons, the society was closed as a "hotbed of Bonapartism." The basic principles of the activity of this society - a comprehensive discussion of scientific works before their publication, complete freedom of expression, responsibility of authors for the facts and conclusions they report - remained guiding for the chemical societies that arose later. The oldest of the chemical societies: London (1841), Paris (1857, from 1907 - the French Chemical Society), German (1867), Russian (1868) and American (1876).
In 1857, D. I. Mendeleev prepared an article for publication in which he spoke in favor of “sociability” in science, about the role of scientific societies in strengthening this trend; development of sciences. “Publicity and mutual communication is all the more necessary in the matter of science, where nothing is decided by the arbitrariness of man, where only one truth reigns,” the scientist wrote.
On January 4, 1868, a group of members of the chemical section of the congress passed a resolution on the need to unite Russian chemists into a chemical society. Among them were D. I. Mendeleev, N. A. Menshutkin, V. V. Markovnikov, A. A. Voskresensky, A. P. Borodin, A. N. Engelgardt, F. R. Vreden. These scientists read out the following statement: “The Chemistry Section declared a unanimous desire to unite in the Chemical Society for the communication of the already established forces of Russian chemists. The section believes that this society will have members in all the cities of Russia, and that its publication will include the works of Russian chemists, printed in Russian. The section asks to apply for the establishment of the Russian Chemical Society.
The charter of the RCS was drawn up by a meeting of chemists at Mendeleev's apartment.
On February 1, 1868, D. I. Mendeleev read out the draft Charter of the Russian Chemical Society (RCS) at a meeting of the commission for the organization of the society. On February 15, 1868, the Charter was approved at a meeting of founding members, and on February 17 it was discussed at a meeting of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.
On September 19, 1868, D. I. Mendeleev, at the final organizational meeting of the RCS, sets out the opinion of the Ministry of Public Education on the Charter of the Society.
On November 6 (November 18), 1868, the first organizational meeting of the Russian Chemical Society took place. In the old chemical auditorium of St. Petersburg University, the RCS gathered "with the aim of promoting the success of all parts of chemistry and disseminating chemical knowledge."
The chairman of the first meeting was D. I. Mendeleev. Starting its activities, the RCS expressed its gratitude to D. I. Mendeleev and N. A. Menshutkin for their work in organizing the association of Russian chemists. At the first meeting of the RCS, D. I. Mendeleev was elected to the commission to prepare the publication of the Society's journal. N. N. Zinin became the President of the Society.
By December 4, 1869, the first annual list included 60 members of the Russian Chemical Society, of which 42 people from St. Petersburg, 7 from Kazan, 3 from Moscow, 2 from Kiev, one person each from Kharkov, Warsaw, Vilna, Dankov Ryazan province (see attachments).
In accordance with § 2 of the Charter of the Society, admission to membership was limited, since it provided for the involvement in the Society of only persons involved in the teaching of chemistry, or persons with a handwritten or printed work on chemistry.
On December 5, 1868, the second meeting of the RCS took place, where D. I. Mendeleev made a report on the estimate for the publication of the RCS magazine.
In May 1869, the first issue of the "Journal of the Russian Chemical Society" was published with an article by D. I. Mendeleev "The relationship of properties with the atomic weight of elements."
On May 3, 1876, D. I. Mendeleev, together with a number of scientists, signed the Charter of the new United Russian Physical and Chemical Society (RFCS).
On April 19, 1878, the first meeting of the united Russian Physical and Chemical Society (RFCS) took place. F. F. Petrushevsky became its chairman. D. I. Mendeleev made a report “On the device of balances assigned for the production of experiments on gases”.
In the period 1868-1917, the society consisted mainly of professors and teachers of higher educational institutions and very few industrial workers (10-12%). The number of members of the society in 1869 was 60 people. (129 in 1879, 237 in 1889, 293 in 1899, 364 in 1909, 565 in 1917).
So, the period of organization of the chemical society goes on for more than 10 years. By the middle of the 19th century, St. Petersburg was the scientific center. The bulk of the scientists who made up the core of the RCS worked in this city. Among them are N. N. Zinin, D. I. Mendeleev, A. M. Butlerov, A. A. Voskresensky, A. P. Borodin, N. A. Menshutkin. All these scientists have made a huge contribution to the development of domestic science. It should be noted that only those people who still possessed organizational and diplomatic skills could unite scientists together, resist the pressure of the tsarist regime, and legalize their activities. By that time, D. I. Mendeleev was a little over thirty years old. Probably, his youth, vitality, organizational skills helped to overcome all difficulties, and the formation of the society took place.
3. 2 Eminent Persons of the Chemical Society
The organization of activities is unthinkable without management, which is responsible for the work of the society, directs it, selects speeches and reports, and determines the topics of meetings. Scientific activity and the organization of society depended on the leadership. Therefore, first of all, their authority in scientific circles and organizational abilities were evaluated. The chairmen of the departments of chemistry and physics were elected in turn as presidents of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. The assistant to the president was the chosen clerk of the Society, and since 1901 - the chosen vice-president. The appendix lists in chronological order the presidents of the Society and the years of their activity.
Having studied the composition and leadership of the Russian Chemical Society, we came to the conclusion that these scientists raised science to a high level, increased the glory of our country in the scientific world.
3. 3 Speeches by D. I. Mendeleev at the meetings of the RCS
A prominent place in the activities of D. I. Mendeleev was occupied by questions of the organization of science. The period of his life from 1868 to 1890 was full of research activities. He himself experiments a lot, works with students, young scientists, is an example for them. It was during this period that the rise of chemical science was noted. The RHO was the center of scientific thought. It should be noted that D. I. Mendeleev raised the authority of the chemical society. It was he who, for the most part, introduced the RCS members to the works of foreign scientists, reported the results of his experiments, and discussed them. The speeches of D. I. Mendeleev are very multifaceted, they refer not only to different branches of chemistry, but also include works on physics and mineralogy. At meetings of the society, D. I. Mendeleev pays much attention to the development of agriculture and industrial issues. It is he who activates the scientific work of the society, is an example for young scientists, for whom it was an honor to defend themselves at the meetings of the RCS.
Mendeleev presented all his works and experiments at meetings of the RCS. Having studied the archive and chronicle of the life of the scientist, we have selected the most striking speeches of D. I. Mendeleev at the meetings of the RCS (see attachments).
After working through a selection of speeches, we identified the topics that D. I. Mendeleev paid the main attention to:
1. Natural system of chemical elements.
2. Water and alcohol-containing solutions.
3. Crystal hydrates.
4. Nature of peroxides.
5. Oil, its origin and methods of distillation.
6. Elasticity, compressibility, expansion of gases.
7. Measurement system. Hydrogen and oil metric thermometers.
8. Production of individual substances in industry.
Many meetings of the Society were devoted to the analysis of studies of various minerals, in particular, various shoulder straps of Baku oil, gases and deposits.
The greatest rise in the scientific thought of the scientist falls on the period of his work at St. Petersburg University and his work as president of the Russian Chemical Society, that is, the 70s and 80s of the 19th century. D. I. Mendeleev in his speeches paid great attention to two sciences: chemistry and physics. Before the unification, his speeches were duplicated at the Department of Chemistry and the Department of Physics. Probably, this served to unite the chemical and physical societies into one - the Russian Physical and Chemical Society.
We see that D. I. Mendeleev at the meetings of the RCS always informed about various discoveries in the field of chemistry, promoted young scientists, helped industrialists in the development of the production of substances.
3.4 Public and scientific activities of the RFHO
The first official scientific meeting of the Russian Chemical Society was held on November 6, 1868 under the chairmanship of D. I. Mendeleev. From that day on, RCS meetings were held regularly on the first Thursdays of each month (except for the three summer vacation months) and always began at 7:00 a.m. 30 min. evenings.
Meetings were canceled only for very important reasons. So, for example, the meeting on February 7, 1880 did not take place due to the death of N. N. Zinin and A. A. Voskresensky. In January 1905, a few days after the mass execution of workers on January 9, meetings of the departments of physics and chemistry were canceled in protest.
In the first year of the existence of the Society (1869), 9 meetings were held. They presented 84 scientific reports and statements about interesting, new research, discoveries, which were reflected in the pages of the Society's journal. Members of the society took part in the work of congresses, got acquainted with the works of foreign scientists.
A major achievement of the Chemical Society was the creation of the Society's library, which was founded in 1877. The library organized a wide exchange of publications with foreign societies, institutions and publishing houses. Starting the organization of the Chemical Society, Russian chemists assumed that its first task should be the creation of an independent chemical journal. From the very first days of its official activity, the RCS initiated a petition for the publication of a journal in accordance with § 8 of the Society's charter. At a meeting on March 6, 1869, the clerk of the society, N. A. Menshutkin, reported that on February 10, permission had been received from the Main Directorate for Press Affairs to publish the journal. April 3, 1869 - The 1st issue of the LRHO was presented to the Society. In 1869, 9 issues were published. Since 1872, at the suggestion of Mendeleev, the minutes of meetings and scientific works of members of the physical society began to be published in the journal, in 1878. transformed into the "Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society". On March 27, 1924, the President of the English Chemical Society, William Palmer Winney, said: “Try to get to know the Russian language enough to gain access to that treasury of values \u200b\u200bthat is called the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society. Such a statement speaks of the enormous popularity and respect for the RHO magazine.
4. All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev
4. 1. The main goals and objectives of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev
The All-Union Chemical Scientific Society named after D. I. Mendeleev was administered by the All-Union Council of Scientific and Technical Societies (VSNTO) under the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU). It was organized in 1932 by decree of the VI Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry as a voluntary association of chemists, scientists, engineers, technicians, teachers, workers - innovators of production, regardless of their departmental affiliation. The All-Union Chemical Society is the successor to the Russian Chemical Society.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the number of members of the society increased sharply, the content, form and volume of its work changed. The main thing in his activity was: attracting chemists and other specialists, young students and advanced workers to scientific and technical creativity, improving socialist production; all-round advanced training of workers in science and industry: propaganda of the successes of chemistry among the broad masses of working people. To unite and develop the creative initiative and social activities of the members of the chemical society, to develop topical complex scientific and technical issues, to prepare conferences, meetings and other events, scientific, technical and specialized sections, committees, commissions and teams work under the central and local boards of the society. Public universities of technological progress have gained great popularity, increasing the scientific and technical knowledge of members. Together with the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and other organizations, the society holds Mendeleev congresses on general and applied chemistry. From 1907 (in St. Petersburg) to 1981 (in Baku) there were 12 such congresses. Leading chemists of the country and foreign scientists made presentations at the congresses. The Chemical Society organizes competitions for scientific and production-technical works of its members. Since 1965, the Presidium of the Chemical Society, together with the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, has been awarding the D. I. Mendeleev Gold Medal through competitions for work in the field of chemical sciences and technology of great theoretical or practical importance. The Presidium of the Chemical Society, together with the sectoral ministries and trade unions, annually reviews the implementation of plans for the introduction of scientific and technological achievements in the national economy and measures to improve the technical level, quality and reliability of chemical products. In the period of 70-80 years. The chemical society included 86 local branches (boards) in the republics and large cities of the USSR, which numbered about 320,000 members and over 140,000 young chemists - secondary school students.
2. Presidents of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev
Having studied the literature, we noticed that the Soviet period of the work of the country's leading chemists is not fully represented. In the publication "Russian professors. Chemical Sciences. ”represents the period 18 - early 20th century. In the reference book "Who's Who in Russian Chemistry", issued by the Russian Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev, the modern period is presented. The most difficult period of the RHO them. Mendeleev - 90s is not presented anywhere. Information concerning the work of the Vologda branch, we gleaned from archival materials. Below is a brief summary of the collected material about the presidents of the Soviet period of the WMO.
Bakh Alexei Nikolaevich (5 (17). 3. 1857, Zolotonosha, Poltava region, - 13. 5. 1946, Moscow), Soviet scientist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Founder of the school of Soviet biochemists. From 1875 he studied at Kiev University, from which in 1878. for participation in political speeches of students was expelled and exiled for 3 years to Belozersk. Upon his return to Kyiv, he joined the organization "Narodnaya Volya". Since 1883 he lived illegally, carried out revolutionary work in Yaroslavl, Kazan. From 1885 he lived in exile in France, the USA (1891-92), Switzerland and was engaged in scientific activities. In 1917 he returned to Russia. In 1918 he organized the Central Chemical Laboratory under the Supreme Council of National Economy of the RSFSR, which was later transformed into the Institute of Physics and Chemistry. L. Ya. Karpov, whose director he was until the end of his life. From 1928 he headed the All-Union Association of Science and Technology Workers. In 1935, together with A. I. Oparin, he organized the Institute of Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, was its director (in 1944 the institute was named after Bach). Since 1935, President of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev. In 1939-45. Academician-Secretary of the Department of Chemical Sciences of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
Favorsky Alexey Evgrafovich (20. 2 (3. 3). 1860, Pavlovo, Gorky region, - 8. 8. 1945, Leningrad), Soviet organic chemist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929; corresponding member 1922), Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1945). In 1882 he graduated from St. Petersburg University, where he worked for D. I. Mendeleev and A. M. Butlerov. Since 1896, professor at St. Petersburg University, he also worked at the Leningrad Institute of Chemical Technology and at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, where he was the first director (1934-38) of the Institute of Organic Chemistry, created on his initiative. Major works in the field of chemistry of unsaturated organic compounds. In 1900-05, while studying the condensation of acetylenic hydrocarbons with ketones under the influence of caustic potash, Favorsky discovered a new method for the synthesis of tertiary acetylenic alcohols. A. E. Favorsky created one of the schools of Soviet organic chemists. The works of Favorsky and his students in the field of unsaturated compounds were the theoretical basis for the industrial synthesis of rubber in the USSR. In 1941, A. E. Favorsky was awarded the State Prize of the USSR (1941). Awarded 4 orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and medals. In 1919, vice-president of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev, from 1935 to 1937. - President of the Leningrad Research Chemical Society.
Dubinin Mikhail Mikhailovich - President of the All-Russian Art Organization named after A.I. D. I. Mendeleev from 1946 -1950 developed the theory of diffusion of electrolytes, his works are of great importance for the purification of gases and their separation.
Rodionov Vladimir Mikhailovich (1878-1954) - President of the WMO from 1950 to 1954. , Professor of the Chemical-Technological Institute. D. I. Mendeleev.
Knunyants Ivan Lyudvigovich - President of the WHO from 1954 to 1956. and editor-in-chief of the Journal of the VHO named after D. I. Mendeleev, editor-in-chief of the Chemical Encyclopedia.
Losev Ivan Platonovich (1878-1963) - President of the WMO from 1956 to 1963. , at Moscow Institute of Technology, he headed the Department of High Molecular Technologies.
Volfkovich Semyon Isaakovich (11 (23), 10. 1896 - 12. 11. 1980) was born in Ananiev, Kherson province, now Odessa region, Soviet chemist and technologist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). In 1920 Graduated from the Moscow Institute of National Economy. Professor at the Moscow Institute of National Economy and the Moscow Higher Technical School (since 1929), the Military Academy of Chemical Protection (since 1932), Moscow University (since 1946). Author of works on the processing of Khibiny apatites, Karatau phosphorites and other types of raw materials, on the technology of obtaining concentrated and complex fertilizers, fodder for livestock. Volfkovich participated in the creation of the mineral fertilizer industry in the USSR, in the chemicalization of agriculture. Since 1937, S. I. Volfkovich has been a member of the presidium, and since 1963. until 1980, President of the All-Union Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev. He was awarded 3 orders of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and medals, the State Prize of the USSR in 1941. , in 1967 - a gold medal to them. D. I. Mendeleev for a series of works on the chemistry of phosphates and the development of obtaining concentrated fertilizers, a gold medal to them. M. V. Lomonosov for the development of scientific foundations for the chemicalization of agriculture in 1976. "Keep your finger on the pulse of life!" - such was the requirement of S. I. Volfkovich to everyone who worked with him.
Fokin Alexander Vasilyevich was born on 13(26). 8. 1912. in Kizyl-Arvat, Turkmen SSR, Soviet organic chemist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1974; corresponding member 1968). After graduating from the Military Academy of Chemical Defense (1935), he worked as a process engineer in the chemical industry; in 1941-47 in the Sov. Army. From 1947 he worked at the Military Academy of Chemical Defense (in 1959-1970 he was the head of the department). Head of the Laboratory of the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1974). He is one of the authors of the modern method of concentration and storage of fragmented radioactive isotopes. Author of more than 250 published works and 150 inventions, many of which have been implemented in industry. He was awarded the Order of the October Revolution, 4 other orders, as well as medals. Since 1980, for ten years he was the President of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev.
The 1990s were difficult not only for the WMO, but for the whole country. The period of perestroika, when ideals collapse, when science fades not only into the background, but much further, it is very difficult for scientific societies to resist at such a time. Many regional chemical societies cease their work due to the termination of funding. So it happened with the Vologda Chemical Society. The renewal period was very difficult, but still the chemical society exists and it pleases.
4. 3 Mendeleev congresses.
The Mendeleev Congresses, which have been held in our country since 1907, play an important role in uniting domestic chemists and in mobilizing scientists to solve problems in chemistry. In this chapter, we will present information about 4 congresses - the first and three more: X, XI, XII - the delegate of which was I.A. D. I. Mendeleev, who kindly shared information and impressions with us.
The First Mendeleev Congress was held from December 19 to 30, with the exception of December 25, 27, 28. in the regional library. Babushkin, the diary of the First Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry, published in 1907, has been preserved, the pages of which we happened to leaf through. 1008 people took part in the work. On December 20, in memory of D. I. Mendeleev, the following reports were presented:
1. V. E. Tishchenko “Brief bibliographic essay by D. I. Mendeleev”.
2. D. P. Konovalov "General review of the scientific works of D. I. Mendeleev."
3. N. N. Beketov "The meaning of the periodic law."
4. BF Brauner "On the periodic system in connection with the question of rare earths".
In the lists of delegates of the First Mendeleev Congress, we found Vladimir Konstantinovich Yeltsov, a teacher of natural science at the male gymnasium of the Vologda province.
The 10th Mendeleev Congress (anniversary) was held in 1969 in Leningrad and was dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the discovery of the Periodic Law. At the congress, reports were heard on the periodic system and the synthesis of new elements, quantum mechanics, the significance of the periodic law for modern chemistry. An interesting detail is described by the delegate of this congress, I. A. Podolny, in his book of memoirs: “Outstanding chemists of the world have gathered. By tradition, at the Mendeleev Congresses, the best scientific work is awarded the Gold Medal and the Mendeleev Diploma. That year it was awarded to Academician Nikolai Mikhailovich Zhavoronkov. The awarded person is given the right to a twenty-minute report. Having finished his speech, Nikolai Mikhailovich asked the delegates of the Mendeleev Congress for permission to invite one of the guests to the stage. An old man of very advanced years got up from the hall. Nikolai Mikhailovich introduced him to the audience: "This is my school teacher, who made me fall in love with chemistry. I want to give him my Gold Medal as a token of gratitude along with the best wishes of health and long life!" The audience stood up and gave a standing ovation to the School Teacher. Academicians and corresponding members, professors and associate professors, engineers and researchers, all foreign guests applauded. Everyone at this time remembered their teachers. The touched old man said only one phrase: " For the sake of this it was worth living".
The XI Mendeleev Congress was held in Alma-Ata in 1975 from 22 to 27 September. The congress was attended by about 3,000 representatives of chemical science and industry, employees of academies of sciences, universities. At this congress, reports were presented by the leaders of a number of industries: chemical, oil refining, non-ferrous metallurgy. At this congress, the main directions for the development of the national economy for 1976-1980 were proposed, which were approved at the XXV Congress of the CPSU. WHO President D. I. Mendeleev Academician A. V. Fokin presented the gold medal to them. D. I. Mendeleev to Academician G. G. Devyatykh for outstanding achievements in the field of chemistry and technology of highly pure substances.
19 sections worked within the framework of the congress, 4900 people made presentations. 15 foreign scientists participated in the congress. Professor P. Savich (SFRY) said: "I call on all scientists to program only the peaceful results of their scientific research. Meetings such as the current forum on hospitable Azerbaijan soil strengthen our efforts in the interests of peoples' security and progress."
5. RHO on the Vologda land
5. 1 Vologda Branch of the All-Union Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev
The work of the Vologda branch of the D. I. Mendeleev All-Union Art Organization was organized from 1969 to 1992. In March 1969, a joint scientific conference of the departments of the Pedagogical Institute (VSPI), the North-Western Polytechnic Institute (NWPI), the Dairy Institute (VMI), dedicated to the memory of D. I. Mendeleev, was held in Vologda. In June 1969, a founding conference was held to establish a branch of the All-Union Chemical Society (VHO) in the Vologda Oblast. I. A. Podolny, Associate Professor of the Department of Chemistry, VGPI, was elected Chairman. Representatives of all universities of the Vologda region were elected as members of the board:
L. A. Korobeynikova, Yu. G. Sazhinov, Yu. D. Shevkoplyas, R. A. Paramonova,
Z. V. Kireeva.
The Vologda branch of the WMO included engineering and technical personnel of factories, representatives of the departments of pedagogical, polytechnical, dairy institutes in Vologda and Cherepovets. On January 1, 1971, in the Vologda branch of the All-Russian Art Organization named after. D. I. Mendeleev consisted of 286 people.
The main activities of VO VHO im. D. I. Mendeleev:
1. Participation in the discussion of all chemical industries in the Vologda region.
2. Ecological, economic discussion of projects. Examination of a number of chemical projects.
The ban on the construction of a plant for the destruction of chemical warfare agents in the Sukhona.
Construction in Cherepovets workshop for the disposal of mercury lamps.
3. Research activities.
Protection of metals from corrosion.
Testing of new types of inhibitors, their effect on the strength properties of steels under low-cycle loading.
Wastewater treatment in the production of ammonia with sodium hypochlorite.
Installation and testing of a biochemical plant for dephenolization of wastewater.
4. Conducting regional seminars, conferences, work with periodicals.
During 1969-1970, a number of conferences dedicated to the memory of D. I. Mendeleev were held, exhibitions and stands were organized. The regional newspaper "Krasny Sever" published materials about D. I. Mendeleev.
On June 10-11, 1977, a regional scientific and practical conference dedicated to the memory of L. A. Chugaev was held.
Conducting regional reviews on the topics:
"Development of new and improvement of existing methods of technical control in chemical industries."
"Chemical technologies and environmental protection".
5. Work with personnel - assistance in studies, preparation of dissertations.
6. Conducting chemical Olympiads - from school to republican; preparing students for the olympiads.
The authority of the Vologda Chemical Society was high. By 1981, the organization had 950 members. And this is all thanks to the organizational skills, initiative, inexhaustible activity of the permanent chairman of the society, Professor of the Department of Chemistry - Isaak Abramovich Podolny.
Isaac Abramovich Podolny. Chairman of the Vologda Branch of the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev from 1969 to 1991
For his active work, he was repeatedly awarded certificates of honor, twice - the D. I. Mendeleev medal, the L. A. Chugaev medal; was a delegate of five Mendeleev congresses.
The work of the chemical society has always depended on the political situation in the country. So it was during the work of D. I. Mendeleev, so it is now. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, many structures collapsed. The Vologda branch of the D. I. Mendeleev All-Union Art Organization did not survive either. On January 10, 1992, a meeting of the Presidium of the VO named after D. I. Mendeleev met, which issued a decision to stop work due to the termination of funding and the exit of primary organizations from the society. Apparently, there was no other such a bright personality as I. A. Podolny, who by that time had retired. “Will the chemical society be revived again on the Vologda land?” - we turned to Isaac Abramovich with such a question. "Let's hope. Rather, it must be revived, because in the Vologda region there are one of the largest chemical industries - Cherepovets plants: Ammofos, Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant, Metallurgical Plant - I. A. Podolny expressed his hope.
Isaac Abramovich kindly presented us with his awards, which he was awarded as chairman of the Vologda branch of the WMO. (See attachments). The Vologda Art Gallery holds two unique works by artists Rundaltsov and Mate - portraits of D. I. Mendeleev, which were discovered by I. A. Podolny.
5. 2 Life and work of L. A. Chugaev (1873-1922), vice-president of the Russian Chemical Society, on the Vologda land
In this chapter, I would like to note the activities of the representative of the leadership of the RCS - L.A. Chugaev, who was vice-president of the chemical society after the death of D.I. Mendeleev, in 1913. , 1918-1920
Vice-President of the Society (1913, 1918-1920), Secretary of the First Mendeleev Congress. Professor of Chemistry, Petrograd University. L. A. Chugaev developed the theory of complex compounds. Subsequently, the Institute for the Study of Platinum was formed at the Academy of Sciences, headed by Chugaev.
The name of this scientist is associated with research work on the study of local history material. The last years of L. A. Chugaev’s life were spent in the Vologda region, and he was buried in the territory of the Gryazovetsky district. We have collected local history material, found and visited the grave of L. A. Chugaev, which is located on the territory of the Spaso-Troitsky Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery.
In 1918, L.A. Chugaev brought his wife and children to the Vologda region, who, due to the difficult life in St. Petersburg and the illness of their son, came to relatives in the village. Yunosheskoye, Gryazovetsky district. In addition, Chugaev wanted to organize a soap production here, since there was a high level of lice. During the period from 1918 to 1922 L. A. Chugaev came to the Vologda region three times. During these years he lectured at the Vologda Pedagogical Institute. In 1922, L. A. Chugaev contracted typhus and died at the Dikaya station in the Vologda region. He was buried on the territory of the Spaso-Troitsky Pavlo-Obnorsky Monastery in the village. Yunoshesky Gryazovetsky district. In the early 1950s, Pavel Nikolaevich Karelin, Dean of the Faculty of Natural Geography, then Vice-Rector of the Vologda Pedagogical Institute, organized with students the search for the grave of L. A. Chugaev. P. A. Karelin wrote a letter to the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences with a request to allocate money for the monument. A commemorative medal was cast in Leningrad. Cherepovets sculptors husband and wife Kontareva erected a monument. While the school existed in Youthful, students looked after the grave, and then the servants of the monastery. We go there every year too. (see photos in attachments)
Conclusion
November 6, 1868 (November 18) in the old chemical auditorium of St. Petersburg University, under the chairmanship of D. I. Mendeleev, the first general meeting of the newly established Russian Chemical Society took place.
Thus began the glorious activity of the Russian Chemical Society. The merits of the Society in the development of chemistry and the chemical industry in our country over the entire period of its existence are invaluable. It has become the world's largest organization of chemists, the center of chemical personnel in our country. At meetings of numerous local branches of the society, the results of a huge number of experimental and theoretical studies, questions related to the development of the chemical industry and the organization of new chemical industries were discussed. Starting in 1869, the society's journals published the largest studies of Russian and Soviet chemists, which glorified domestic science.
The society and its local branches did a great job during the Patriotic War. Many of its members took up defense research. Local branches of the RCS contributed to the organization of studies of temporarily evacuated research institutes and universities. Important research included the search for new types of industrial raw materials, cheap and nutritious feed for livestock, etc.
In our research work, based on literary sources, we examined the history of the creation of the chemical society, the contribution of D. I. Mendeleev to the organization and work of the RCS, presented materials and memoirs of the participants in the Mendeleev congresses, reproduced the work of the Vologda branch on the basis of archival documents. We have collected local history material about a member of the RCS L.A. Chugaev, so we believe that we have fulfilled the tasks set for ourselves. D. I. Mendeleev was aware of his responsibility as the greatest scientist of his time - both for the fate of Russian science as a whole, in all areas, and for the development of the productive forces of his native country, the path of which he saw with the utmost clarity.
D. I. Mendeleev played a leading role both in the creation and in the development of the activities of the chemical society throughout his life. Not a single outstanding event in the field of chemical sciences passed by society. RFHO turned out to be the strongest influence on the development of all branches of chemical science, not only in Russia, but also abroad. By right, the WMO bears the name of D. I. Mendeleev, his inspirer and organizer. The middle of the 19th century was also not calm politically, but why did scientists find the strength and desire to unite in such a difficult time, while in our democratic time, on the contrary, there is a disintegration? Maybe there are no such great scientists as D. I. Mendeleev was? I would very much like to hope that the work of the chemical society will be in demand in the Vologda region, and there will be organizers of this business.
A scientific society of students “Illumination” operates in our school, and a school scientific conference is held annually, at which there are also works dedicated to D. I. Mendeleev. This year, a week of chemistry dedicated to the life and work of D. I. Mendeleev was held, a booklet was designed. This will be our small contribution to the development of the school chemical society.
Chemical Society named after D. I. Mendeleev All-Union Scientific Society. It is administered by the All-Union Council of Scientific and Technical Societies (VSNTO) under the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU). Organized in 1932 by decree of the VI Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry as a voluntary association of chemists - scientists, engineers, technicians, teachers, workers - innovators of production, regardless of their departmental affiliation. The Chemical Society is the successor to the Russian Chemical Society, founded at St. Petersburg University in 1868 by decision of the meeting of the chemical department of the 1st Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors and transformed in 1878 into the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. The Charter of the Russian Chemical Society was drawn up with the active participation of D. I. Mendeleev and N. A. Menshutkin. N. N. Zinin was elected the first president of the Russian Chemical Society; N. A. Menshutkin was the editor of the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society (renamed in 1879 the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society) from 1869 to 1900. In the period 1868-1917, the society consisted mainly of professors and teachers of higher educational institutions and very few industrial workers (10-12%). The number of members of the society in 1869 was 60 people. (129 in 1879, 237 in 1889, 293 in 1899, 364 in 1909, 565 in 1917). The presidents of the society were A. M. Butlerov (1878-82), D. I. Mendeleev (1883-84, 1891-92, 1894), and other prominent chemists. D. I. Mendeleev, N. A. Menshutkin, D. P. Konovalov, M. G. Kucherov and others made scientific reports in the society.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the number of members of the society increased sharply, the content, form and volume of its work changed. The main thing in his activity was: attracting chemists and other specialists, young students and advanced workers to scientific and technical creativity, improving socialist production; all-round advanced training of workers in science and industry: propaganda of the successes of chemistry among the broad masses of working people. To unite and develop the creative initiative and social activities of the members of the chemical society, to develop topical complex scientific and technical issues, to prepare conferences, meetings and other events, scientific, technical and specialized sections, committees, commissions and teams work under the central and local boards of the society. Public universities of technical progress, increasing the scientific and technical knowledge of members of the chemical society, have gained great popularity. Together with the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and other organizations, the Society holds Mendeleev Congresses on General and Applied Chemistry. There were II such congresses from 1907 (in St. Petersburg) to 1975 (in Alma-Ata). Reports at the congresses were made by: A. E. Arbuzov, A. N. Bakh. N. D. Zelinsky, N. S. Kurnakov, L. D. Landau, N. N. Semenov, A. E. Fersman, V. G. Khlopin, and others. scientists, as well as foreign scientists F. Joliot-Curie, G. Seaborg, R. Robinson, S. Hinshelwood, A. Todd, and others. Proceedings of the Mendeleev Congresses are published in the form of collections. The Chemical Society also convenes thematic conferences, symposiums, meetings, organizes discussions, many of which are organized with the participation of other interested scientific and economic institutions.
The Chemical Society organizes competitions for scientific, production and technical works of its members. Since 1965, the Presidium of the Chemical Society, together with the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, has been awarding a gold medal to them in competitions. D. I. Mendeleev for works in the field of chemical sciences and technology of great theoretical or practical importance. The Presidium of the Chemical Society, together with the sectoral ministries and trade unions, annually reviews the implementation of plans for the introduction of scientific and technological achievements in the national economy and measures to improve the technical level, quality and reliability of chemical products.
S. I. LEVCHENKOV
BRIEF OUTLINE OF THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY
Textbook for students of the Faculty of Chemistry of the Russian State University
RUSSIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY
The Russian Chemical Society is a scientific organization founded at St. Petersburg University in 1868 and was a voluntary association of Russian chemists.
The need to create the Society was announced at the 1st Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors, held in St. Petersburg in late December 1867 - early January 1868. At the Congress, the decision of the participants in the Chemical Section was announced:
The Chemistry Section declared a unanimous desire to unite in the Chemical Society for the communication of the already established forces of Russian chemists. The section believes that this society will have members in all cities of Russia, and that its publication will include the works of all Russian chemists, printed in Russian..
By this time, chemical societies had already been established in several European countries: the London Chemical Society (1841), the Chemical Society of France (1857), the German Chemical Society (1867); The American Chemical Society was founded in 1876.
The charter of the Russian Chemical Society, drawn up mainly by D. I. Mendeleev, was approved by the Ministry of Education on October 26, 1868, and the first meeting of the Society was held on November 6, 1868. Initially, it included 35 chemists from St. Petersburg, Kazan, Moscow, Warsaw , Kiev, Kharkov and Odessa. The first President of the RCS was N. N. Zinin, the secretary was N. A. Menshutkin. Members of the society paid membership fees (10 rubles per year), the admission of new members was carried out only on the recommendation of three existing ones. In the first year of its existence, the RCS grew from 35 to 60 members and continued to grow smoothly in subsequent years (129 in 1879, 237 in 1889, 293 in 1899, 364 in 1909, 565 in in 1917).
In 1869, the Russian Chemical Society got its own printed organ - the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society (ZhRHO); the magazine was published 9 times a year (monthly, except for the summer months). The editor of the ZhRHO from 1869 to 1900 was N. A. Menshutkin, and from 1901 to 1930 - A. E. Favorsky.
In 1878, the RCS merged with the Russian Physical Society (founded in 1872) to form the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. The first Presidents of RFHO were A. M. Butlerov (in 1878-1882) and D. I. Mendeleev (in 1883-1887). In connection with the merger, in 1879 (from the 11th volume) the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society was renamed into the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. The periodicity of the publication was 10 issues per year; The journal consisted of two parts - chemical (LRHO) and physical (LRFO).
For the first time, many works of the classics of Russian chemistry were published on the pages of the ZhRHO. We can especially note the work of D. I. Mendeleev on the creation and development of the periodic system of elements and A. M. Butlerov, associated with the development of his theory of the structure of organic compounds; research by N. A. Menshutkin, D. P. Konovalov, N. S. Kurnakov, L. A. Chugaev in the field of inorganic and physical chemistry; V. V. Markovnikov, E. E. Vagner, A. M. Zaitsev, S. N. Reformatsky, A. E. Favorsky, N. D. Zelinsky, S. V. Lebedev and A. E. Arbuzov in the field of organic chemistry. During the period from 1869 to 1930, 5067 original chemical studies were published in the ZhRHO, abstracts and review articles on certain problems of chemistry, and translations of the most interesting works from foreign journals were also published.
RFHO became the founder of the Mendeleev Congresses on General and Applied Chemistry; the first three congresses were held in St. Petersburg in 1907, 1911 and 1922. In 1919, the publication of the ZhRFKhO was suspended and resumed only in 1924.
In 1931 the Russian Physical and Chemical Society was abolished; The publication of the ZhRFHO ended on the 62nd volume. The successor to the chemical part of ZhRFKhO was the "Journal of General Chemistry", the physical part - "Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics".
named after D. I. Mendeleev All-Union Scientific Society. It is administered by the All-Union Council of Scientific and Technical Societies (VSNTO) under the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU). Organized in 1932 by decree of the VI Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry as a voluntary association of chemists - scientists, engineers, technicians, teachers, workers - innovators of production, regardless of their departmental affiliation. H. o. - the successor of the Russian Chemical Society (R. kh. o.), founded at St. Petersburg University in 1868 by decision of the meeting of the chemical department of the 1st Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors and transformed in 1878 into the Russian Physical and Chemical Society (R. f.-kh . O.). Charter R. x. O. was compiled with the active participation of D. I. Mendeleev and N. A. Menshutkin. The first president R. x. O. N. N. Zinin was elected; N. A. Menshutkin was the editor of the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society (renamed in 1879 the Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society) from 1869 to 1900. In the period 1868-1917, the society consisted mainly of professors and teachers of higher educational institutions and very few industrial workers (10-12%). The number of members of the society in 1869 was 60 people. (129 in 1879, 237 in 1889, 293 in 1899, 364 in 1909, 565 in 1917). The presidents of the society were A. M. Butlerov (1878-82), D. I. Mendeleev (1883-84, 1891-92, 1894), and other prominent chemists. D. I. Mendeleev, N. A. Menshutkin, D. P. Konovalov, M. G. Kucherov and others made scientific reports in the society.
After the Great October Socialist Revolution, the number of members of the society increased sharply, the content, form and volume of its work changed. The main thing in his activity was: attracting chemists and other specialists, young students and advanced workers to scientific and technical creativity, improving socialist production; all-round advanced training of workers in science and industry: propaganda of the successes of chemistry among the broad masses of working people. Scientific and technical and specialized sections, committees, commissions and brigades. The public universities of technical progress, of raising the scientific and technical knowledge of the members of the Kh. o., have gained great popularity. Together with the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and other organizations, the society holds Mendeleev congresses on general and applied chemistry. There were II such congresses from 1907 (in St. Petersburg) to 1975 (in Alma-Ata). Reports at the congresses were made by: A. E. Arbuzov, A. N. Bakh. N. D. Zelinsky, N. S. Kurnakov, L. D. Landau, N. N. Semenov, A. E. Fersman, V. G. Khlopin, and other Sov. scientists, as well as foreign scientists F. Joliot-Curie, G. Seaborg, R. Robinson, S. Hinshelwood, A. Todd, and others. Proceedings of the Mendeleev Congresses are published in the form of collections. H. o. also convenes thematic conferences, symposiums, meetings, organizes discussions, many of which are organized with the participation of other interested scientific and economic institutions.
H. o. organizes competitions of scientific and production-technical works of its members. Since 1965, the Presidium of Kh. together with the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, they award a gold medal to them in competitions. D. I. Mendeleev for works in the field of chemical sciences and technology of great theoretical or practical importance. Presidium H. o. together with the sectoral ministries and trade unions, annually reviews the implementation of plans for the introduction of scientific and technological achievements in the national economy and measures to improve the technical level, quality and reliability of chemical products.
In 1976, the H. o. included 86 local branches (boards) in the republics and large cities of the USSR. H. o. has (1976) about 320,000 members and over 140,000 young chemists - secondary school students.
H. o. has its own publications: “Journal of the All-Union Chemical Society named after V.I. D. I. Mendeleev” (6 issues per year) and the journal “Rubber and Rezina” (published jointly with the Ministry of Petrochemical and Oil Refining Industry of the USSR).
Lit.: Kozlov V. V., Essays on the history of chemical societies of the USSR, M., 1958; his own, the All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev. 1868-1968, M., 1971; All-Union Chemical Society. D. I. Mendeleev. Information and exchange of experience, M., 1972.
V. V. Kozlov.
- - them. D. I. Mendeleev, as part of the Union of Scientific. and eng. about-in Russia. Assignee Vses. chem. about-va, created in 1932 and leading the history from Rus. chem. about-va, osn. in 1868...
- - see Chemical contamination ...
Civil protection. Conceptual and terminological dictionary
- - an increase in the number of chemical components of a certain environment, leading to a change in its natural chemical properties ...
Ecological dictionary
- - introduction into the environment of polluting chemicals that are alien to it or in concentrations exceeding the background, posing a threat to people, farm animals and plants during ...
- - dissemination of hazardous chemicals in the environment in concentrations or quantities that pose a threat to people, farm animals and plants for a certain time ...
Emergency Glossary
- - a type of weapon of mass destruction, the action of which is based on the use of combat agents, toxins and phytotoxicants. Includes single-use and reusable chemical munitions...
Emergency Glossary
- - created. in 1878 by the association of Rus. physical and Rus. chem. societies. Congresses and publications about-va were the important form of the organization nauch. activities in Russia until 1917...
Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
- - see weathering...
Geological Encyclopedia
- - one of the main oppositions of history and philosophy of history ...
Philosophical Encyclopedia
- - "...6.15...
Official terminology
- - Pai - a word introduced into Russian chemical literature by Academician Hess; it was supposed to replace "equivalent", as can be seen from the following extract from his Foundations of Pure Chemistry: ".....
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - The essential oil of P. is obtained by distilling the leaves and branches of the Pogostemon Patchouli plant with water. From 100 kg they are expelled on average about 1750 gr. oils...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - the Russian Physical Chemical Society at the Imperial St. Petersburg University was formed on the initiative of D. I. Mendeleev in 1878 from the merger of two separate societies, physical and chemical ...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- - them. D. I. Mendeleev - as part of the Union of Scientific and Engineering Societies of Russia. The assignee of the All-Union Chemical Society, established in 1932 and leading the history from the Russian Chemical Society, founded in 1868 ...
- - RUSSIAN PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL Society - created in 1878 by the union of the Russian Physical and Russian Chemical Societies. Congresses and publications of the society were an important form of organization of scientific activity in Russia until 1917...
Big encyclopedic dictionary
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Russian Chemical Society
Academician A.I.Rusanov
Saint Petersburg
The Chemical Society is one of the most beloved creations of D.I. Mendeleev. These lines are a story about how and why it was created, what happened to it later and what happened. Here is what the newspaper “Russian invalid” wrote on August 17, 1861: “A chemical society, in our opinion, is quite possible in St. Petersburg. Our most famous chemists live here. Voskresensky, Zinin, Mendeleev, Sokolov, Shishkov, Khodnev and Engelhardt - and indeed in St. Petersburg, many young people are studying chemistry. This quote is remarkable in two respects. Firstly, by the fact that the 27-year-old Mendeleev already falls into the category of “famous chemists”, and not “young people” (among whom, for example, was 19-year-old N.A. Menshutkin, the future famous chemist and “right hand” Mendeleev). Secondly, the fact that a public military press organ discusses the seemingly narrow problem of creating a professional scientific society indicates that the problem has acquired a broad public voice. What is it connected with? By that time, chemists were keenly aware of the need for an organization that would enable closer professional communication. But the main reason, and this applied not only to chemists, was the need for a printed edition for the publication of scientific works of Russian scientists in Russian. It must be said that authority
© Rusanov A.I., 2009
Russian chemists in the world was then very high. Suffice it to mention that in 1864 the famous German chemist E. Erlenmeyer proposed to A. M. Butlerov to turn his journal Zeitschrift fur Chemie und Pharmacie into an organ of Russian chemists (published, however, in German). But our compatriots dreamed of a Russian-language edition.
All Russian chemists agreed that a chemical society should be created in St. Petersburg, where there was the most significant community of chemists (the second largest was in Kazan, the third in Moscow). It can be noted that the “grandfather of Russian chemistry” A.A. Voskresensky was at that time the rector of St. Petersburg University, and the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics (the Faculty of Chemistry did not yet exist) and the University Council were very favorable to the idea of forming a chemical society at the university. With their support, it was already possible to storm the bureaucratic "Everest" of the Ministry of Public Education. At this stage, which required a lot of energy, Mendeleev (with Menshutkin actively helping him) gradually becomes the main actor in the process and regularly informs others about step-by-step progress. It can be said, therefore, that the official establishment of the society was also his personal success.
“At St. Petersburg University, the Russian Chemical Society is being established with the aim of contributing to the success of all
those chemistry and disseminate chemical knowledge," - with these words begins the "Charter of the Russian Chemical Society", approved by the scientific committee of the ministry on October 26, 1868. From that day, the official activity of the society began. Its first president was N.N. Zinin, the second - A.M. Butlerov, the third - D.I. Mendeleev. In the first year of its existence, the chemical society grew from 35 to 60 members and continued to grow gradually thereafter. It interestingly combined the features of a club (membership fees, admission only on the recommendation of three members, restrictions on bringing strangers with you), a permanent chemical seminar (Mendeleev alone made a total of 90 reports) and a scientific publishing house. The emergence of the Russian Chemical Society was greeted with enthusiasm by the world scientific community. Many foreign societies and scientific organizations shared their books and journals, and as a result, two years later the Russian Chemical Society had the best chemical library in Russia. It remains unique to this day (where else can you pick up, for example, the works of Robert Boyle?).
How and on what did society live? From its original charter we learn that, firstly, the members of the society paid considerable membership dues (10 rubles per year), and secondly, “for the development of the society’s funds, donations are accepted from members, outsiders and institutions,
A group of the chemical section of the First Congress of Russian Naturalists (Mendeleev is second from the right), which decided to establish the Russian Chemical Society. 1868
about which is printed in the protocols. Now we already know from our own experience that the first sponsors of any organization are its founders. The founders of the Chemical Society in 1868 were private individuals with a fairly high income, for they were professors. According to the data of 1913, a university professor received 4,500 rubles. (one of the most stable currencies in the world) per year: 300 rubles. more than a deputy of the State Duma, and 5 times more than the most skilled worker (which was then the train drivers). Given the small size of the first members of the Chemical Society and the high level of all kinds of donations from its members (up to the formation of bonus funds), as well as the lack of full-time employees, the funds contributed were quite enough for its functioning at first.
As already noted, one of the priorities of the society was the creation of its own journal. Already at the first, organizational meeting, a commission was created (F.F. Beilshtein, D.I. Mendeleev, N.A. Menshutkin) to prepare issues related to the publication of the journal. At the second meeting (where Zinin was elected president of the society), Mendeleev presented the estimate of the publication, and at the third, the editor of the journal Menshut-kin acquainted the audience with its first issue. This is how the "Journal of the Russian Chemical Society" appeared, in 1878 renamed the "Journal of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society".
From the first years of its existence, the journal gained a high rating, easily fit into the existing chemical literature (establishing an exchange with other chemical journals) and became an important factor in progress.
world chemical science. According to the historian of chemistry V.V. Kozlov, already in the first volume of the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society, more than 220 new compounds were described. The same author cites the words of the President of the English Chemical Society, W.P. Russians enough to gain access to that treasury of values, which is called the "Journal of the Russian Chemical Society". However, the publishing activity of the society was the most difficult thing and required more and more financial assistance, which began to be provided by the universities of St. Petersburg - the University, the Technological Institute, the Mining Institute, the Artillery Academy and others.
D.I.Mendeleev and D.P.Konovalov at the laying of the chemical laboratory of St. Petersburg University.
The further development of the Chemical Society is also associated with the name of Mendeleev. As a scientist, he was first and foremost a physical chemist, and his dream was to unite chemists and physicists. And here he was successful. Already 10 years after the creation of the Chemical Society, in 1878 it was transformed into the Russian Physical and Chemical Society (RFCS) with two autonomous departments - physics and chemistry - and acquired more
more important for Russian science. With donations from its members and other organizations, the RFHO formed a bonus fund, and the RFHO Journal, which has become one of the largest and most authoritative scientific publications in the world, can be called the forerunner of all domestic physical and chemical journals.
It is impossible not to mention another important achievement of Mendeleev, which created the conditions
Wii for the work of the RFHO. There were problems with the premises, but even here he approached “globally” and, with his characteristic energy, achieved in the ministry a solution to the issue of building a separate building for the Chemical Laboratory of St. Petersburg University. The construction of an ultra-modern building for that time (with imperceptible separate ventilation of different rooms, the possibility of demonstrating transparencies, etc.) was completed in 1894. It was there that the board and library of the RFHO found shelter. By that time, Dmitry Ivanovich no longer worked at the university, but was present at the meetings of the society. In essence, the entire building is a large monument to Mendeleev and is now rightfully called the Mendeleev Center.
In 2007, it was one hundred years since Mendeleev left this world, but his name is still inextricably linked with the Chemical Society. After the death of Mendeleev, St. Petersburg University buys his personal archive from the family and creates in 1911 Mendeleev's memorial cabinet (now the Archive Museum, which still exists in the main building of the university), and RFHO establishes the Mendeleev Congresses on General and Applied Chemistry. The first three congresses (in 1907, 1911 and 1922) were held in St. Petersburg (Petrograd). The revolution and post-war devastation did not change the nature of society's activities, although they introduced many difficulties. The government tried to rely on scientific and technical societies in the matter of economic recovery. In 1918, a new statute of the society was adopted, in which the RFHO was again established at Petrograd University and had jurisdiction throughout the entire territory of the RSFSR, becoming a wide open organization. In July of the same year RFHO received 70 thousand rubles from the state. for the resumption of activities and the publication of works. Later, one
