Complex sentences with different types of connection- This complex sentences , which consist of at least of three simple sentences , interconnected by a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection.
To understand the meaning of such complex structures, it is important to understand how the simple sentences included in them are grouped together.
Often complex sentences with different types of connection are divided into two or more parts (blocks), connected with the help of coordinating unions or union-free; and each part in structure is either a complex sentence or a simple one.
For example:
1) [Sad I]: [No friend with me], (with whom I would wash down a long parting), (to whom I could shake hands from the heart and wish many merry years)(A. Pushkin).
This is a complex sentence with different types of connection: non-union and subordinating, it consists of two parts (blocks) that are non-unionly connected; the second part reveals the reason for what is said in the first; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II is a complex sentence with two subordinate clauses, with homogeneous subordination.
2) [lane was all in the gardens], and [the fences grew lindens throwing now, by the moon, a wide shadow], (so that fences And gates on one side completely drowned in darkness)(A. Chekhov).
This is a complex sentence with different types of communication: coordinating and subordinating, consists of two parts connected by a coordinating connecting union and, the relations between the parts are enumerative; The first part of the structure is a simple sentence; Part II - a complex sentence with a subordinate clause; the subordinate clause depends on everything main, joins it with a union so.
In a complex sentence, there may be sentences with various types of allied and allied connection.
These include:
1) composition and submission.
For example: The sun set, and night followed day without interval, as is usually the case in the south.(Lermontov).
(And - a coordinating union, as - a subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
2) composition and non-union connection.
For example: The sun had long since set, but the forest had not yet had time to subside: the doves murmured near, the cuckoo cuckooed in the distance.(Bunin).
(But - a coordinating conjunction.)
Schematic of this offer:
3) subordination and non-union communication.
For example: When he awoke, the sun was already rising; the barrow obscured him(Chekhov).
(When - subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
4) composition, subordination and non-union connection.
For example: The garden was spacious and grew only oaks; they had only recently begun to blossom, so that now through the young leaves one could see the whole garden with its stage, tables and swings.
(And is a coordinating conjunction, so a subordinating conjunction.)
Schematic of this offer:
In complex sentences with a coordinating and subordinating connection, coordinating and subordinating unions may be nearby.
For example: The weather was fine all day, but when we sailed to Odessa, it began to rain heavily.
(But - a coordinating union, when - a subordinating union.)
Schematic of this offer:
Punctuation marks in sentences with different types of connection
In order to correctly punctuate complex sentences with different types of connection, it is necessary to single out simple sentences, determine the type of connection between them and select the appropriate punctuation mark.
As a rule, a comma is placed between simple sentences as part of a complex one with different types of connection.
For example: [In the morning, in the sun, the trees were covered with luxurious hoarfrost] , and [this went on for two hours] , [then the frost disappears] , [sun closed] , and [the day passed quietly, thoughtfully , with a drop in the middle of the day and anomalous lunar twilight in the evening].
Sometimes two, three or more simple offers most closely related to each other in meaning and can be separated from other parts of a complex sentence semicolon . Most often, a semicolon occurs in place of an allied connection.
For example: (When he woke up) [the sun was already rising] ; [the barrow obscured him].(The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)
In the place of an allied bond between simple sentences in complex possible Also comma , dash And colon , which are placed according to the rules for punctuation in a non-union complex sentence.
For example: [The sun has long since set] , But[the forest hasn't died down yet] : [doves murmured near] , [Cuckoo calls in the distance]. (The proposal is complex, with different types of connection: with allied and allied connection.)
[Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock] – and [lightning flashes] : [there was an idea for an amazing story about Hadji Murad](Paust.). (The sentence is complex, with different types of connection: coordinative and non-union.)
In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own. own syntactic basis.
For example: [Bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here], (that wild clearing has become like a garden to me) : [every bush, every pine, fir-tree caressed], and [they all became mine], and [it's like I planted them], [this is my own garden](Prishv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a colon; [Yesterday a woodcock stuck its nose into this foliage] (to get a worm out from under it) ; [at this time we approached], and [he was forced to take off without throwing off the worn layer of old aspen leaves from his beak](Shv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a semicolon.
Particularly difficult is punctuation at the junction of the writing And subordinating unions (or a coordinating union and an allied word). Their punctuation is subject to the laws of the design of sentences with a coordinating, subordinating and non-union connection. However, at the same time, proposals in which several unions are nearby stand out and require special attention.
In such cases, a comma is placed between unions if the second part of the double union does not follow. then yes, but(in this case, the subordinate clause can be omitted). In other cases, a comma is not placed between the two unions.
For example: Winter was coming and , when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest. - Winter was approaching, and when the first frosts hit, it became hard to live in the forest.
You can call me but , If you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow. You can call me, but if you don't call today, we'll leave tomorrow.
I think that , if you try hard, you will succeed. “I think that if you try hard, you will succeed.
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with different types of connection
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with different types of communication
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2. Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine (by grammatical foundations) the number of simple sentences, find their boundaries.
4. Determine the semantic parts (blocks) and the type of connection between them (associative or coordinative).
5. Give a description of each part (block) in terms of structure (simple or complex sentence).
6. Draw up a proposal scheme.
A SAMPLE OF ANALYZING A COMPLEX OFFER WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONNECTION
[Suddenly a thick fog], [as if separated by a wall He me from the rest of the world], and, (so as not to get lost), [ I decided
All our communication takes place through words. You can talk with the interlocutor, or you can write letters. Words are formed into sentences, being the basis for written and oral speech. And often, when compiling a complex sentence, doubt arises about its infallibility.
Definition of a complex sentence
A complex sentence can be represented as a unity of several simple sentences. Bound by semantic and grammatical unity, formalized intonation, a complex sentence has at least two grammatical bases (subject and predicate).
For example: It rained in the morning, and the roads were covered with shiny puddles. . This sentence has two grammatical bases - it was raining and the roads were covered.
Types of complex sentences
All types of complex sentences that exist in the Russian language can be represented as a diagram:
The formation of allied complex sentences occurs with the help of a union. They are different for each species.
Compound sentence
In such a sentence, the parts are equal and independent of each other, questions from one to the other are not asked.
Depending on the unions present in the sentence, compound sentences are divided into three groups:
- Connecting. Events occur sequentially or simultaneously. These include unions AND, ALSO, ALSO, YES, NOR ... NOR, NOT ONLY ... BUT AND, YES AND ( It was already quite dark, and it was necessary to part).
- Opposite. Actions are opposed to each other, unions BUT, A, YES, HOWEVER, ZATO, SAME are used ( We waited for them for a very long time, but they never came.).
- Dividing. Events alternate or mutually exclude. The unions EITHER, OR, THAT ... THAT, NOT THAT ... NOT THAT, OR ... OR ( Is the sun shining or is it raining).
Complex sentence
The main difference between such proposals is the presence of the main and dependent (subordinate) parts. Simple sentences are connected by subordinating conjunctions and allied words WHAT, WHAT, IF, WHEN, WHY, ALTHOUGH, WHAT, BEFORE, etc., which are always placed in the subordinate part. It, in turn, can be located both in front of the main part, and in its middle or at the end ( We will go sunbathing if the weather is good).
Unionless proposal
The combination of simple sentences occurs without the help of unions or allied words, but only with intonation and meaning. Union-free complex sentences are divided into two types: equal - the order of the parts of the sentence is free ( Spring has come, the birds sang songs louder), and unequal - when one of the parts carries the main meaning of the statement, while others reveal it ( I like spring: the sun warms, the snow melts, the first snowdrops appear).
Punctuation in complex sentences
When deciding which punctuation mark to use in complex sentences, one should adhere to the rule that simple sentences are always separated. In most cases, this is a comma. But there are exceptions.
In a compound sentence, a comma is not put if its parts are separated by the unions AND, OR, OR and have a common subordinate clause or a common secondary member ( The earth was covered with a white blanket of snow and dried frost). Also, a comma is not placed between two interrogative sentences ( What time is it and when will father come?).
A complex sentence does not have a comma in the case when several homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by conjunctions AND, OR (I think that today is a beautiful day and you can go for a walk). Such expressions as WHATEVER IT WORKS, WHO IS GOOD FOR WHAT, AS IF NOTHING HAPPENED, etc. are not subordinate clauses and are not separated by a comma.
In an allied sentence, there is always a punctuation mark, the main thing is to figure out which one. A colon is placed when the subordinate clause contains a reason, explanation or addition to the main one. In this case, the colon can be conditionally replaced by the unions WHAT, BECAUSE, WHAT ( I love summer: (=because) you can walk longer). A dash is usually used where there is a contrast, conclusion or result, and also indicates the time of the action. With a quick change of events, a dash is also put ( Cheese fell out - with him there was such a cheat). In all other cases, a comma is placed in the non-union sentence.
Perhaps the expression complex sentence sounds a little intimidating. But there is nothing really complicated about it. Remembering the signs by which they differ, you can easily compose a beautiful and competent text.
) a complex sentence is understood as a combination, combination, chain of sentences, each of which retains its semantic and structural independence. Considering that a simple sentence, which is part of a complex one, does not lose its essential features, supporters of this point of view come, in particular, to deny the existence of a compound sentence as a syntactic unit.
According to the second concept of the essence of a complex sentence (justified in the works of V. A. Bogoroditsky, H. S. Pospelov, V. V. Vinogradov), its components, constituting a single syntactic unit, lose their independence. This point of view is the most widespread. However, its supporters face the question of what is the difference between a complex sentence and a simple one. On this issue, there has been some disagreement among linguists.
Still others believe that simple sentences become components of a complex sentence, undergoing certain changes under the influence of a syntactic connection, however, the components of a complex sentence are characterized by varying degrees of similarity to simple sentences. Some may differ both in structure and functions, others may differ only in the absence of communicative independence.
Types of complex sentences
Compound sentences are of four types, which are distinguished by the types of connection between simple sentences in complex ones.
Compound sentence
Here, a complex sentence with an allied and non-union connection consists of two blocks connected by a coordinating conjunction "and".
The first block consists of 5 parts and is in the form of an SPP with consistent and homogeneous subordination.
The second block consists of 4 parts and is an SPP with homogeneous and consistent subordination.
Notes
Links
- The main types of complex sentences (video lesson, grade 9 program)
Literature
- Barkhudarov L. S., Kolshansky G. V. On the problem of the structure of a complex sentence.// Professor Mosk. University Academician VV Vinogradov. Sat. articles on linguistics. - M.: publishing house Mosk. un-ta, 1958. - S. 40-53.
- Bogoroditsky V. A. General course of Russian grammar. - 5th ed., revised. - M.-L.: State. social economy publishing house, 1935. - 354 p.
- Vannikov Yu. V., Kotlyar T. R. Questions of sentence structure. - Saratov: publishing house Saratovsk. un-ta, 1960. - 63 p.
- Vasilyeva N. M. The structure of a complex sentence /on the material of the French language of the early period/. - M.: Higher school, 1967. - 233 p.
- Vinogradov V. V. Basic questions of sentence syntax (on the material of the Russian language). // Questions of the grammatical system: Sat. articles. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1955. - S. 389-435.
- Grammar of the modern Russian literary language. - M.: Nauka, 1970. - 767 p.
- Gulyga E. V. The theory of complex sentences in modern German. - M.: Higher school, 1971. - 206 p.
- Dzhepko L.P. Structural-semantic and functional features of non-union compound sentences in modern English: Dis. … cand. philol. Sciences. - M.: MGLU, 1993. - 250 p.
- Zolotova G. A. Essay on the functional syntax of the Russian language. - M.: Nauka, 1973. - 351 p.
- Ivanova I. P., Burlakova V. V., Pocheptsov G. G. Theoretical grammar of modern English. - M.: Higher School, 1981. - 286 p.
- Ilyenko S. G. Questions of the theory of complex sentences in modern Russian: Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... Doctors of Philology. Sciences. - L .: Leningrad. state ped. in-t, 1964. - 37 p.
- Iofik LL Is there a compound sentence in English? (on the question of the form of a complex sentence). // NDVSH. Philological Sciences. - 1958. - No. 2. - C. 107-119.
- Iofik L. L. The problem of the structure of a complex sentence in the New English language: Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... Doctors of Philology. Sciences. - L .: Leningrad. state un-t im. A. A. Zhdanova, 1965. - 41 p.
- Iofik LL Compound sentence in the New English language. - L .: Leningrad publishing house. un-ta, 1968. - 214 p.
- Kolosova T. A. Semantic relations in a complex sentence.// NDVSH. Philological Sciences. - 1972. - No. 5. - C. 61-72.
- Kryuchkov S. E., Maksimov L. Yu. Modern Russian language. The syntax of a complex sentence. - M.: Enlightenment, 1977. - 188 p.
- Maksimov L. Yu. Multidimensional classification of complex sentences (on the material of the modern Russian literary language): Abstract of the thesis. dis. ... Doctors of Philology. Sciences. - M.: MGPI im. V. I. Lenin, 1971. - 29 p.
- Peshkovsky A. M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. - 7th ed. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1956. - 511 p.
- Peshkovsky A. M. Is there a composition and subordination of sentences in Russian.// Peshkovsky A. M. Selected works. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1959. - S. 52-57.
- Pospelov N. S. On the grammatical nature of a complex sentence.// Questions of the syntax of the modern Russian language: Sat. articles. - M.: Uchpedgiz, 1950. - C. 321-337.
- Russian grammar. Syntax. - T. 2. / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 709 p.
| Syntax | |
|---|---|
| Basic concepts | Suggestion: simple, complicated, complex(complex, subordinate, non-union) Sentence member Homogeneous members of a sentence Clause Grammatical basis Phrase Dependence Syntactic connection: coordinating, subordinating (agreement, control, adjacency) Valence Nexus and junction Actant Sirconstant Grammar of dependencies Grammar of components Surface structure Deep structure Transformation |
| Personalities | A. M. Peshkovsky L. Tenier N. Chomsky C. Fillmore I. A. Melchuk J. Hawkins |
| Syntactic theories | Categorical grammar "Meaning ⇔ Text" theory Generative grammar: standard theory, theory of principles and parameters, minimalist program |
| Related concepts | Language levels Grammar Morphology Grammatical semantics Semantic role Transitivity Congruence |
| Phonetics and phonology Morphology Portal:Linguistics | |
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See what "Complex sentence" is in other dictionaries:
A sentence consisting of two or more parts, similar in form to simple sentences, but forming a single semantic, constructive and intonational whole. The unity and integrity of a complex sentence are created for its individual types ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms
Difficult sentence- DIFFICULT SENTENCE. A complex phrase, indicated by intonation, as a complete whole, and consisting of two or more sentences, i.e. phrases with a predicate form, connected with each other by one or another formal features ... Dictionary of literary terms
A construction of simple sentences denoting several situations related by some kind of relationship. By the nature of the syntactic connection (see Syntax) of its parts, a complex sentence can be complex, complex, or ... ... Literary Encyclopedia
difficult sentence- A complex phrase, indicated by intonation as a complete whole and consisting of two or more sentences, i.e. phrases with a predicate form, connected with each other by one or another formal features (unions, ... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms
Difficult sentence- A complex sentence is a syntactic construction formed by combining several (at least two) sentences on the basis of allied connections of composition and subordination or zero allied connection of non-union. Traditionally, the term "S. P." focuses on... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary
difficult sentence- Structural, semantic and intonation association of predicative units grammatically similar to a simple sentence. S.p. has: 1) its own grammatical meaning; 2) grammatical form; 3) own structural indicators. ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
difficult sentence- Structural, semantic and intonation association of predicative units grammatically similar to a simple sentence. S.p. has: 1) its own grammatical meaning; 2) grammatical form; 3) own structural indicators ... Syntax: Dictionary
I.A. MARTIANOVA
JUST ABOUT A COMPLEX OFFER
Difficult sentence
- a sentence with multiple grammatical bases.
It was raining dull, sluggish,
And the pendulum knocked (Balm.).
In the school curriculum, a complex sentence is defined as “consisting of several simple ones,” however, it is better to call these “simple sentences” parts (in the university program - predicative parts) of a complex sentence, since a simple sentence in a complex one is modified, adapts to syntactic commonwealth. For example, the main and subordinate parts of the complex sentence “True courage is to love life, knowing the whole truth about it! “(Dovl.) do not have semantic and intonational completeness. Recall that this is precisely why the individual parts of a complex sentence are not determined by intonation (emotional coloring) and the purpose of the statement.
Types of complex sentences
Traditionally, depending on the presence or absence of means of communication, as well as their nature, complex sentences are divided into allied (compound and complex) and non-union sentences.
The means of communication in compound sentences are coordinating unions, and in complex sentences - subordinating unions and allied words.
compound sentence: Just for one moment, two gate leaves opened, and my generation went out on its very last campaign (Okudzh.)
complex sentence: I lived a long life only because I never read reviews of my books (Shkl.); I am the one no one loves (Lerm.).
Unionless complex sentence: Now is the dead time for me: I don’t think and I don’t write and I feel pleasantly stupid (L.T.).
It is sometimes difficult to determine which type of complex sentence a particular example belongs to. This refers to sentences with connecting and explanatory relations (unions yes and, yes, that is, etc.), which are classified as compound: 1) Life did not take care of Kazakevich, and he did not take care of himself (Paust.); I almost died of starvation there, and besides, they wanted to drown me (Lerm.); 2) Mom and kissed me, that is, I allowed myself to be kissed (Ext.). As well as sentences with comparative relations (unions if - then, then how, meanwhile), which are a transitional phenomenon between complex (like a union) and compound (due to grammatical equality of parts) sentences: If women's tears excite regret; then men produce an unpleasant and terrible feeling ... (M.-S.); Grandfather tries in every possible way to humiliate him (Klima. - Comp.), while all other adults carefully elevate him (Bitter.). Sentences, both parts of which are in a relationship of mutual subordination, are complex: As soon as we drove off, it snowed (Lerm).
For parsing, as a rule, a complex sentence or a complex sentence with different types of connection (with subordination, composition or non-union) is offered, which, of course, does not exclude the possibility of parsing a simple complicated sentence, as well as a non-union complex or compound sentences. We present plans for analysis and comment on their individual points.
Plan for parsing a complex sentence
1. By intonation (exclamation / non-exclamation).
2. According to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
3. A complex sentence, consists of ... chapters. and ... accessory parts.
4. Types of subordinate clauses, their place in a complex sentence.
5. The nature of subordination, if the sentence has more than one subordinate clause, (consistent, homogeneous, heterogeneous).
6. The nature of the means of communication (unions, unions-particles, allied words).
Determining the types of subordinate clauses, one can focus on different classifications of complex sentences that exist in the school curriculum. It has long become a traditional classification, in which sentences with subordinate clauses are distinguished
definitive (answering the questions which?, which?, whose?): Self-love is the Archimedean lever with which the earth can be moved from its place (Turg.); The news spread throughout the lyceum that Derzhavin was coming (Yu.T.); Family. where they do not read books - the family. spiritually inferior (Paul); I can't imagine a situation where there would never be anything to do (Vant.);
explanatory(responding to case questions who?, what?, etc.): Only the one who loves has the right to blame, scold (Turg.); Youth is happy that it has a future (Gog.); Being in love shows a person how he should be (Czech.);
circumstantial:
Where the tree leaned, there it fell - places (where?, where?, where?);
When it's louder than a whistle, I hear English - I see Oliver Twist over piles of account books (Mand.) - time (when?, how long?, since when?, until when?);
If a person does not demand much. then you won’t get much from him (Mac.) - conditions (under what condition?);
I put on a tight skirt to look even slimmer (Ahm.) - goals (why?, for what?, for what purpose?);
She, this line, not so much breaks out of, but breaks away from the context, because it was said precisely by the voice of the soul ... (I.B.) - reasons (why?, why?);
Educated people respect the human personality, therefore they are always condescending, gentle, compliant - consequences (what follows from this?);
No matter how much another would invent torture for me, I would not be faithful to him (Ahm.) - concessive (in spite of what?, in spite of what?); you again. evil man, they didn't come to me. Even though it was so easy to do. Tolstoy
The Decembrist movement passed over Russia, as if they walked with a magnet and picked up everything iron (Shkl.) - comparative (how?);
Love is so omnipotent that it regenerates us ourselves (Vost.) - degree (to what extent?);
As it comes around, it will respond - mode of action (how?, in what way?);
connecting: The coachman decided to go by the river, which should have shortened our path (P.).
In the school textbook V.V. Babaitseva and L.D. Chesnokova, there is another classification of subordinate clauses (subjective, predicate, additional, attributive and circumstantial of various types), which are determined by the question and by correlation with the members of a simple sentence: Whoever wants, he will achieve (subject); A person is what his idea of \u200b\u200bhappiness is (Sukhoml.) - predicate; Only then will you become a person when you learn to see a person in another (Rad.) - circumstantial, conditional-temporal, etc.
Both approaches suggest that additional shades may appear in the meaning of the subordinate clauses, for example, in the meaning of the clauses of time - a conditional shade, which is especially obvious when using the union once, synonymous with the union if - then: We, When love, That we do not stop asking ourselves questions: is it honest or dishonest, smart or stupid (Czech.). A concessive connotation is also possible: I myself loved to laugh too much, When it is forbidden! (Color)
It is necessary to distinguish between sentences with a comparative turnover, which is a separate circumstance of comparison: Power is disgusting, like the hands of a barber (Mand.), And complex sentences with comparative clauses: As plows are thrown, anchors rust (Mand.) - two-part or one-part sentences that have a grammatical basis ( in this case subject to plows and a compound nominal predicate with an omitted connective abandoned). Comparative clauses, as well as comparative turns, can be joined by different unions (as if, as if, exactly, as if): The Decembrist movement passed over Russia, as if walked with a magnet and picked up all the iron (Shkl.); The streets were empty exactly all died out (Seraph.).
The question often arises: how to define a subordinate clause in sentences like “The deeper into the forest, the more firewood”? The question is quite justified, because it is also controversial in syntactic theory. A student can define this clause as a conditional with the union than - that (note that in some manuals such clauses are considered as comparative).
There are also difficult cases of determining causal clauses: At first, I must have expressed myself rather vaguely, because she did not understand me for a long time (L. T.); Someone must have stayed overnight, because Pyotr Dmitritch was addressing someone and talking loudly (Czech.). The difficulty lies in the fact that the cause is reported not in the subordinate part, but in the main part. In syntactic theory, such sentences are distinguished into a special subtype and are called causal clauses.
In the traditional classification of complex sentences, there are those that are often forgotten by applicants and schoolchildren - these are sentences to which clauses cannot be questioned: Katenka flushed up to her ears and looked down, what enthralled Kenin(M.-S.). They are called connecting (there are also other terms - subordinating-connecting, relatively-distributive), the means of communication in them is usually the allied word What. No less difficult is the definition of sentences with subordinate degrees, in the meaning of which there is a shade of consequence: He (Levin. - Comp.) liked this work so much, that he started to mow five times (L.T.).
Do you know the scientific name that begins with the word complicated...
Words that form two roots are called compound words.
For example, rhinoceros(two roots nose- and horn-, the letter o is a connecting vowel), vacuum cleaner(the roots are dust- and sos-, the letter e is a connecting vowel).
Proposals are also difficult. In them, as in words, several parts are connected.
Lesson topic: “Simple and complex sentences. Unions".
Read the sentences and think about how they differ from each other?
1) The bell rang.
2) The children entered the classroom.
3) The first lesson has begun.
4) The bell rang, the guys went into the classroom, the first lesson began.
Let's find the grammar.
A sentence with one grammatical basis is a simple sentence.
1, 2 and 3 offers simple, because in each of them on one basis.
4 offer complex, consists of three simple sentences. Each part of a complex sentence has its main members, its own basis.
A sentence with two or more grammatical bases is a compound sentence. Compound sentences are made up of several simple sentences. How many simple sentences, so many parts in a complex sentence.
The parts of a complex sentence are not just simple ones joined together.
Having united, these parts continue, complement each other, turn different thoughts into one, more complete one. In oral speech, on the border of parts of a complex sentence, there is no intonation of the end of each thought.
Remember: In written speech, commas are most often placed between parts of a complex sentence.
Determine if the sentence is complex or simple. First, let's find the main members (bases) of the sentences and count how many bases are in each.
1) At the edge of the forest, the voices of birds are already heard.
2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.
3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, thawed fields will be exposed, streams will murmur, rooks will come.(According to G. Skrebitsky)
1) At the edge of the forest, bird voices are already heard.
2) Tits sing, a woodpecker taps loudly with its beak.
Who? tits, what are they doing? chant - the first basis.
Who? dude what is he doing? taps - the second basis.
This is a complex sentence, consisting of two parts.
3) Soon the sun will warm the earth better, the roads will turn black, the fields will be barethawed patches , brooks murmur, rooks will welcome.
What? the sun, what will it do? warm - the first basis.
The roads will turn black - the second basis.
thawed patches will be exposed - the third basis.
Streams murmur - the fourth basis.
Rooks welcome - the fifth base.
This is a compound sentence with five parts.
Read complex sentences. Observe how the parts of a complex sentence are connected?
1) Winter approaching , the cold sky often frowns.
Parts 1 of a complex sentence are connected using intonation. There is a comma between parts of the sentence.
2) The sun was warm during the day , A at night frosts reached five degrees.
3) Wind calmed down , And the weather has improved.
4) Sun just got up , But its rays were already illuminating the tops of the trees.
Parts 2, 3, 4 of sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions a, and, but. The union is preceded by a comma.
Each of the unions does its job. The union connects words, and the unions a, but also help to oppose something.
When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma. If parts of a complex sentence are joined by unions (and, but, but), a comma is placed before the union.
The sentences of our language are very diverse. Sometimes with one subject there can be several predicates, or with one predicate there can be several subjects. Such members of the sentence are called homogeneous. Homogeneous members answer the same question and refer to the same member of the sentence. In the diagram, we will circle each homogeneous member.
What conclusion can be drawn from the comparison of these schemes?
The first line contains diagrams of complex sentences, and the second line - diagrams of simple sentences with homogeneous predicates (they are shown in a circle).
In simple sentences with homogeneous members and in complex sentences between their parts, the same unions are used: and, but.
Remember!
1. Before unions ah, but always put a comma.
2. Union And requires special attention: connects homogeneous members - a comma is most often not put; used between parts of a complex sentence - a comma is usually needed.
Let's practice. Let's put in the missing commas.
1) At night, the dog crept up to the dacha and lay down under the terrace.
2) People were sleeping and the dog jealously guarded them. (According to L. Andreev)
3) The pelican wandered around us, hissed, shouted, but did not give up. (According to K. Paustovsky)
4) Spring is shining in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter. (M. Prishvin)
1) At night, the dog crept up to the cottage and lay down under the terrace.
The sentence is simple, since one stem, one subject and two predicates - the dog crept up and lay down. Union And connects homogeneous predicates, so a comma is not put.
2) People slept, and the dog jealously guarded them.
The proposal is complex, since there are two bases - people were sleeping, the dog was guarding. Union And connects parts of a complex sentence, so a comma is needed before the conjunction.
3) Pelican wandered around us, hissed, shouted, but did not give into hands.
The proposal is simple, since one stem, one subject and 4 predicates - the pelican wandered, hissed, shouted, did not give up. before the union But always put a comma. We put commas between homogeneous predicates.
4) Spring shines in the sky, but the forest is still covered with snow in winter.
The proposal is complex, since there are two foundations - spring is shining, the forest is covered. before the union But always put a comma.
Consider the schemes and decide which schemes hide complex sentences, and which ones are simple ones with homogeneous members; in which of them you need to put punctuation marks.
The first three schemes reflect the structure of a simple sentence with homogeneous main members. They are circled. In scheme 1, a comma is not needed, since the union connects homogeneous subjects And. In 2 and 3 schemes, commas should be placed. 4 scheme corresponds to a complex sentence. It should also include a comma between parts of a complex sentence.
Sentences that include words that, that, therefore, because, are most often complex. These words usually begin a new part of a complex sentence. In such cases, they are always preceded by a comma.
Let's give examples.
We saw, What the she-wolf crawled along with the cubs into the hole.
What a comma is placed.
All night long winter knitted lace patterns, to trees dressed up. (K. Paustovsky)
This is a complex sentence, before the word to a comma is placed.
Birds able to communicate everything with their voice , That's why They sing.
This is a complex sentence, before the word That's why a comma is placed.
I lovefairy tales, because in them, good always triumphs over evil.
This is a complex sentence, before the word because a comma is placed.
1. One afternoon, Winnie the Pooh was walking through the forest and grumbling a new song under his breath.
2. Winnie the Pooh got up early, in the morning he diligently did gymnastics.
3. Winnie quietly reached the sandy slope.
(B. Zakhoder)
3. 
Sentence 1 corresponds to scheme 3, since this is a simple sentence with one subject (Winnie the Pooh) and two predicates (walked and grumbled).
Scheme 1 corresponds to sentence 2, since this complex sentence has two bases (Winnie the Pooh got up, he was engaged). A comma separates parts of a sentence.
Sentence 3 corresponds to scheme 2, since this is a simple sentence with one base (Winnie got it).
In the lesson, you learned that a sentence in which there are two or more grammatical bases - complex offer. Parts of complex sentences are connected using intonation and conjunctions. a, and, but. When writing, parts of a complex sentence are separated by a comma.
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- Find the main clauses in the sentences. Which sentence of the text is difficult - 1st or 2nd? What is the name of the remaining offer?
At the top of an alder tree a bird sat and opened its beak. The feathers on the swollen neck fluttered, but I did not hear the song.
(According to V. Bianki)
- Insert two missing commas in sentences.
Winter hid in the dense forest. She looked out of the shelter and millions of little suns are hiding in the grass. Winter is angry! She waved her sleeve and covered the cheerful lights with snow. Dandelions are now flaunting in a yellow dress and then in a white fur coat. (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Find an offer with an alliance And. What does it connect - homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence? Underline the words you need to answer.
- Write unions and, but. Underline the basics, mark homogeneous members and put commas where necessary.
The ball climbed into the water _ Uncle Fyodor soaped it _ combed the wool. The cat walked along the shore _ sad about different oceans. (According to E. Uspensky)
The cat stole fish meat sour cream _ bread. Once he tore open a tin can of worms. He did not eat them _ chickens ran to the jar of worms _ pecked at our stock. (According to K. Paustovsky)
