This section of the site is an electronic copy of the book " Meet this... The human body"(Elisa Prati. II libro di corpo umano).
Lyricist - Eliza Prati
Science Editor - Barbara Pennacci
Artists - Elisabetta Ferraro, Valentina Pratesi, Paola Ravaglia, Vinicio Salvini
Translation from Italian - Irina Tsibizova
Scientific editor of the Russian edition - Ph.D. biol. Sciences Valentina Bologova
ISBN 978-5-18-000840-4 (Russian) Atticus Publishing Group LLC, 2008
ISBN 88-09-02248-3 (Italian) Machaon®
The human body is a real miracle
The body given to you at birth is built from millions of tiny bricks - living cells. The shape and stability of the body is given by a framework of bones - the skeleton. This complex system functions according to the orders of the brain. Thanks to the coordinated work of all organs, muscles, blood vessels, nerve fibers, you can grow, move, run, jump, learn, speak, see, hear and... think!
Unusual journey
Acquaintance with how the human body is arranged and how it functions is akin to traveling to a country well known to you. And yet in this country you are waiting for real discoveries.
As you study your own body, respect it and learn to take care of it. Remember, you need this to be always strong and healthy.
What do we have in common?
People are so different: blondes and brunettes, tall and short, thin and fat, whites, blacks and yellows...
There are about 6 billion inhabitants on Earth, but you will not find even two completely identical people among them! Each person has his own face shape, his own eye color, his own shape of the nose, lips and ears. These features are individual, that is, they are not found in anyone else. Even between very similar twins, there are differences. We are all different, but at the same time, we have a lot in common, because we belong to the same biological species “reasonable man” and our bodies are arranged in the same way.
The first and foremost difference is the difference between men and women. Boys grow into men, girls grow into women. Then these men and women have their own children.
How are we different from each other?
How do you recognize your friends? Probably, by the color of the hair, by the face, figure, voice, gait, by the manner of speaking, gesticulating, laughing. Each person has his own characteristics that distinguish him from others.
Careful research
Try with a friend to determine how you are similar and how you are different. Note, for example, hair and eye color, nose shape, height, waist, leg size. What other signs can you think of? Compare descriptions. Do they match or not?
Learn to understand yourself
You distinguish people due to the fact that you have sight, hearing, smell: you recognize friends and acquaintances by faces, voice, even by smell. You look in the mirror and see yourself. But do you know how your body works, the bodies of your friends, mother, brothers and sisters? Our book will help you figure it out.
Human Origins
Scientists believe that humans evolved from animals that inhabited the Earth millions of years ago and are very similar to modern monkeys. Their body and appearance changed for a very, very long time, until we finally appeared!
How is a person? For children, this question is not so easy to answer. And to understand this complex mechanism - and even more so. But everything in the human body is subject to certain patterns.
body device
How the body works is a multicellular organism. From the point of view of taxonomy, this is a representative. At the stage of embryonic development, it has a chord, a neural tube and gill slits in the pharynx. Developing, they are transformed into the skeleton, spinal cord and brain, and the lungs become the respiratory organs. Like all mammals, a person feeds his young with milk, has milk, sweat and sebaceous glands, hairline and horny skin formations.
How is a person made? His body is made up of cells that combine to form tissues. The totality of the latter, in turn, forms organs. However, each of them individually is not able to perform the complex functions of the implementation of vital processes. Therefore, organs are combined into physiological and functional systems.
Features of animal cells
The cells of the human body have a structure typical of animals. They are eukaryotic because they have a nucleus. This permanent cellular structure contains the genetic information contained in DNA molecules. According to the type of nutrition, a person is a heterotroph. For this reason, its cells are deprived of green plastids of chloroplasts, in which the process of photosynthesis takes place. The main organelles are mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoskeleton, and centrioles.
How a person works: the main types of body tissues
Groups of cells that have a unity of structure and function are called tissues. There are four types of tissues in the human body:
1. Epithelial - consists of small, tightly adjacent cells. It forms the integument of the body, internal organs, its special variety is the basis of the glands. It practically does not contain epithelial tissues that perform the function of protection and metabolism with the environment.
2. Connective - is the basis of which human organs consist. It consists of large cells that are located in a large amount of intercellular substance. Its varieties are bone, cartilage, fatty, blood.
3. Muscular - consists of fibers capable of contraction. It performs the function of moving individual organs and the whole organism in space.
4. Nervous - formed by neurons with numerous processes that transmit various types of information, providing the relationship of the body with the outside world.
Human organs and systems: organization features
Each organ is made up of several types of tissues. For example, the heart is formed by muscle tissue surrounded by a connective tissue sheath. But the largest organ is considered to be the skin. After all, its total area is up to 2 square meters. Why is the skin an organ? Because it consists of several tissues: epithelial and connective.
To understand how a person works, it is necessary to get acquainted with the concept of the organ system. Examples of such structures are known to all: digestive, circulatory... Each of them is a collection of organs united by performing a single function. Consider these structures of the human body in more detail.
Musculoskeletal system
The very first lesson in the course of anatomy is devoted to this system. How is the human body arranged? First of all, it is based on the skeleton. It is represented by several departments. This is the skeleton of the head, torso, belts and free upper and lower limbs. Unlike other animals, humans tend to walk upright. The ability to move is provided by the muscles that are attached to the bones with the help of ligaments.
Respiratory and circulatory system
We continue to consider how the human body works. Its existence is impossible without gas exchange. This function is provided by two systems at once. Respiratory is represented by the lungs. When you inhale, they take in oxygen from the air. From the pulmonary vesicles, this gas enters the smallest capillary vessels. The blood carries oxygen to every cell in the body. In the opposite direction, carbon dioxide moves, which is also removed from the body through the lungs.
The system is represented by a four-chambered heart and vessels: arteries, capillaries and veins. The type of this system in a person is closed, since the blood in his body does not mix with the cavity fluid, but circulates only inside the vessels.
Digestive and excretory system
Human life is impossible without the exchange of substances with the environment. The intake, breakdown and assimilation of nutrients is carried out by the digestive system. How does the human body, and specifically this set of organs, work? It is represented by the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, which open into the anus. This is a through-type digestive system. But the implementation of its functions would be impossible without specialized glands that secrete enzymes that break down complex organic substances into simple ones. These include the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver.
It is represented by paired bean-shaped kidneys, ureters, bladder, and a canal that opens outward. With its help, the body gets rid of excess water, salts and toxic metabolic products.
Features of the structure of the reproductive system
Consider how a person is arranged in terms of reproductive function. It is a dioecious organism with a type of development - direct. Both the female and male reproductive systems are represented by glands, ducts and cells. However, they have significant differences. In men, these are the testes, their ducts and mobile small gametes - spermatozoa. These cells are always active and capable of the fertilization process.
The female reproductive system is represented by paired ovaries, oviducts and immobile, relatively large gametes. For fertilization, they need to move from the gonads into the fallopian tube. This process occurs only during a certain period of the menstrual cycle, which is called ovulation. When the gametes fuse, a zygote is formed. It divides and gradually forms a multicellular structure, which will later turn into a fetus. The intrauterine development of the embryo provides reliable protection for a small organism during pregnancy and viability in the first months of life.
Features of the human nervous system
Only man is a biosocial being. This is largely achieved due to the high level of development of the nervous system. It consists of the spinal cord and brain, as well as the nerve fibers that depart from them. A person is born with a certain set of unconditioned reflexes and animal instincts. However, in the course of life, acquired reactions are also formed in him. How is the human brain arranged? More difficult than other chordates. It distinguishes the cerebral cortex and a large number of convolutions, which significantly increase its area. Only humans are characterized by meaningful speech and abstract thinking. He lives in society and to a certain extent obeys social laws.
Function regulation
Naturally, in such a complex system, regulation of functions is necessary. This happens in two ways at the same time. With the help of the nervous system, the human body receives information about various changes in environmental conditions and almost instantly reacts to them. Much of this is done by sensory systems. A person has five. These are sight, touch, smell, hearing and the ability to perceive smells. Some scientists single out another one, which they call the "sixth sense", or intuition. However, neither the structure nor the mechanism of this system has been discovered and explained so far by anyone. And the endocrine glands, releasing special substances into the blood - hormones, regulate the processes of growth, development and homeostasis. This concept implies maintaining the constancy of the internal environment.
This is how the human body works. This is a complex system that consistently combines cells, tissues, organs and their systems. Each of these structures is characterized by a high degree of specialization and is coordinated by the nervous and humoral systems of regulation.
Of course, every day I myself, no worse than a book, explained to them about the correctness of healthy food, but at this age, visibility is important for children, and the pyramid of food on the first spread hit them in their memory better than any words. Then in our house one could often hear something instructive, such as "... this is harmful ..." or addressed to my husband - a big sweet tooth: "Enough eating sweets")))
We quickly studied the book and then I thought, what would be so interesting to come up with next time. My why-children bombarded me with questions in two voices every day, and I decided to prepare thoroughly.
Books were bought at different times, some 2.5 years ago. The “Little Doctor” from Azbukvarik became a hit among children, in which it was necessary to answer questions after studying the topic by poking a thermometer in the right place. .Children liked to poke so much that they knew all the answers even before studying the topic). They like to read the book "The Human Body. My First Encyclopedia" from Makhaon, although I don't like it artistically. There are more beautiful books.
And for myself, I bought a large heavy "Human Anatomy", creepy and more than detailed. The book presents computer images of a three-dimensional model of the human body in great detail. The model was 20 years old, and the model is based on 7 thousand cross-sectional images of male and female bodies frozen in a hardening agent and dissected horizontally into layers of 0.3 mm (!) . Brrr... But this is just what you need for those who lack spatial imagination, and knowledge of anatomy is very vague.
Here are some great books that are still on sale:
2) My body. From the crown to the heels ()
5) Human Anatomy 360°. Illustrated atlas (Labyrinth.ru)
The prices for many books are simply broken, so I advise you to purchase during promotions.
2. Our classes.
Internal organs and skeleton.
I circled Nastenka and Yulichka on a roll of wallpaper. They left Yulia, because Nastya was spinning and it turned out crooked.
Then I cut out the internal organs and the skeleton from thin cardboard. That's what they had to deal with. It could have been easier, but I wanted more detail and accuracy, so I went the long way. I glued a pimply film on the lungs, in which the equipment is wrapped, and put all parts of the skeleton in bags and glued it inside with adhesive tape so that they would not move.
Veins and arteries made of thread. There was only white yarn, so I gave the children gouache dye in the right colors. By the way, in the same way, you can lay out the lymphatic and nervous systems.
Nastenka liked the skeleton costume. There is a funny song on YouTube about this topic The Skeleton Dance - Super Simple Songs.
But the children feed the skull with honey)
After going through the topic, I showed the studied organ on Jerry's skeleton from the book "Assemble the human body. 3D puzzle", and the children laid out the home-made organs as a puzzle on our layout. By the way, children can clearly demonstrate real organs when you cook in the kitchen, for example, liver, and even cut it together. And for those with a sweet tooth, you can bake cookies and draw funny skeletons on it with icing.
And here is our pasta skeleton. Ordinary pasta did not seduce children, but colored pasta is a completely different matter!
I dyed pasta like this: I diluted food coloring in small containers in cold water. (I had Wilton for icing), I took a lot, the water turned out to be cloudy. She threw pasta in the container and left it for 20 minutes. Then she threw all the pasta into a colander in turn and laid it out on trays previously covered with foil. The main thing is not to mix pasta of different colors, but put each batch separately. Left to dry for a day. Food colorings are good because the product dyed with them is bright and does not dye in the hands.
Teeth.
We studied the mouth and types of teeth, once again talked about the need to brush your teeth. Last year I had to draw a mouth with teeth many times. All teeth smiled if they put healthy food in their mouths, and cried and blackened if they were harmful. And this year, the kids sculpted Mr. Critter's teeth. We learned how to drill holes and make fillings and braces.
But in the photo, all of Zubastik's teeth fell out, because he ate a lot of sweets and did not brush his teeth)
Hands.
Children, especially Nastya, do not like it when I smear their hands with green paint. And in a playful way, they gladly made “cuts”, treated and sealed with a plaster.
cut their nails
painted with varnish
painted decorations - we are girls)
Brain.
Yulia painted the hats - the brains, and I glued them together.
I signed everything in Russian, in the original in English.
We continue to deepen into the anatomy, this time we will tell the children about the human skeleton. Difficult topics need to be presented to the child in interesting activities. Initially, we will pay attention if there is already interest in our own body, then we will analyze what exactly your little student likes: experiments, modeling from plasticine, application - everything can be used. In the article, I share the full information of classes on this topic with my son.
- Human skeleton for younger preschoolers
- Human skeleton with bones name - flashcards
- The structure of the human skeleton: head, torso, limbs
Hello dear readers, welcome to the blog. Today we are waiting for a fascinating journey into the world of human bones. That's right, we will try, like cartoon characters, to delve into the bowels of the body. What will we travel on, on a magic bus or a flying ship, it's up to you. The main thing is that our little passengers should be interested. Go!
This is the first crossword in my son's life in his 5 years 6 months. For the knowledge of my child, it turned out to be quite easy, which indicates the full assimilation of information from children's encyclopedias. I will mention the literature of our children's library in the course of the story.
On 6 cards I wrote questions by hand, and on a separate sheet I drew a grid to fill in. You can do the same if you wish, but first evaluate your child's knowledge. If the answers to the questions are not yet familiar to him, postpone this crossword puzzle until the end of the necessary topics.
Questions:
- Not a clock, but ticking.
- The train endlessly delivering nutrients throughout the body.
- When full, he is silent. When hungry - growls.
- Organ of vision.
- Human respiratory organ.
- He talks and eats.
Alexander set to work with pleasure, he was really interested in solving a crossword puzzle. After graduation, I was ordered a new one about plants and their cultivation.
Most likely, your child became interested in his own body at a younger preschool age. After all, babies are so inquisitive and begin to ask a lot of questions. But do not rush and take the child on an excursion to the medical institute, limit yourself to looking at a similar skeleton of a person from a book My body from head to toe. Where the girl Anya talks about human bones, our muscles and how she grows.
If the things of the child from which he grew up are preserved, then take them out and talk about how his body is changing. Will the baby guess that the size of shoes and clothes changes due to the fact that his bones grow? After reading this book, you will definitely guess! At this stage, it will be a great addition to assemble your skeleton, even a child of 5 years old can handle it.
Many have X-ray pictures at home, show them to your little student. Look together and let them guess which part of the skeleton is located in the picture. If they are of good quality, then you can even see the texture of the bones. We had a picture of Alexander's ribs at the age of three and his mother's foot.
For children from the age of four, the book “Secrets of a Man” from the Magic Doors series will be interesting and understandable. It already provides information on anatomy, but still in an easy-to-understand version for children.
Increase It is thanks to this book that we decided to fool around and paint our skeleton. The advantages of such games are that the child feels each of his bones while drawing, and then he can see himself in the mirror. My skeleton then asked me to draw a pelvic bone, but we won't show you that.
I can’t help but mention the book by the MIF publishing house “Bones and Skeletons”, where the baby will be able to see the skeleton of a person in his own height, as well as examine the skeletons of various animals.
Show the children a human skeleton in a video that is not very animated, but still better perceived than a slide presentation.
Skeleton. Body structure for children - educational cartoon
You can also watch cartoons about Adiba, which we already know from. Adibu travels through the Why I Stand Upright skeleton:
And an explanation about human muscles “Why I move”:
For little fans of developing cards, there are wonderful benefits that include a human skeleton with the name of the bones. They have appeared with us for a long time in Russian, English, French and Spanish. Two beautiful mothers Katrin and Olga shared them with everyone, here you can download the cards. As you can see in the photo, we are talking not only about the human skeleton with the name of the bones, but also the name of all the muscles and organs.
I strongly advise you to immediately laminate the cards, as they will be useful to you not only in introductory anatomy classes, but also in the study of foreign languages. We do not live in Russia, so in our case it is very important. After all, there is nothing worse when you want to tell what you know and cannot because of ignorance of the terms in the language of the interlocutor.
The structure of the human skeleton
So let's move on to more serious knowledge. The first thing we explain to the child is that the human skeleton is divided into the following parts:
- Head skeleton;
- torso;
- upper limbs (shoulder girdle, limbs);
- lower extremities (pelvic girdle, limbs).
If you show it in a picture or on a skeleton model, then the preschooler will definitely understand.
human head skeleton
The skeleton of the human head is the skull, our children learn about this from cartoons long before we decide to tell them about their own body. It will be enough for a preschool child to know that the skull reliably protects his brain, which in turn is very soft and vulnerable.
Also, many children may be interested in why there is no nose on the skull? We explain that in fact the nose consists of soft cartilage that has grown to the bone. And after death, the cartilage decomposes.
Let's look at the skeleton diagram in the book The human body. What will the child immediately notice in the skull?
Photo enlarges on click - Eye sockets that protect our eyes;
- teeth fixed by roots in the upper and lower jaws;
- the back of the skull is shorter than the front.
Explain that it is in the back that our brain is located. The only movable part of the skull is the lower jaw. Let the child open and close his mouth, he himself will feel it.
If there is a desire to go deeper, then disassemble some of the bones of the skull, which are not very different from the words familiar to the child. Show on your head, and let him repeat after you, showing on his.
- The forehead is the frontal bone.
- Whiskey is the temporal bone.
- The nose is the nasal bone.
- The occiput is the occipital bone.
- Temechko - parietal bone.
- Cheekbones - zygomatic bone.
- The lower jaw is the mandible.
- The upper jaw is the maxillary bone.
Since the lesson is designed for preschoolers, it is enough for them to explain that the skeleton of the body consists of the spine and chest. Ribs protect the heart and lungs, and there are 12 pairs of ribs in total. If the child already knows how to count, then it will not be difficult for him to add 12 + 12 and find out the total number.
The spine is our main support that supports the head and torso. In addition, it protects the spinal cord located inside. In the spine between the small bones there are intervertebral discs, they are solid but mobile. It is they who allow us to bend.
Let's do an experiment! What gives us the ability to be flexible?
As we have learned, the spine is made up of many small bones. Between them there are gaps of solid, but moving areas. Let's see clearly how this happens.
We will need:
- Chenille wire;
- 2 ballpoint pens;
- hacksaw.
We take out all the details of ballpoint pens, we only need a frame (plastic tube). We leave one tube as is, it should have open holes on both sides. We cut the other into pieces.
First, we ask the child to put a whole tube on the chenille wire and bend it slightly. Does not work? This is how our spine, if it consisted of a solid bone, we would not be able to bend, bend to the sides, many games and movements would be inaccessible to us.
Now we ask the child to put on pieces of a plastic tube, leaving gaps like intervertebral discs. Well, how now, our “spine” has become more flexible?
After this experiment, ask the child to make different body movements. Let him focus on the spine, feel its flexibility.
The functions of human limbs - arms and legs - are completely different. The legs are responsible for support and movement. And the hands provide a variety of complex movements. We ask the child to take objects with his feet and walk on his hands, it's fun and he will immediately understand the difference in functions. The skeleton of the hand consists of 27 bones, and the skeleton of the foot of 26 bones.
Alexander and I disassembled in detail only one limb, the son made it from plasticine.
Watching the work of the child, I realized that any knowledge of the human skeleton can be well understood and learned if such plasticine x-rays are made. Indeed, during the creation of such a layout, one has to analyze, count the number of details, pay attention to their shape.
So how many bones are in the human skeleton?
The adult human skeleton consists of 200-218 bones. And the skeleton of a newborn is about 300. What happens then? The baby develops and some of the bones grow together, larger bones are formed from them. Men and women do not differ in the number of bones - dad and mom can have the same number of them.
Dear parents, various sources provide information about the skeleton of an adult with 206 bones, 210, a little more than 200. And all these data are correct. Just explain to the child that each organism is individual, the fusion of children's bones in everyone occurs in different ways. So data 200-218 is optimal.
- Our skull is made up of 29 bones.
- Body skeleton:
The spinal column consists of 32-34 vertebrae;
The chest consists of 37 bones, which include 12 pairs of ribs. - Bones of the upper limb 80.
- Bones of the lower limb 60.
The total count is as follows: 29+37+80+60=206. That is why many sources give this figure, but do not forget about individuality.
How much does a human skeleton weigh?
We all know the expression “light bones and heavy bones”. Sometimes you take a child in your arms and wonder how light he is or vice versa heavy - the appearance is sometimes deceptive. Despite this, there is a table according to which it is customary to calculate the weight of the human skeleton:
The bones of a man make up 17-18% of body weight.
Women - 16% of the total weight.
The weight of a child's skeleton is equal to 14% of the child's weight.
If there are scales at home, then weigh the whole family and calculate the weight of the bones of mom, dad, child. Such a presentation of information is sure to be remembered by the child.
Now, after all that has been covered, you can watch the video Human Skeleton to consolidate knowledge.
Even though the bones are very light, they are also very strong. But how strong they are depends on how much calcium carbonate they contain. Let's do an experiment!
What we need:
- Dried, clean chicken bone (leg or wing bone, we have both);
- cones for the experiment (glass);
- white vinegar (we have 5%).
We give the child a bone and ask him to try to break it. We note how tough it is and does not lend itself to children's hands. We examine the bone under a magnifying glass and from the sides we perfectly see the spongy bone tissue.
Now we put the chicken bones in flasks, we have three of them, and cover with vinegar.
Let the bones soak in the vinegar for 1-3 days, then discard the vinegar. The first bone from the winglet, the thinnest, we took out a day later. Now let the child touch the bone and determine what the difference is. You can see how the edges of the bone bend. It makes an impression on a child!
We got the second and third bones in three days. If you want more effect, you can drain and renew the vinegar once a day. And you can take vinegar essence, but we don’t sell such miracles. The bone from the wing, after 3 days, really bent perfectly along its entire length. But the thick bone from the leg softened only at the edges. Now you can easily break and see inside the medullary canal.
Experiment Conclusions
Bones are made of calcium carbonate and the soft material collagen. When the chicken bone was placed in a glass of vinegar, the acetic acid dissolved the calcium carbonate and almost only the collagen remained. Calcium is essential to make our bones strong. The composition of our bones changes depending on what we eat (food composition). A few foods that are high in calcium are milk, cheese, soy products, beans, almonds, fish (canned), and cabbage. After such a lesson, the child understands how important their use is.
On the topic of what human bones are made of, Alexander watched a cartoon that sunk into his soul. Asked to review for three days. In my opinion, for preschoolers, the topic is disclosed well but difficult. The opinion of the child says otherwise. After the screenings, the son can take an anatomy exam about leukocytes and blood cells.
What would a man be like without bones?
I asked Alexander such a provocative question. My child lay down on the floor and began to move like a slug.
- Like a puddle of skin!
Yes, my boy gave such a comparison. And I suggested that he look at it visually. If it's a puddle, then water. I took a rubber glove, poured water from the tap into it - and that's how I got a brush without bones!
Dear friends, our journey through the human skeleton is over. Finally, I’ll show you what gift my son decided to give me for my birthday, which coincided with our classes. He asked me not to peep, so that I would get a real surprise. And here he is!
“Look mom, the skull is smiling at you!” With these words, I was presented with a gift.
And I am sure that no mother received such a wonderful human skeleton on her birthday.
