Everyone knows that the school course is the basis that provides the most necessary knowledge about the world in which we live. This is true, and such a subject as chemistry is an excellent confirmation of this, since, in fact, absolutely everything that surrounds us is chemistry - chemical elements, their compounds, interaction processes, etc. Therefore, it is not surprising that the school curriculum includes a lot of topics in chemistry.
The Importance of Studying Chemistry
Studying the subject of chemistry, the student not only learns the world and certain laws of its existence, but also develops memory, logical and abstract thinking, analytical abilities and intellectual abilities in general. The USE in chemistry, which is an elective subject, is nothing more than a natural summing up of the results of educational and educational activities.
In addition, the successful passing of the Unified State Examination in Chemistry after graduation will facilitate higher education, because its results are counted by higher educational institutions as entrance exams. Therefore, you need to treat this exam as an important stage in your future. Thanks to the knowledge gained, it will be easier later to master other complex subjects at the university.
What is the preparation for the exam in chemistry
Of course, the key to successful study and assimilation of the material is constant work - this applies to absolutely all subjects. However, such a specific subject as chemistry often requires a special approach and the use of additional teaching methods. For example, these are independent work or systematic classes with a tutor. But what to do when there is no opportunity for additional classes with a teacher, and some of them are almost impossible to sort out from a textbook, however, how to systematize all the knowledge gained when it is necessary to prepare for the exam in chemistry?
Today there is a great opportunity for additional education, expansion, deepening of knowledge and consolidation of the materials covered - chemistry online for free. Such lessons are based on many years of pedagogical and psychological experience. In this case, the World Wide Web becomes a reliable friend and helper of modern youth, offering the study of various topics in chemistry, including various methods of presenting material - video lessons with explanations, examples of experiments, solving practical problems and much more, optimally systematized electronic notes and tables.
This science is as complex as it is interesting. However, online chemistry lessons allow you to most effectively learn even the most difficult topic, and, if necessary, consult with a qualified teacher, including on issues related to the exam in chemistry. All this makes learning easy and understandable, everyone can avoid difficult questions, understand topics that they missed earlier.
Total
Pursuing chemistry online and free, you adopt many years of experience in an accessible form for assimilation and receive a baggage of systematized knowledge. Everyone can choose for themselves different modes and training options. Graduates can repeat the material studied at school and fill in the gaps in knowledge by completing tasks of varying complexity and studying topics in chemistry according to the system on which the USE is based. Of course, no one will provide ready-made answers, especially since the list of questions and tasks changes every year. However, the structure remains largely the same, allowing developers to improve the effectiveness of assessments and students to reach their fullest potential. Perhaps this will help schools to show the best academic performance of their students.
In addition, online chemistry lessons are convenient, and can also be useful for both practicing teachers to learn from experience, and parents in order to be aware of how the learning process of their children is being built today. Chemistry classes online will help to refresh the knowledge of future applicants who want to get another education. Therefore, it is difficult to argue with the fact that, thanks to the possibilities of the Internet, it becomes easier for absolutely everyone to learn.
The science of chemistry is very interesting, and knowledge of it can be useful in the life of absolutely every person. But it turns out that it is not so easy to understand it when studying from a school textbook, especially considering that the teacher does not always have time to answer all the questions of students. This self-study book, compiled by E. N. Frenkel, was just created in order to find answers to all your questions in it.
The information in the book is presented in such a way that it is as clear as possible, i. there are no dry facts here. You can read a theoretical position and immediately see explanations that are not found in ordinary textbooks. Also in the book, ways of solving problems are analyzed, tasks are given to consolidate the material, and tasks that are found in the exam are inserted. This book will be useful to anyone who wants to better understand the school course of chemistry, deepen their knowledge, and recall what they learned earlier. It can be used by schoolchildren and applicants in preparation for exams in medical universities or chemistry departments. It will also be of interest to everyone who is simply interested in the science of chemistry, but for some reason did not pay due attention to it at school. After studying the book comes the understanding that chemistry is not so complicated, and most importantly - an interesting science.
The work belongs to the genre Educational literature. It was published in 2016 by AST. The book is part of the "Middle and High School. Best Teaching Methods" series. On our website you can download the book "Chemistry. Self-taught. A book for those who want to pass exams, as well as understand and love chemistry. Elements of general, inorganic and organic chemistry" in fb2, rtf, epub, pdf, txt format or read online. The rating of the book is 4.46 out of 5. Here, before reading, you can also refer to the reviews of readers who are already familiar with the book and find out their opinion. In the online store of our partner you can buy and read the book in paper form.
Chemistry. Tutorial. Frenkel E.N.
M.: 20 1 7. - 3 51 p.
The tutorial is based on a methodology that the author has been successfully using for over 20 years. With its help, many schoolchildren were able to enter the chemistry departments and medical universities. This book is a tutorial, not a textbook. You will not come across here with a simple description of scientific facts and the properties of substances. The material is structured in such a way that, when faced with complex issues that cause difficulties, you will immediately find the author's explanation. At the end of each chapter there are quizzes and exercises to reinforce the material. For an inquisitive reader who just wants to expand their horizons, the Self-Teacher will provide an opportunity to master this subject from scratch. After reading it, you can not help but fall in love with this most interesting science - chemistry!
Format: pdf
Size: 2.7 MB
Watch, download:drive.google
Table of contents
From author 7
PART 1. ELEMENTS OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY 9
Chapter 1. Basic concepts and laws of the subject "Chemistry" 9
1.1. The simplest concepts: substance, molecule, atom, chemical element 9
1.2. Simple and complex substances. Valence 13
1.3. Chemical reaction equations 17
Chapter 2. Main classes of inorganic compounds 23
2.1. Oxides 23
2.2. Acids 32
2.3. Grounds 38
2.4. Salts 44
Chapter 3. Elementary information about the structure of the atom 55
3.1. Structure of the Periodic Table of Mendeleev 55
3.2. The nucleus of an atom. Isotopes 57
3.3. Distribution of electrons in the field of the nucleus of an atom 60
3.4. The structure of the atom and the properties of the elements 65
Chapter 4. The concept of a chemical bond 73
4.1. Ionic bond 73
4.2. Covalent bond 75
4.3. Chemical bond and state of aggregation of matter. Crystal lattices 80
Chapter 5
5.1. The dependence of the rate of a chemical reaction on various factors 87
5.2. Reversibility of chemical processes. Le Chatelier's principle 95
Chapter 6 Solutions 101
6.1. The concept of solutions 101
6.2. Electrolytic dissociation 105
6.3. Ionic-molecular reaction equations 111
6.4. The concept of pH (hydrogen index) 113
6.5. Salt hydrolysis 116
Chapter 7
PART 2. ELEMENTS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 130
Chapter 8. General properties of metals 130
8.1. Internal structure and physical properties of metals 131
8.2. Alloys 133
8.3. Chemical properties of metals 135
8.4. Corrosion of metals 139
Chapter 9. Alkali and alkaline earth metals 142
9.1. Alkali metals 142
9.2. Alkaline earth metals 145
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
11.1. Properties of iron and its compounds 158
11.2. Obtaining iron (iron and steel) 160
Chapter 12 Hydrogen and Oxygen 163
12.1. Hydrogen 163
12.2. Oxygen 165
12.3. Water 166
Chapter 13 Carbon and Silicon 170
13.1. The structure of the atom and the properties of carbon 170
13.2. Properties of carbon compounds 173
13.3. The structure of the atom and the properties of silicon 176
13.4. Silicic acid and silicates 178
Chapter 14 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 182
14.1. The structure of the atom and the properties of nitrogen 182
14.2. Ammonia and ammonium salts 184
14.3. Nitric acid and its salts 187
14.4. Atomic structure and properties of phosphorus 189
14.5. Properties and significance of phosphorus compounds 191
Chapter 15 Sulfur 195
15.1. The structure of the atom and the properties of sulfur 195
15.2. Hydrogen sulfide 196
15.3. Sulfur dioxide and sulfurous acid 197
15.4. Sulfuric anhydride and sulfuric acid 198
Chapter 16 Halogens 202
16.1. Atomic structure and properties of halogens 202
16.2. Hydrochloric acid 205
SECTION 3. ELEMENTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 209
Chapter 17. Basic concepts of organic chemistry 210
17.1. The subject of organic chemistry. Theory of the structure of organic substances 210
17.2. Features of the structure of organic compounds 212
17.3. Classification of organic compounds 213
17.4. Formulas of organic compounds 214
17.5. Isomerism 215
17.6. Homologues 217
17.7. Names of hydrocarbons. International Nomenclature Rules 218
Chapter 18 Alkanes 225
18.1. The concept of alkanes 225
18.2. Homologous series, nomenclature, isomerism 225
18.3. The structure of molecules 226
18.4. Properties of alkanes 226
18.5. Preparation and use of alkanes 229
Chapter 19 Alkenes 232
19.1. Homologous series, nomenclature, isomerism 232
19.2. The structure of molecules 234
19.3. Properties of alkenes 234
19.4. Preparation and use of alkenes 238
19.5. The concept of alkadienes (dienes) 239
Chapter 20. Alkynes 244
20.1. Definition. Homologous series, nomenclature, isomerism 244
20.2. The structure of molecules 245
20.3. Properties of alkynes 246
20.4. Production and use of acetylene 248
Chapter 21. Cyclic hydrocarbons. Arenas 251
21.1. The concept of cyclic hydrocarbons. Cycloalkanes 251
21.2. The concept of aromatic hydrocarbons 252
21.3. The history of the discovery of benzene. The structure of the molecule 253
21.3. Homologous series, nomenclature, isomerism 255
21.4. Properties of benzene 256
21.5. Properties of benzene homologues 259
21.6. Preparation of benzene and its homologues 261
Chapter 22
22.1. Definition 263
22.2. Homologous series, nomenclature, isomerism 264
22.3. The structure of molecules 265
22.4. Properties of monohydric alcohols 266
22.5. Preparation and use of alcohols (on the example of ethyl alcohol) 268
22.6. Polyhydric alcohols 269
22.7. The concept of phenols 271
Chapter 23
23.1. Definition. Homologous series, nomenclature, isomerism 276
23.2. The structure of molecules 277
23.3. Properties of aldehydes 278
23.4. Obtaining and application of aldehydes on the example of acetaldehyde 280
Chapter 24. Carboxylic acids 282
24.1. Definition 282
24.2. Homologous series, nomenclature, isomerism 283
24.3. The structure of molecules 284
24.4. Properties of acids 285
24.5. Production and use of acids 287
Chapter 25 Fats 291
Chapter 26 Carbohydrates 297
Chapter 27
27.1. Amines 304
27.2. Amino acids 306
27.3. Squirrels 308
Chapter 28 Understanding Polymers 313
PART 4. PROBLEM SOLVING 316
Chapter 29. Basic Calculation Concepts 317
Chapter 30
30.1. Tasks on the topic "Gas" 320
30.2. Tasks on the topic "Methods of expressing the concentration of solutions" 324
Chapter 31
31.1. Registration of calculations according to the equations of reactions 330
31.2. Tasks on the topic "Quantitative composition of mixtures" 333
31.3. Tasks for "surplus-lack" 337
31.4. Tasks to establish the formula of a substance 342
31.5. Tasks that take into account the "yield" of the obtained substance 349
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Even in high school, many students are faced with the question of how to learn chemistry on their own from scratch, because this science is rarely learned the first time. School teachers often do not think that children do not receive all the necessary knowledge that allows them to study science at a more complex level. Therefore, the guys do not understand more and more new tasks, drawing a conclusion about their poor predisposition to the subject. In fact, gaps in knowledge may arise not because of problems with thinking, but because of the wrong method of schooling.
Let's talk about how to learn chemistry on your own from scratch at home. This issue is also relevant for school graduates who are going to take the exam and go to universities.
Many students who study at medical universities are exposed to chemistry every day. And at the same time, not every one of them knew this science well at school. Here are some tips they give to the younger generation:
- To pass the exam, you need knowledge of the entire school chemistry course. But for studying at the university you will need only the basics of inorganic science, everything else will be taught to you by experienced professors. Therefore, develop short-term memory. After passing the exam, you will have to throw all unnecessary information out of your head.
- Lessons with a tutor will bring much more benefits than independent ones. However, if you do not have the opportunity to attend individual lessons, do not despair, because you can learn chemistry on your own, but for this you will have to work hard.
- Remember that humanity has not come up with an even more effective method of studying disciplines than hard work on your knowledge and skills. Constant practice is your key to success.
It is continuity in learning that is a key factor in achieving the goal. For effective classes, you need to create an appropriate psychological attitude.
Many students are concerned not so much with the quality of the knowledge gained, but with the time that will have to be spent on training. Believe me, the more thoroughly you study the basics of science, the clearer the meaning of each equation is for you, the faster you will master more complex topics. In this case, it will be difficult for you only at the very beginning. Understand the essence of the basic concepts, and then the awareness of each chemical law will come to your mind by itself.
Just by not paying attention to the deadlines, you can learn chemistry quickly. It is realistic to do this in a month, if we are talking about a school course. Usually such a goal is set by students who are preparing for the exam. Use the technique below to create the appropriate mental attitude.
Motivation is the key to success
To create the appropriate motivation for yourself and keep it throughout the entire training period, use the following recommendations:
- Set a goal, formulate it, clearly realizing what result you want to achieve.
- Remember that you should not try to learn a large amount of information in a short time. It will not linger in your thoughts for a long time, and all the formulas will merge into one.
- The theoretical material will not be fully understood by you if you do not consolidate it by solving practical tasks. In addition, your self-esteem will increase significantly if you can solve problems.
- Arrange tests for yourself, on which you will check the degree of mastery of the material.
Chemistry is just science. The human brain is designed in such a way that we can remember and understand absolutely any information. Therefore, stop telling yourself that chemistry is not for you, then you will succeed.
Be an educator
As strange as it may sound, you will learn the material best if you explain it to someone. Learned a new topic, but are not sure that you fully understood it? Find a person who does not understand it at all, and explain to him the essence of the material. Believe me, after this lesson, in which you will act as a teacher, not only your “student”, but also you will gain knowledge.
Why chemistry is a problematic subject
Usually, chemistry initially does not cause enthusiasm among schoolchildren. Already after the first lesson, most children put an end to the study of this science, believing that they have no abilities. This is due to the fact that from childhood we are taught that chemistry is a science that has given humanity a lot of interesting experiments, amazing spectacles and amazing innovations. When high school students come to their first lesson, they are preparing to have an unforgettable experience and participate in interesting experiments. Instead, students see only dry theory and many incomprehensible tasks. They are disappointed in the subject, and when the time comes for the exam, they realize that they have no knowledge.
This is the fault of adults. The child must understand that spectacles in chemistry are formed through hard work, only with some effort, one can conduct interesting experiments.
Passing the exam
Graduates often think about how to learn chemistry on their own from scratch in order to pass the exam. The answer to this question is very simple. You just need to study chemistry without thinking about exams. Your knowledge will be much better and deeper if you master the subject for yourself, and not for university admission. Having delved into the essence of science, following the above tips, you can easily write tests for
