فراماسون ها یا ماسون ها. چه کسی در روسیه مخفیانه فراماسون است؟

فصل سوم. فصل سوم. ارتش و سیاست خارجی ایالات - مخالفان سوئد در جنگ شمالی (1700-1721)

فصل 21. شاهزاده پاول - رئیس احتمالی دولت شوروی در سال 1866 دوقلوها از شاهزاده دیمیتری دولگوروکی به دنیا آمدند: پیتر و پاول. هر دو پسر بدون شک سزاوار توجه ما هستند، اما شاهزاده پاول دیمیتریویچ دولگوروکوف به عنوان یک روسی به شهرت رسید.

فصل هفتم رئیس کلیسا، تابع امپراطور: کاتولیکوس ارمنی در ارتباط با سیاست های داخلی و خارجی امپراتوری. 1828–1914 © 2006 Paul W. Werth در تاریخ به ندرت اتفاق افتاده است که مرزهای جغرافیایی جوامع مذهبی با مرزهای ایالات منطبق باشد. بنابراین، برای خروج

pFLKhDB RPYMP NBUPOUFChP؟ rPSCHMEOYE ZHTBOLNBOPOUFCHB FEUOP UCHSBOP U YUFPTYEK Utedoechelpchschi TENEUMEOOSCHI ZYMSHDYK Y VTBFUFCH. h BOZMYY، PFLHDB، UPWUFCHOOOP، Y CHEDEFUS YUFPTYS UPCHTENEOOOPZP NBUPOUFCHB، RETCHSHCHE GEI RPSCHYMYUSH H XII CHELE، PDOBLP TBUGCHEFPN BUGCHEFPN GEIPCHPZOFUDY MEOOSCH PVAEDYOEOOYS UFBMY YZTBFSH CHBTSOKHA TPMSH CH TSYJOY UOBYUBMB ZPTPDPCH، B RPFPN Y CHUEK UFTBOSHCH. fBL، UBNSHche LTHROSHCHE Y OYI PVMBDBMY RTBCHPN RPUSHMBFSH UCHPYI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK CH ZPTPDULYE UPCHEFSHCHY DBTSE KHYUBUFChPCHBFSH CH CHSHCHVOPTBI RBTMBNE.
ZYMSHDY DEMYMYUSH حدود FTY TBTSDB. CHIPDSEYE CH RETCHSHCHK TBTSD YNEMY RTBCHP OBRTBCHMSFSH CH ZPTPDULPK UPCHEF YEUFETSCHI UCHPYI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK، ZYMSHDIY CHFPTPZP TBTSDB - YUEFSHTEBYFTEI. l LFPNH READING GEY HCE CHMBDEMY UPVUFCHEOOSCHNY DPNBNY Y VPZBDEMSHOSNY, YЪ YI UTEDSH CHSHCHDEMSMYUSH OBYVPMEE PDBTEOOOSCHY DESFEMSHOSHCHNY MADI, LPFPTMESHCHNY MADI, LPFPTMEFOKYHRBFUHBHBHRBFHRBHR DRTYOINBFEMSNY.
yuMEOSCH OBYVPMEE RPYUEFOSHI GEIPCH OPUYMY NHODYTSCH Y UPUFBCHMSMY ZPTPDULHA OBFSH; SING PVMBDBMY YYTPLYNY RTBCHBNY Y RTYCHYMEZYSNY، LPFPTSCHNY PFYUBUFY UPRETOYUBMY U YENEMSHOPK BTYUFPLTBFYEK.
rPTK LFY RTYCHYMEZYY UFBOPCHYMYUSH RTYYUYOPK TELPZP OEDPCHPMSHUFCHB ZPTPDULYI CHMBUFEK. l RTYNETKH، YJCHEUFEO UMKHYUBK، LPZDB NHOYGIRBMYFEF lLUEFFETB OBRTBCHYM VTYFBOULPNH LPTPMA TsBMPVH درباره FP، UFP GEI RPTFOSCHI RPTFOSCHI HEYI CH ZPTPDE MYG، ЪBUFBCHMSS YI DEMBFSH CHOPUSCH CH UCPA LBUUKH.
GEIY LBNEYLPCH OE VSHMY UBNSHNY UFBTSHNY YMY UBNSHNY CHMYSFEMSHOSCHNY UTEDY DTHZYI GEIPCH، RETCHPE KHRPNNYOBOE P OYI CH PZHYGIBMSHOSHI ZHYGIBMSHOSHI DPLHNEYPUSYP FTPYFEMEK VSHMB PFOUEOB LP CHFPTPNKH TBTSDH. OP KHCE CH 1411 ZPDH mPODPOULYK GEY LBNEOEILPC VSHM YOLPTRPTYTPCHBO (F.E. CHLMAYUEO CH YUYUMP PZHYGIBMSHOSHI HYUTETSDEOOK)، B CH 1472 ZPDH RPMKHVUMP. u 1481 ZPDB LPTPMECHULIN KHLBЪPN YUMEOBN LFPPZP PVAEDYOEOOYS VSHMP DBOP RTBCHP OPUIFSH NHODYT، YOSCHNY UMPCHBNY، SING RPMKHYUMY CHEUSH PVAEN RTBMECHPMSHPYSHP BNSHCH LTHROSHCH Y CHMYSFEMSHOSCH ZYMSHDY TENEUMEOOILCH.
lBNEOEYLY FPTSE RTBLFYLPCHBMY RTYEN CH UCHPY TSDSCH MADEK، OE CHMBDECHYI RTPZHEUUYEK UFTPIFEMS; U LFПЗП NNPNEOFB CHP'OILBAF DCH LBFEZPTYY NBUPOPCH - "PRETBFYCHOSCHE", F.E. FE، LFP SCHMSMUS UFTPYFEMEN Y CHMBDEM UFTPYFEMSHOPK RTPZHEUUYEK، Y "URELHMSFYCHOSCHE" YMY "RTYYOBOOSHCH" - OE YNECHYE OYLBLPK UCHSY UP UFTPIFEMSHUPCHPCHPYCHPYCHOPYMB GEIB LBNEOEILPC، RTYOSFSH YI PVSHYUBY Y NPTBMSHOSHE RPUFKHMBFSCH، Y، UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP، RPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS YI RTYCHYMEZYSNY.
pDOB Ъ CHBTSOEKYI RTYCHYMEZYK LBNEOEILPC - UCHPVPDB RETEDCHYTSEOYS، LPFPTBS VSHMB OEPVIPDYNB RP TPDH RTPZHEUUYY، RPULPMSHLH UTEDOECHELPCHFEMSSHN RETEDCHYTSEOYS ZPTPD DMS KHUBUFYS CH CHP'CHEDEOY ЪBNLPCH، DPNPCH OBFY، GETLCHEK Y UPVPTPCH. h FE READING CHUE RPDBFOSH UMPI PVEEUFCHB VSHMY PVSBOSH UPVMADBFSH TSEUFLYE ЪBLPOSH PV PUEDMPUFY. lBNEOEYLY VSHMY EDYOUFCHEOOSCHNY RPDBFOSHNY TSYFEMSNY BOZMYY، LPFPTSCHN VSHMP RPCHPMEOP UCHPVPDOP RETEDCHYZBFSHUS RP UFTBOE. RPFPNH YI UFBMY OBSCHCHBFSH "CHPMSHOSCHNY". fBL RPSCHYMPUSH OSCHOOEE OOBCHBOYE "ZHTBONLBUPO" (مسون آزاد) - "CHPMSHOSCHK LBNEOAIL".

mPTsB - LFP BTFEMSH DTECHOEKYE DPLKHNEOFSHCH، TBUULBSCHCHBAEYE P TSIYOY Y DESFEMSHOPUFY BOZMYKULYI UFTPYFEMSHOSHHI TBVPYYI - LFP BTFEMSHOSHE KHUFBCHSHCH، PFOPUSEYEUS L XIV XIV OBY. yЪ OYI CHYDOP، YuFP YI UPVTBOYS RTPCHPDYMYUSH CH UREGYBMSHOPN LTSHFPN RPNEEOOYY، OBSCHCHBENPN MPTSEK (Lodge)، CH LPFPTPK VEUUENEKOSH TBVPYYETSYMYCE. ъB RPTSDLPN TBVPF Y RPCHEDEOYEN LBNEOEYLPCH UMEDIM UFBTYK NBUFET Y OBDYTBFEMY. CHUFKHRBS CH BTFEMSH، TBVPYUYE RTYOPUYMY RTYUSZKH "About LOYZA" (PUECHYDOP، ABOUT KHUFBCH). قسمت پانزدهم CHELE MPTSEK UFBMY OBSCHCHBFSH OE FPMSHLP NBUFETULKHA، OP Y UBNH BTFEMSH.
lTPNE GEIPCHSHCHI PTZBOYBGYK TENEUMEOOILY PVYAEDYOSMYUSH CH VPMEE FEUOSCHE UPASCH - VTBFUFCHB CHBINPRPNPEY، OPUYCHYE GETLPCHOP-TEMYZYPOSCHK IBT. h OI UKHEEUFCHPCHBM LKHMSHF UCHSFPZP RPLTPCHYFEMS GEIB (X LBNEOEYLPCH، LBL RTBCHYMP، LFP VShchM UCH.yPBOO)، VPMSHYKHA TPMSH CH DESFEMSHYKHA TPMSH CH DESFEMSHYKHA CH DESFEMSHOPUFYBFBBYП Б И РПНПЭШ، Б ФБЛЦе РПНПЭШ Ш RХFEИУФЧИСИ، DMS YuEZP YURPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH RBTPMY Y FBKOSHCHE OBLY، RP LPFPTSCHN VTBFSHUS NPZMY KHOBFSH DTHZ DTHZB Y PLBBBFSH RPDDETSLH. upPVEEOYS RBTPMEK Y RTYUSZB CHETOPUFY UPUFBCHMSMY UKHEEUFCHEOKHA YUBUFSH GETENPOIK CHUFKHRMEOYS CH VTBFUFChP. h ZPDYUOSCH GEIPCHSHCHE RTBDOYLY KHUFBYCHBMYUSCH RYTHYLY، ZDE TYFKHBM UPVMADBMUS OE NEOEE UFTPZP، YUEN RTY RTPchedeoy PVSHYUOSCHI CHUFTEYU Y VEUED.
rBTPMY Y FBKOSH OBLY UKHEEUFCHPCHBMY OE FPMSHLP KH YUMEOOPCH VTBFUFCH، OP Y KH YUMEOPC GEIPCH، ZDE SING VSHCHMY FEUOP UCHSBOSCH U LCHBMYZHYLBGYEK. rTY RETEIPDE PF PDOPZP UFTPYFEMSHUFCHB L DTHZPNH U YI RPNPESHA LBNEOEYLY UPPVEBMY P UCHPEK RTYOBDMETSOPUFY L GEIH Y PV HTPCHOE NBUFETUFCHB.
UP CHFPTPK RPMPCHYOSCH XVI CHELB CH TSYJOY TENEUMEOOSCHI UPAЪPCH LBNEOEILPC OBUFBAF FTHDOSHCHETNEOB. rPSCHMSAFUS OPCHSHCHE، NEOEE FTHDPENLYE، NEFPDSH UFTTPYFEMSHUFCHB، ZPFYLB UNEOSEFUS OPCHSHCHNY BTIIFELFKHTOSHNY UFYMSNY، CH BOZMYY RPSCHMSAFUS ZOPFTPSHBOCHFSHEN MBODGSH. در OBYUBMPN TEZHPTNBGYY OBYUBMYUSH ZPOEOYS درباره CHUE PTZBOYYY، OPUYCHYYE GETLPCHOSCHK IBTBLFET، Y CH 1547 ZPDH CH BOZMYY CHUE PTZBOYYY.
NOPZIE TENEUMEOOSCH VTBFUFCHB OE UNPZMY RETETSYFSH LFPZP Y YUYUEYEMY. pDOBLP، NBUPOULPE VTBFUFChP KHUFPSMP; POP RETEUFBMP VSHFSH LBFPMYUEULYN، GETLPCHOSHE PVTSDSHCH Y NYUFETYY درباره VYVMEKULYE FENSCH YUYUEYMY YI PVIIPDB، OP GETENPOY RTYENB، ZPDYUOSCH PVTSDSHCH Y NYUFETYY BOSFSHUS، RTECHTBFYCHYYUSH CH RTPYUOHA FTBDYGYA.
u LFPPZ CHTENEY OBYUBMPUSH ЪBNEFOPE TBDEMEOOYE GEIPCH Y VTBFUFCH: RETCHCHE CHEDBMY YUYUFP RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOPK UFPTPOPK DEMB، CHFPTSCHE - ITBCHFYCHFYBYFUTY ZP PVEEOYS Y CHYNPRPNPEY. UP CHTENEOEN RTPIЪPYMP Y PTZBOYBGYPOOPE TBDEMEOOYE: HCE NPTsOP VSHMP VShchFSH YUMEOPN VTBFUFCHB، OE UPUFPS H GEIE، Y OBPVPTPF.
dTECHOEKYK DPLHNEOFBMSHOP RPDFCHETTSDEOOOSCHK UMHYUBK HYUBUFYS CH NBUPOULYI FTHDBI OE-UFTPYFEMS PFOPUYFUS LLDYOVHTZULPK MPTSE yPFBOMBYFUTY0P CHBM UHT dTsPO vPUHMM، MPTD pYYOMELULYK. در FAIRY RPT RTYUKHFUFCHYE YPFMBODULPK OBFY CH MTsBI UFBOPCHYFUS ЪBХTSDOSHCHN. rTBCHDB، Ch LPOGE XVII CHELB CHUFTEYUBMYUSH MPTSY، UPUFPSCYYE URMPYSH YЪ LBNEOEILPC (OBRTYNET، MPTSB CH ZMBZP)، OP PDOPCHTENEOOOP U OINY VSHCHMY MPTSYECHY OBTRPYDE Ъ 49 YUMEOOPCH FPMSHLP 12 VShchMY RTPZHEUUIPOBMSHOSCHNY LBNEOEYLBNY، PUFBMSHOSHE VSHCHMY RBUFPTBNY، LPNNETUBOFBNY، RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY YOFEMMYZEOFOSHI RTPZHEUUYK - HYUEOSCHNY، RYUBFEMSNY YMY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY DCHPTSOULPZP UPUMPCHYS.
nPTsOP FPMSHLP DPZBDSHCHBFSHUS P RTYUYOBI، FPMLBCHYI LFYI MADEK L CHUFKHRMEOYA CH NBUPOULYE VTBFUFCHB. dMS OELPFPTSCHNY RTYCHMELBFEMSHOSHNY NPZMY VSHFSH MSHZPFSH Y RTYCHYMEZYY، LPFPTSCHNY RTDPDPMTSBMY RPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS UFTPIFEMSHOSH ZYMSHDYNY، OP CHTPIFEMSHOSH ZYMSHDYNY, OP CHTPOYSHFSFSHM BTYUFPLTBFPCH Y DESFEMEK GETLCHIY، LPFPTSHCHE VSHCHMY UBNSHCHN RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHN UPUMPCHYEN BOZMYYY DTHZYI UFTBO ECHTPRSCH. rTEDRPMPTSYFEMSHOP، LFP NPZMP VSHFSH UFTENMEOYE L UFBTYOE Y FTBDYGYSN، L DTECHOYN MEZEODBN P RTPYUIIPTSDEOOY NBUPOULYI VTBFUFCH، CHUEMSCHNCHYPOLPTYPYNs CHYFEMSHUFCHPChBFSH UMBVSHCHN.
oELPFPTSCHE YUUMEDPCHBFEMY NBUPOULPK YUFPTYY RTEDRPMBZBAF، YuFP RPSCHMEOYE CH MPTSBI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK CHCHUYI UMPECH PVEEUFCHB VSHMP CHCHCHBOP YI UFTENMEFTPMFTP UKHEEUFChPCHBMP PRBUEOYE، YuFP TBVPFSH، RTPCHPDYCHYYEUS CH OYI، NPZMY VSCHFSH PRBUOSCH DMS RTBCHSEEZP LMBUUB. OEF UNSHUMB PFTYGBFSH LFP RPMOPUFSHA، OP، CHYDYNP، OEF UNSHUMB PFTYGBFSH Y FP، YuFP BTYUFPLTBFYS TSEMB CHP'ZMBCHYFSH NBUPOUFChP Ch RPMYFYUEMSI FYPSHP CHPNPTSOPUFY CH UCHPYI YOFETEUBI.

vTBFUFChP Y EZP RPLTPCHYFEMY OP LBL VSH FP OH VSHMP، NBUPOULPE VTBFUFChP، RTDPDPMTSBS PUFBCHBFSHUS CH UCHPEK NBUUE RTPZHEUYPOBMSHOSCHN PVAEDYOOYEN UFTPIFEMEK، RPMKHYYMP CHSHCHCHUPLYI PUFBCHBFSHUS , Y UPITBOYMPUSH FPZDB, LPZDB TENEUMEOOSCH GEY UFBMY RPUFEREOOP RTYIPDIFSH CH KHRBDPL Y YUYUEBFSH.
h LFP CHTENS CH MPTSY CHUFKHRBAF RTEDUFBCHYFEMY HUEOPK YOFEMMYZEOGYY، ZHYMPUPZHSCHY MADI TEZHPTNBFPTULPZP ULMBDB KHNB، LPFPTSCHE YЪ-ЪBTSCHE YЪ-ЪBTSCHE YЪ-ЪBHTEHBHKB BLGYEK HCE OE NPZMY UCHPVPDOP CHSHCHULBSCCHBFSH UCHPY CHZMSDSCH. h NBUPOUFChP RTPOILBAF KHFPRYUEUULYE YDEY، KHFCHETTSDBCHYYE، YuFP NPTsOP RPUFTPIFSH URTBCHEDMYCHPE PVEEUFCHP درباره PUOPCHBI DPUFYTSOYK OBHLY Y TBHNB. TBCHYFYA LFYI YDEK LBL OEMSHЪS VPMSHYE URPUPVUFCHPCHPCHBM Y UPUFBCH UFTPYFEMSHOSHCHI LPTRPTBGYK، CH LPFPTSHCHE، OBTSDKH U RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY FSCEMPZPPEYTHI FSCEMPZPYTHYKH HDPTSOILY، ULHMSHRFPTSH، BTIYFELFPTSCH. nBUPOULYK GAY UBN RP UEVE VSHM UYNCHPMPN FPZP، YuFP MAVPE LTHROPE DEMP FTEVHEF UPZMBUOSHI KHUIMYK CHUEI TBVPYYI، LBL VSH OYILY OYILY YMY CHSHCHUPLY VSHBOBYY. bFB DTECHOSS bFYLB UFTTPYFEMEC UFBMB VMBZPDBFOPK RPYUCHPK DMS TBCHYFYS YDEK URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY، TBCHEOUFCHB Y OEOBUIMSHUFCHOOOPZP RETEDEMB PVEEUFCHOOOPZP RETEDEMB PVEEUFCHOPPKB TBCHYFYS YDEK URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY، TBCHEOUFCHB Y OEOBUIMSHUFCHOOOPZP RETEDEMB PVEEUFCHOOOPZP RETEDEMB PVEEUFCHOPPKBTBCHYFYS
yday fj وشچمپ OEVE'PRBUOP RTPChP'ZMBYBFSH PFLTSCHFP; PFUADB VETEF UCHPE OBYUBMP UYNCHPMYUEULYK SJSHL NBUPOUFCHB. uFTPYFEMSHOSHE YOUFTHNEOFSH UFBOPCHSFUS ЪOBBLBNY، UYNCHPMYYYTHAEYNY OTBCHUFCHEOOSCH LBYUEUFCHB، CHPRMPEBAF LFYUEULYE ЪBLPOSH URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY، UBBLPOSH URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY، UBBLPOSH URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY، UBBLPOSH URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY، UBBHUFTPUFTPYCHP N RPUFTPEOYS OPCHPZP UPCHETYEOOPZP PVEEUFCHB. nBUPOUFChP، FBLYN PVTBBPN، RPUFEREOOP RTECHTBBEBEFUS YJ LPTRPTBFYCHOPK YDEMPZYY TENEUMEOOPZP VTBFUFCHB CH FYUEULPE HYUEOYE، CHPURYFSHCHCHPYUEBUEYBUEY CHB.
chPF LBL RYUBM P NBUPOULYI TBVPFBI CHSHCHDBAEIKUS TKHUULYK RYUBFEMSH NYIBYM pUPTZYO: "h RETURELFYCHE MYRPCHPK BMMEY RPSCHMSAFUS PUETFBOYS UFPSEEZPZPUS FTPEO.uADB UFELBAFUS YЪP CHUEI UFTBO MADI، PFNEOOOSCHNY PUPVSHCHNY FBMBOFBNY، OE RTPZHBOULYNY ЪBUMHZBNY، OE VPZBFUFCHPN، OE TPDPCHYFPUFSHA، OE RPKNBOOPK ЪB ICHPUF UMBCHPK، B FBKOPK REYUBFSHHA RPUCHSEEOOPUFY.poy OILEN OE RTYYCHBOSHCH - POY UBNY UEVS OBYMYY CHBYNOP KHFCHETDIMY.vTBBFULBSHMBYECH DEMYMB PF ЪMPVUFCHHAEEZP، VPMSHOPZP، OERPTPUCHEEOOOPZP NYTB، LPFPTSCHK DPMTSOP RETEUPЪDBFSH.h FP CHTENS LBL DTHZIE UFTPYFEMY، RTBBLFLYY ZHBOFBYETSH VMBZPDEFEMSHUFCHHAF YEMPCHYUEUFChP ZPFPCHSHNY RTPZTBNNBNNY، RPFYUHAF EZP UPGYBMSHOSCHNY PRSHCHFBNY، CHSTCHBCHTCHBUTS LBFSFUUS LHVBTEN RPD OPZY CHUVEUYCHYIUS MPYBDEC، - FY FBKOSH ЪBZPCHPTEYLY، CHOE RPMYFYUEULYI UFTBUFEK Y RTEDTBUUKHDLPCH - RP FH UFPPTPOH PBOCHTPOH PBOCHTPOH DPSHTPOH CHPPTHTSYCHYUSH NPMPFPN YULBOBEK, DEMOOOOOP PVFFECHCHBAF LBCK ODPK UPVUFCHEOOSHCK Ztkhvshchk Lbneosh, UFBTBSUSH RTIDHCH RTBCHIKHOH, KHDPVOHA DMS RTHZPTHNH DMSRTHZKHN. rTPYEDYE RETCHSHCHK YULKHU LMBDHF YЪ LFYI LBNOEK ZHKHODBNEOF Y CHPCHPDSF UFEOSCH OPChPZP YDEBMSHOPZP iTBNB; YURSHCHFBOOSCHE CH TBVPFE OBOPUSF RTELTBUOSCHK TYUHOPL درباره YUETFETSOKHA DPULKH Y THLPCHPDSF UFTPKLPK. CHEMYUBCHSHCHK iTBN TBBUFEF Y CHYYTSH Y CHCHSHUSH، - OP NBUYFBVSH EZP FBLPCSHCH، YuFP FPMSHLP CHUE YUEMPCHEUFChP NPZMP VSHCH PVEYNY DTHTSOSCHNY EHDPCHPHPYNF MPN. dPTSYFSH DP bFPZP OE NEYUFBEF OH PDYO LBNEOAIL; PO DPCHPMSHUFCHHEFUS UCHPYN NBMSCHN CHLMBDPN، - Y PO KHNYTBEF، ЪBCHEEBS UCPE DEMP NBUFETH OPCHPNH، LPFPTSCHK، NPTsEF VShchFSH، RETEDEMBEF ЪBOPPFHPH یئه چتبز آی پی تی پی ی زپ، یوفیوب اویلپنخ اوئه یج چئوفوب...».

RETCHBS CHEMILBS mPCB rP NETE TPUFB YUYUMB MPTs CHP'OILBMB OEPVIPDYNPUFSH LPPTDYOTPCHBFSH YI DEFEMSHOPUFSH. rППФПНХ Х МПОППЭЧ 1717 ZPDH YuEFSHTE MPTSY PVYAEDYOMYUSH Y UPDBMY UCHPEPVTBOSCHK PTZBO OBDJPTB، CHEMYLHA mPTSKH، ETSEPDOSH UPVTBOYS UPVTBOYS UPVTBOYS UPVTBOYS UPVTBOYS UPVTBOYS CHB Y RTECHTBEBMY PTDEO CH DYOBNYYUOP TBUFHEEE DCHYTSEOYE. lBL VSH FP OU VSHMP، CH BOZMYY NETSDH 1737 Y 1907 ZPDBNY CH VTBFUFCHE UPUFPSMY YEUFOBDGBFSH RTYOGECH YUEFCHETP YY OYI UFBMY CHRPUMEDUFCHY LPPMS.
u PVYAEDYOOYEN PRETBFYCHOSCHI RTYOBOOOSCHI NBUPOPCH CH EDYOPE VTBFUFChP NBUPOUFChP RTYOSMP FKH ZHTNKH، CH LPFPTPK POP UKHEEUFCHHEF Y UEZPDOS. pF PRETBFYCHOPZP NBUPOUFCHB POP RETEOSMP UFTPYFEMSHOSHYOUFTHNEOFSHCH، UFEREOY، PFTBTSBAEYE HTPCHEOSH RPUCHSEOOOPUFY YUMEOPC MPTs CH NBUPOULYE FBKOSHFOPPEFTHNEOFSHCH، UFEREOY، POSCH KHOBAF DTHZ DTHZB, PVSBOOPUFSH FTHDYFSHUS Y NOPZPE DTHZPE. rTYЪOBOOSH NBUPOSCH، LPFPTSCHE CH NBUUE UCHPEK VSHHMY MADSHNY YOFEMMELPHHBMSHOPZP FTKHDB، درباره LFPN ZHKHODBNEOFE RPUFTTPYMY UFTTPKOPE ЪDBOYNPPOPOLLYs YE NYTB، CETKH ChPNPTSOPUFSH UP'DBOYS URTBCHEDMYCHPZP PVEEUFCHB YUETE UPCHETYEOUFCHPCHPCHBOYE LBCDPZP YY EZP YUMEOOOPCH Y PFOPEOIK NETSDH OYNY. chPYOILMY NBUPOULYE MEZEODSCH، OBYUBMYUSH RPYULY YUFYOSCH CH DTECHOYI CHETPCHBOYSI Y HYUEOYSI.
uYUYFBEFUS، YuFP RPUMEDOYN CHEMILINE nBUFETPN PRETBFYCHOPZP NBUPOUFCHB VSHM BOZMYKULYK BTIIFELFPT lTYUFPZHET TEO، RPUFTPIYCHYK UPVPT uchSFMBPZP m. h FEYUEOYE CHPUENOBDGBFY MEF، RPLB YMP UFTPYFEMSHUFChP ITBNB، BY RPUEEEBM TBURPMPTSEOKHA OERPDBMELKH MTsKH uChSFPZP rBCHMB.
p EZP NBUFETUFCHE ЪPDYUEZP DBEF RTEDUFBCHMEOYE FBLBS YUFPTYS. lPZDB UPVPT HCE VSHM RPYUFY RPUFTPEO، ZPTPDULYE CHMBUFY PVTBFYMY CHOYNBOYE در مورد FP، YuFP CH GEOFTBMSHOPN RTPUFTBOUFCHE ITBNB OEF LPMPOCHTPPDYSCHI CH RPFPMPL. lTYUFPZHET TEO KHVETSDBM، YuFP LPMPOOSCH OE OHTSOSCH Y RPFPMPL OE PVCBMYFUS، Y RTYCHPDYM CH LBUEUFCHE DPLBBFEMSHUFCHB UCHPY TBUYUEFSHCH. pDOBLP ENKH OE RPCHETYMYY TBURPTSDYMYUSH RPDRETEFSH RPFPMPL UPVPTB LPMPOOBNY. TEO CHSHRPMOYM LFP FTEVPCHBOIE، OP... CHPCHEDEOOSCH YN LPMPOOSCH OE DPUFBAF DP RPFPMLB، NETSDH LBRYFEMSNYY UBNYN RPFPMLPN EUFSH RTPUFTBOUFCHP. fY LPMPOOSCH، OE RPDRYTBAEYE RPFPMPL، UFPSF Y UEZPDOS، SCHMSSUSH UYNCHPMPN CHSHUPYUBKYEZP NBUFETUFCHB JPDYUEZP Y PVSHYUOPZP OEDPCHETYS CHMBUFEK L DPUFSY.
در ZPDBNY NBUPOUFChP UPCHETYEOUFChPChBMP UCHPA PTZBOYBGYA. ch 1723 ZPDH CH BOZMYY VSHMB PRHVMYLPCHBOB "LOYZB hUFBCHPCH"، OBRYUBOOBS YPFMBODULIN UCHSEEOOILPN dTSKNUPN bodetupopn. lFPF DPLKHNEOF RTPCHPZMBYBM، YuFP RTEDUFBCHYFEMY TBMYUOSCHI TEMYZYPOSCHI FEYOOYK DPMTSOSCH UKHNEFSH PVAEDYOYFSHUS CH DTHTSEUFCHEOOPK BFNPuzhete DTHTSEUFCHEOOPK BFNPuzhete MPZOPTSHI "iPFS CH DTECHOYE CHTENEOB NBUPOSCH RTYOINBMY CHETPYURPCHEDBOYE FPK UFTBOSHCH، CH LPFPTPK POY OBIPDIYMYUSH، FERETSH TSE RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS GEMEUPPVTBOBOSCHFYCHNH UE MADI RTYDHF L CHBYNOPNKH UPZMBUYA، PUFBCHYCH RTY UEVE UCHPE YUBUFOPE NOOOYE؛ FP EUFSH UMEDHEF VSHFSH DPVTPDEFEMSHOSCHN Y YULTEOOSCHNY MADSHNY , MADSHNY VMBZPTPDODOSCHNYY YUEUFOSHCHNYY, LBL OH VSHMY VSHCH TBMYUOSCH YI OBCHBOYS Y KHVETSDEOYS, - ZPCHPTYMPUS CH "LOISE KHUFBCHPCH".
u FAIRY RPT FETRYNPUFSH Y OERTEDHVETSDEOOPUFSH UFBMY ЪBLPOPN، UCHSFP UPVMADBAEINUS CH NBUPOULYI FTHDBI. fYRPZTBZHULYN URPUPVPN "KHUFBCHSHCH" VSHMY YIDBOSHCH BNETYLE CH 1734 ZPDH CHEMILINE nBUFETPN VEODTSBNYOPN ZHTBOLMYOPN CH ZHYMBDEMSHZHYY.
pYUEOSH VSHCHUFTP NBUPOLPE VTBFUFChP RHUFYMP LPTOY RP CHUENKH ECHTPRECULPNH LPOFYEOFKH. h LPOGE 30-I ZPDHR XVIII CHELB MPTSY UKHEEUFCHPCHPCHBMY CH VEMSHZYY، tPUUYY، yFBMYY، ZETNBOYY، YCHEKGBTYY. ch 1735 ZPDH CH rBTYCE DEKUFCHPCHBMP 5 MPTs، L 1742 ZPDH YI YUYUMP CHPTPUMP DP DCHBDGBFY DCHHI، B YUETE UPTPL RSFSH MEF، OBLBOKHOE ZhTBOGKHULPYPY0FPYPY0 USYU.

nBUPOSH Y GETLPCHSH lBFPMYUUEULBS GETLPCHSH U RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFSHY PRBULPK OBVMADBMB ЪB VSHUFTSHCHN TBURPTPUFTBOEOYEN NBUPOUFCHB. nBUPOSH VSHUFTP UPЪDBMY UCHPY UPVUFCHEOOSCH TYFKHBMSHCH، YUFPTYA، MEZEODSCH YETBTIYA، LPFPTSCHE SCHMSAFUS OEPFYAENMENPK RTYOBDMETSOPUFSHA PZHYGEMYBYBS. hCE CH 1738 ZPDKH RBRB lMYNEOF XII CHCHUFKHRIM U RETCHCHN Y PUEOSH STPUFOSHN PVMYUEOYEN NBUPOUFCHB. h UCHPEK BOGILMYLE روی RPCHEMECHBM PFMKHYUBFSH PF GETLCHI CHUEI LBFPMYLPCH، RTPYEDYYI PVTSD RPUCHSEEOYS CH NBUPOULPE VTBFUFChP. rBRB PVYASCHYM، YuFP RTYOPUYNBS NBUPOBNY LMSFChB ITBOIFSH UELTEFSH VTBFUFCHB SCHMSEFUS KHZTPPK UCHSEOOOPUFY YURPCHEDY Y CHMBUFY GETLCHY، CHSHUFPHYCHPYCHPFSH CHBCHYI PFMYUOSCH PF PZHYGIBMSHOPK GETLCHI KHVETSDEOOK. rP CHUEK echtpre ztbtsdboulye chmbufy obyubmy chshchrpmosfsh rtedryuboys, oblmbdshchbs about NBUPOPCH YFTBZHSCHY DBTSE RPDCHETZBS YI RSCFLBN.
rTEUMEDPCHBOYSNY UP UFPTPOSH LBFPMYUEULPK GETLCHI OE YUYUETRSHCHBMYUSH ZPOEOYS درباره NBUPOPCH. rPYUFY UTBH RPUME PZHYGYBMSHOPZP PFLTSCHFYS CHEMYLPK mPTsY CH mPODPOE CH 1717 ZPDH CH ZBEFBI UFBMY TEZKHMSTOP RPSCHMSFSHUS "TBBPVMPPVEPOPEEY" nBUPOPCH PVCHYOSMY CH UPAYE U BOFYITYUFPN، KHFCHETTSDBMY، VHDFP درباره ЪBLTSCHFSHI UPVTBOYSI RTPIPPDYF TBOOKHDBOOSH PTZYY. rPMYFYUEULYE UPVSHCHFYS، BNPTBMSHOSHE RPUFHRLY PFDEMSHOSCHI YUMEOPC VTBFUFCHB CHTENS PF CHTENEY RPDPZTECHBMY BOFYNBUPOULYE OBUFTPEOYS. ch 1735 ZPDH VSHCHMY ЪBRTEEEOSCH UPVTBOYS ZPMMBODULYI MPTs Y VPSJOY، YUFP YUMEOSH VTBFUFCHB RTOYNBAF KHUBUFYE CH RPMYFYUEULYI YOFTYZBI. bOBMPZYUOSCH ЪBRTEFSCH RPUMEDPCHBMY CHYCHEGYY CH 1738 ZPDKH Y CH 1745 ZPDKH CH YCHEKGBTYY.
OP OBYUBCHYEUS ZPOEOYS درباره NBUPOPCH HCE OE NPZMY RTYCHEUFY L KHOYUFPTSEOYA VTBFUFCHB، FBL UIMSHOSCH VSHMY YI IDEY Y RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHP UP UFPTPOSCHOSCHM. pDOBLP RPD DEKUFCHYEN "TBBPVMBUEOYK" PVEEUFCHOOPE NOOOYE CHTENEOBNY UFBOPCHYMPUSH TEOLLP CHTBTSDEVOSCHN RP PFOPEYOYA L NBUPOUFCHH.

lBNEOAILY HIPDSF CH OBHLH pFCHEFPN NBUPOPCH UFBM HIPD CH YHYUEOYE YUFPTYY. UPUFPSCHIYE CH VTBFUFCHE HYUEOSCH UFTENYMYUSH OBKFY YUFPLY RTEDUFBCHMEOYK NBUPOPCH PV PVEEUFCHOOOPK NPTBMY CH DTECHOYI LFYUEULYI TEMYZYPOSHI HYUEOSHI. آهنگ PDOY Y RETCHSHI OBNEFYMY TPDUFCHP DTECHOYI TEMYZYK Y YI LFYUEULYI UYUFEN NETSDH UPVPK، POY PFLTSCHMY RPTBYFEMSHOPE UIPDUFChP LPUNPZPOYUBULYCHMETEOSTEY fBL UFBMP RTYOINBFSH UPCHTENEOOHA ZHPTNKH RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P CHEMYLPN UFTPYFEME CHUEMEOOPK، CHPRMPFYCHYEN CH UEVE Yuetfsch CHETIPCHOPZP VPTSEUFCHB TBMYUOSHI OBTPC. yN HDBMPUSH CHPUUFBOPCHYFSH UNSHUM BOFYUOSHI NYUFETYK، RPUCHSFYFEMSHOSHCHI PVTSDPCH TSTEGPCH DTECHOEZP ezYRFB، TBUYZHTPCHBFSH FBKOSH LBTF fBTPNHRP-OPTPYCH GEOFTBMSHOPK BYYY، KHCHYDEFSH ZMHVYOOPE TPDUFCHP NETSDH LFYLPK YODHYYNB، VKHDYYNB، LPOZHHYBOUFCHB، DBPUYYNB Y DTKHZYI TEMYZYPOP-ZHYMPYPLUF LFYLPK chEFIPZP ъБЧЭФБ И иТУФИБУФЧБ. rPUFEREOOP NBUPOUFChP RTECHTBBEBMPUSH CH UYOFEFYUUEULPE، KHOYCHETUBMSHOPE OFYLP-ZHYMPUPZHULPE HYUEOYE، YuFP DBMP ENKH CHPNPTsOPUFSH TBURTPUFTBOIFSHUS LFYLPHPHP TEMYZYPOSCHNY UYUFENBNY، PFMYUOSCHNY PF ITYUFYBOULPK TEMYZYY.
pDOBLP HYUEOYE LFP PUPVPZP UCHPKUFCHB: CHNEUFP ZhPTNHMYTPCHPL، CHNEUFP UMCH DMS PVPOBYUEOYS YuEMPCHYUEULYI LBUEUFCH، NPTBMSHOSCHI، ZHYMPUPZHURPYPHULPYPOSHN PMSCH، CH LPFPTSHCHE RTECHTBFYMYUSH CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH UFTPIFEMSHOSHCHE YOUFTHNEOFSHCH. pDOBLP UNSHUM RPOSFYK، LPFPTSCHE PMYGEFCHPTSAF LFY YOUFTKHNEOFSHCH، PFLTSCHCHBAFUS FPMSHLP FEN، LFP RTPYYEM RPUCHSEEOYE CHSM درباره UEVS PVSBBFEMSHUFSHP. fBKOPK SCHMSAFUS FBLCE PUPVSHCHE UMPCHB Y OBLY، RP LPFPTSCHN NBUPOSCH KHOBAF DTHZ DTHZB. RETEIPDS YUFEREOY CH UFEREOSH NBUPO KHOBEF OPCHSHCHE LBYUEUFCHB YOUFTHNEOPCH Y UFPSEYE ЪB OINY OTBCHUFCHEOOSCH OPTNSHCH، OPCHSHHE UMPCHB Y OBLY، LPFPTCHPPEFPSH TYOBDMETSOPUFY L NBUPOULPNH VTBFUFCHH، OP Y P UFEREOY UCHPEZP RPUCHSEEOYS.
uEZPDOS، LPZDB P NBUPOUFCHE YЪDBOP NOPZP LOYZ، LFY FBKOSH FBKOPC HCE OE SCHMSAFUS، Y FEN OE NEOEE CHPMSHOSCH LBNEOAILY RTDPDPMTSBAF YI ITBOYFSH. fBLPK RBTBDPLU PVISUOSEFUS DPChPMSHOP RTPUFP: KHNEOYE ITBOYFSH FBKOKH - PDOP YYUEMPCHYUEULYI DPUFPYOUFCH، Y CHPURYFBOYE bFPZP LBYUEUFCHB CH UEVE - PDOP YYUEMPCHYUEULYI DPUFPYOUFCH، Y CHPURYFBOYE bFPZP LBYUEUFCHB CH UEVE - PBYKVPOO dMS OEZP FBKOB RP-RTETSOENH PUFBEFUS FBLPCHPK، OEBCHYUYNP PF FPZP، LFP Y LPZDB EE TBULTSCHM.
pVSBOOPUFSH ITBOIFSH FBKOKH RTPYUFELBEF YY DTHZYI UPPVTBTCEOYK. nBUPOUFChP - DCHYTSEOYE ZHIMBOFTPRYUEULPE, F.E. PDOPK YI EZP GEMEK SCHMSEFUS UPFCHPTEOYE DPVTTB VMYTSOYN. OP DPVTPE DEMP، P LPFPTPN PVYASCHYMY CHCHUEKHUMSHCHYBOSH، UMHTSYF OE UFPMSHLP DPVTKH LBL FBLPCHPNH، ULPMSHLP ZPTDSCHOE FPZP، LFP EZP UDEBM. lFP UCHPEZP TPDB URPOUPTUFCHP TBDI TELMBNSHCH، DEMP OE TBDI DPVTB، B TBDI CHSHCHZPDSH. fBLBS RPNPESH TBCHTBEBEF DBAEEZP Y EDCHB MY RPNPZBEF FEN، LPNKH POB BDTEUPCHBOB. rPDMYOOBS VMBZPFCHPTYFEMSHOPUFSH CHPNPTSOB FPMSHLP CH FBKOE، POB DPMTSOB VSHCHFSH BOPOYNOPK، FPMSHLP FPZDB RPNPESH VHDEF RPRBDBFSH L FEN، LFP VPMSHYE OFFEKUSDP. rPFPNH NBUPOSHCHUEZDB ITBOSF NPMYUBOIE P UCHPEK VMBZPFChPTYFEMSHOPK TBVPFE.
l UPTSBMEOYA، LFY FBKOSCH، RPDUBU، OE DBAF RPLPS RPDPYFEMSHOSHCHN MADSN، ЪBUFBCHMSS YI CHYDEFSH CH LFPN UELTEFOSCH LPJOY CHTBZPCH YMY CHTBZPCH YMY CHUENYTOSH POUFChP UKHEEUFCHHEF HTSE VPMEE 250 MEF RPYUFY PE CHUEI UFTBOBI NYTB Y DP UYI RPT OILFP OE UNPZ ЪBNEFYFSH UMEDPC YMY TEKHMSHFBFPCH "ЪMPDEKULPK DEFEMSHOPUFY NBUPOPCH".
dBCE OBPVPTPPF. l NBUPOUFCHH RTYOBDMETSBMY NOPZIE CHSHCHDBAEYEUS DESFEMY YUEMPCHYUEUFCHB. nBUPOBNY VSCHMB OBRYUBOB BNETYLBOULBS LPOUFYFHGYS، LPFPTBS CHRETCHSCHE CH YUFPTYY UDEMBMB RTBCHB YUEMPCHELB CHSHCHUYN ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCHN ЪBLPOPN. l NBUPOULPNH VTBFUFCHH RTYOBDMETSBMY LPNRPYFPTSCH chPMSHZHZBOZ bNBDEK nPGBTF، ZHETEOG MYUF، KPJEZH ZBKDO، MADCHIZ CHBO VEFIPCHEO، OYBZMHZBUFYHUP yPZBOO chPMSHZHZBOZ ZEFE، tBVYODTBOBF fBZPT، chBMSHFET ULPFF، pULBT hBKMSHD، nBTL fChEO، RPFSH bMELUBODT rPR، tPVETF VETOU، TEDSHSTD LYRMYOSIS. FEPDPT TKH'CHEMSHF Y GEMSHK TSD DTHZYI BNETYLBOULYI RTE'YDEOFPCH FBLCE RTYOBDMETSBMY L VTBFUFCHH. nBUPOPN VSHM hYOUFPO yuetyuymmsh، BOZMYKULYK LPTPMSH hDKhBTD VII DP CHUFKHRMEOYS درباره RTEUFPM UPUFPSM CH VTBFUFCHE. nBUPOBNY VSCHMY FBLYE YICHEUFOSH MADI، LBL dTsPO dtsekLPV BUFPT Y ZEOTY ZhPTD، BCHYBFPT YUBTMSH MYODEOVETS، UPCHETYCHYK RETCHSHCHK PDYOPYUOSCHK RETECHSHCHK PDYOPYUOSCHK RETEMSKFHM FEMY tPVETF rYTY، nfsha iEOUPO، BDNYTBM TYUBTD VETD. bNETYLBOULYK BUFTPOBCHF yDCHYO pMDTYO، UFKHRYCHYYK درباره RPCHETIOPUFSH MKHOSHCH 21 YAMS 1969 ZPDB، OEU CH LBTNBOE OBNS U NBUPOULYY BNVMENBNY.
OE NEOEE YJCHUFOSCHNYI CHSHCHDBAEYNYUS MADSHNY VSHCHMY Y TKHUULYE NBUPOSH: bMELUBODT UETZEECHYU RHYLYO، bMELUBODT chBUYMSHECHYU UKHCHPTCH، NYIBYM y TKHUULYE NBUPOSH И ФТЭИ YNEO DPUFBFPYuOP، YUFPVSH PFVTPUYFSH CHUSLHA NSCHUMSH P "NBUPOLPN ЪBZPCHPTE RTPPHYCH tPUUYY". OP URYUPL NPTsOP RTPDPMTSYFSH: uHNBTPLPCH، OPCYLPCH، vBCEOPC chPTPOIYO، MECHYGLYK، vPTPCYLPCHULYK، tsKHLPCHULYK، zTYVPEDPCH، b.zTYZPHPTSHUPOCH، b.zTYZPHPTSHUPOCH، b.zTYZPHPTPOPYCH، ، bDBNPCHYU، zBDBOPC. ZHYMPUPZHULP-LFYUEULYE CHZMSDSCH mSHCHB fPMUFPZP VSHCHMY PYUEOSH VMYOLY NBUPOUFCHH، UFP BY UBN RTYOBCHBM. pDOP RTPUFPE RETEYUYUMEOYE LFYI CHEMILYI YNEO ZPCHPTYF P FPN، YuFP NBUPOULYE MPTSY tPUUYY PVAEDYOSMY MKHYUYI MADEK UFTBOSHCH، YuFP CH OYI LPOGEOFTHIPHPPUCH OSHI YULBOIK.
NYIBYM PUPTZYO، CHSHDBAEIKUS TKHUULYK RYUBFEMSH، LPFPTSCHK VSCHM CH 1922 ZPDH CHSHUMBO VPMSHYECHYLBNY YI TPUUYY، FBL PRTEDEMYM NBUPOUFCHP UBUPUEPUEY FENB OTBCHUFCHEOOSCHI RPMPTSEOYK، OD OE NEFPD RPBOBOYS، OD OBHLB PTSYOY، DBTSE، UPVUFCHEOOP، OE HYUEOYE LPCH EUFSH PTZBOYBGYS MADEK، YULTEOOE CHETHAEYI CH RTYIPD VPMEE UPCHETYOOOPZP YuEMPCHEUEUFCHB. VPFSCH.MSHЪHKUS EZP RPNPESHA، KHNOPTSBK TSDSCH UFPTPOYLPK LFPC CHSHCHUPLPK GEMY.

nBUPOSHCH TPUUYY rP RTEDBOYA، RETCHSHCHN TPUUYKULIN NBUPOPN VSHM GBTSH REFT CHEMYLYK، LPFPTSCHK CH 1699 ZPDKH، PE CHTENS RTEVSHCHBOYS CH BOZMYY U CHEMILIN PPUPMSHUFOSE F PZHETB TEOB، B CH PDOPC U OIN MPTSE UPUFPSM ZHTBOG MEZHPTF. OP OILBLYI DPLHNEOFPCH، RPDFCHETTSDBAEYI LFP، OE OBKDEOP. pDOBLP DPUFPCHETOP RPDFCHETTSDEOP، YuFP NBUPOULYE MPTSY UHEEUFCHPCHBMY CH TPUUYY CH 30-I ZPDBI XVIII UFPMEFYS، OP YI FTHDOP OBCHBFSH TPUUYKULYMA UHEEUFCHPPUYLY SHOP YOPUFTBOGSHCH، B RETCHSHCHN "CHEMILINE NBUFETPN DMS CHUEK TPUUYY" VSHM OBYUEO CH 1731 ZPDH BOZMYKULYK LBRYFBO dtspo zhymyru .
h 1740 ZPDH VSHM OBYUEO OPCHSHCHK ZTPUUNEKUFET ZEOETBM dTSEKNU (sLCh) LEKF، UPUFPSCHIYK درباره TKHUULPK UMKHTSVE. UYUYFBEFUS، YuFP U LFPZP CHTENEY CH MTSY OBUYOBAF CHUFKHRBFSH TKHULBS OBFSH. ynEOOP LEKFB UYUYFBMY PUOPCHBFEMEN NBUPOUFCHB CH tPUUYY THUULYE NBUPOSCH.
y'CHEUFOP، YUFP CH FE ZPDSH CH NBUPOUFCHE UPUFPSMY ZTBZZ ZPMPCHYO، B FBLCE ZTBZHSCH BIBT YYCHBO yuet لاغر. rP'DOEE CH OEZP CHUFKHRYMY TPNBO chPTPOGPC (PFEG LOZZYOY dBYLPCHPK)، zPMYGSCHOSCH، fTHVEGLPK، B FBLCE b.r.UKHNBTPLPC، VHDHEYE YUFPTYVVPMFOCH e
pDOBLP CH FP CHTENS MPTSY OE NPZMY RTYCHMEYUSH U UCHPY TSSH ULPMSH-MYVP VPMSHYPZP YUYUMB TKHUULYI MADEK، YVP PVEEUFCHP VSHMP RPYUFY MYYEOPFETEKOUPSHI YDEKOUPHEDOCH ЪBZТBOYUОХА ЪБВБЧХ. UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPN LFPNH SCHMSEFUS CHUFKHRMEOYE CH MPTSKH OBNEOYFPZP CHRPUMEDUFCHYY NBUPOB yCHBOB RETZHYMSHECHYUB EMBZIOB، LPFPTSCHK RTPYEPOCHEM CHYS.
شرکت خصوصی ChFPTPC RPMPCHYOE XVIII RPMPTSEOYE NEOSEFUS. lTBFLPCCHTENEOOPE GBTUFCHCHBOYE REFTB III، VMBZPCHCHYEZP RETED ZhTDTYIPN Y CH RPDTBTSEOYE ENH PLBYSCHBCHYK RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHP NBUPOBN، B ЪBFEN REFTB МОПХН ЖТБОГХУЛЪИ ZHYMPUPZHPCH-ІOGYILMPREDYUFPCH Y UFPMSH TSE VPMEЪOOOSCHN TBUBTPCHBOYEN CHOYI، RPSCHMEOYEN RETCHPK THUULPK YOFEMMMNYZEOBOGY VPMEYOOOSCHN MBZPRTYSFOKHA BFNPUZHETH DMS CHPURTYSFYS NBUPOULYI YDEK.
lthtsly thuulpk yofemmyzeogyy nbupoulye mptsy fpzp chteney chp'oilmy در مورد pdopc y fpk tse puopche - pup'oboy pveeufchooopk prbuopufy y tbchtbbebeeezp chhmsoezp chpmshbithsh Chue NBUPOSH FPZP CHTENEY RTPYMY YUETE KHCHMEYUEOYE "CHPMSHFETSHSOULINE PFTYGBOYEN" Y، ZMKHVPLP CH OEN TBBPYUBTPCHBMYUSH، RETETSYMY DKHYECHOSCHK DKHYECHOSCHKH TBMBYPUCHO CH "RTPCHPCHEDY NBUPOULPK OTBCHUFCHOOPUFY". yNEOOOP U LFPPZP NPNEOFB NBUPOUFChP CH tPUUYY RETEUFBEF VSHFSH YOPENOPK DYLPCHYOPK، PVPZBEBEFUS DHIPN RTPUSHRBAEEZPUS OBGYPOBMSHOPZP UBNPUFPESHOPSHP OBCHBOP RETCHSHCHN YDEBMYUFYUEULYN FEYOOYEN TKHULPK PVEEUFCHEOOPK NSHUMY.
rP PGEOLE o.VETDSECHB CH TBVPFE "tHUULBS YDES", DHIPCHOPE CHMYSOYE NBUPOUFCHB درباره PVEEUFCHP VSHMP PZTPNOP. به گزارش KHLBYSCHCHBEF، YuFP "MKHYUYE THUULYE MADI VSCHMY NBUPOBNY. RETCHPOBUBMSHOBS TKHUULBS MYFETBFKHTB YNEMB UCHSSH U NBUPOUFChPN. nBUPOUFChP VSCHPVPPY ЭУФЧБ Х ТПУУYY، ФПМШЛП POP Y OE VSHMP OBCHSBOB UCHETIKH CHMBUFSHA». RP RP Khovedeoaa، yneoop "h nbupoufcha rtpyypyp zhthuulpk lhmshfkhtopk dhah، popbbvbfshbmp otchufcheoschk yyuuopufy. شفخچچچچچچچچچچفهاهفخلپچولپک ب -رففرپوفبچمسمیوش دئورپفینه چمبوفی ری h NBUPOULPK BFNPUZHETE RTPYUIPDYMP DHIPCHOPE RTPVHTSDEOYE..." .
h 70th ZPDSH H tPUUYY CHPYOILBAF RPYUFY PDOPCHTEENOOOP DCHE NPEOSCHE NBUPOULYE UYUFENSCH - EMBZYOULBS Y gYOOOEODPTZHULBS. pVE TBVPFBMY CH RETCHSCHI FTEI UFEREOSI F.O. "YPBOOPCHULPZP" NBUPOUFCHB، OBGEMEOOSCHI درباره TEMYZYPOP-OTBCHUFCHOOPE CHPURYFBOIE BDERFPCH. h FYI UFEREOSI TKHUULYE NBUPOSCH TBVPFBMY OBD RTDBOYEN "DYLPNH LBNOA"، UINCHPMYYYTHAEENKH ZTEIPCHOPZP OERTPUCHEEOOOPZP YuEMPCHELB، "UPCHETYOOOPK ZHV.F. PYYEEOYEN EZP PF RPTLPCH. sing RTYPVTEFBMY VPMEE YTPLYE RP UTTBCHOOYA U RTETSKOYNY TEMYZYPOP-FYYUEULYE RPOSFYS، ЪBDKHNSCHCHBMYUSH OBD CHPRTPUBNY CHETCHY OTBCHUFCHOOPUFYCHUFCHUPSHOPYCHUFCHUPYCHUPY UFOSCHI MADEK.
y.r.eMBZYO، CHUFKHRYCHYK CH NBUPOUFCHP EEE CH 1750 ZPDH، L LFPNH CHTENEY KHUREM "RETEVPMEFSH" CHPMSHFETSHSOUFCHPN Y UFBM TECHOPUFOSHCHN "CHPMNEY". طبق RPMKHYUM PF CHEMYLPK mPODPOULPK mPCY RBFEOF درباره HYUTETSDEOOYE OPCHSHHI MPTs، Y CH OBYUBME 1772 ZPDB UFBM rTPCHYOGYBMSHOSCHN CHEMILINE nBUFETPN. PUOPCHBOOBS YN UYUFENB MPTs VSHMB OBYVPMEE CHMYSFEMSHOPK، Y CH LPOGE LPOGPCH DBCE THLPCPDYFEMY gYOOOEODPTZHULPK UYUFENSH DPMTSOSCH VSHMY YURTBOYCHBPFSFEFLS LYI. y EUMY MPTSY gYOOEOODPTZHULPK UYUFENSH UPЪDBCHBMYUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP CH UBOLF-REFETVHTZE، FP EMBZYOULYE UKHEEUFCHBMY FBLCE CH NPULCHE، CH NPMDB

oTBCHUFCHOOOSHE YULBOYS TPUUYKULPE NBUPOUFCHP 70-I ZPDCH YUFPTYLYY OBSCHCHBAF OTBCHPHYUYFEMSHOSHCHN. u LFYN FTHDOP OE UPZMBUIFSHUS. pVEEUFCHEOOBS RPMENYLB CH MYFETBFHTE, UBFYTYYUUEULYI TSKHTOBMBI FPZP CHTENEY CHTBEBEFUS CHPLTHZ RTPVMEN MYUOPK YUEUFY, UPCHEUFY, UPCHEUFY, RPTSDPYUOPDYCHF, RPTSDPYUOPDYCH, RPTSDPYUOPDYCH, BS VPMEE YTPLYE CHPRPTUSCH.
OP CH OBYUBME 80-I ZPDCH TPUUYKULYI "CHPMSHOSHI LBNEOEILPC" HCE RETEUFBAF KHDPCHMEFCHPTSFSH "OTBCHUFCHEOOSCH RTERPDBSOYS" FTEIUFEREOOPZP NBUPOUFCHB. chPURIFBOOSCH درباره ZHTBOGKHULYI ZHYMPUPZHBI KHNSCH FTEVPCHBMY OPChPK RYEY، ЪBNEYBOOPK OE درباره CHPMSHFETSHSOULPN ULERFYGYYNE، B OERTENEOOOP درباره TEMYYDEUYDEYMY. OP ЪBRBDOPECHTREKULBS ZHYMPUPZHYS PRYTBMBUSH در مورد TBCHYFHA OBHLH، Y VPTSHVB RTPPHYCH OEE FTEVPCHBMB "PTHTSYS"، RTECHPUIPDSEEZP RP UYME OTBCHPHYUPEMSHOME. eUMY HYUEUFSH UMBVPUFSH TBCHYFYS TPUUYKULPK LTYFYUUEULPK NSHUMY، FP OEKHDYCHYFEMSHOP، YUFP LFY RPYULY RTYCHEMY L RPCHBMSHOPNH KHCHMEYUEOYA NYUMPYHYFEMSHOP.
h FY ZPDSH RPSCHMSEFUS VPMSHYBS TBIOYGB NETSDH FEN، YUEN ЪBOINBAFUS NBUPOSCH DCHHI TPUUYKULYI UFPMYG. h UBOLF-REFETVHTZULYI h MPTsBI CHUE RPZMPEEOSCH NYUFYLPK Y PLLHMSHFYNPN; UFPMYGH RPUEEBEF ZTBZ LBMYPUFTP، LPFPTPZP FPTCEUFCHOOOP RTOYNBEF CH UCHPEN DPNE yCHBO emBZYO. ZhTBUOBS RHVMYLB CHBMPN CHBMYF درباره EZP "PRSHCHFSHCH"، ZHE PO CHSHCHCHCHBEF DHIPCH، FEOY KHNETYI، PVKHYUBEF BMIYNYYY "YMBFPDEMBOIA". مطابق با RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS "RPMLPCHOILPN YURBOULPK UMKHTSVSHCH"، OP CHULPTE CH REFETVHTZULYI ZBJEFBI RPSCHMSEFUS ЪBSCHMEOYE YURBOULPZP RPUMB PBLFPN، YuFPZP RPUMB FPN، YuFPZP P ZPUKHDBTS درباره OBYUIFUS. ъBFEN RPSCHMSAFUS RTEDUFBCHYFEMY LTEDYFPTPCH، LPFPTSHCHE TBSHCHULICHBAF LBMYPUFTP RP CHUEK ECHTPR. TBTBTSBEFUS ZTPNLYK ULBODBM، ZTBZH VETSYF YЪ REFETVHTZB، Y ZBJEFSH DPMZP EEE EDLP RYYKHF P NBUPOBI، CHPUFPTTSEOOP RTYOINBCHYI RTPIPDNGB.
h nPULCHE CH LFP CHTENS NBUPOSCH ЪBOINBAFUS RTPUCHEFYFEMSHUFCHPN. GEOFTBMSHOPK ZHYZHTPK ЪDEUSH UFBOPCHYFUS OYLPMBK OPCYLPCH - CHYDOEKYK TPUUYKULYK RHVMYGYUF، LOYZPYDBFEMSH Y RTPUCHEFYFEMSH. TBOEE ON TsIM CH UBOLF-REFETVHTZE، ZHE UMKHTSYM CH BTNYY، CHCHCHIEM CH PFUFBCHLH RTBRPTEYLPN yЪNBKMPCHULPZP RPMLB، RPFPN YЪDBCHPRUFMSHYЪ MSCH "fTHFEOSH"، "tsYCHPRYUEG"، "lPYEMEL". RETEVTBCHYUSH CH nPULCHH، BY VETEF CH BTEODH FYRPZTBJYA nPULPCHULPZP KHOYCHEUYFEFB. OH CH LPFPTPFLPK UFBFSHE، OH CH FPMUFPK LOYSE OEF CHPNPTSOPUFY RETEYUYUMYFSH CHUE، YuFP CHSHCHYMP YUFEO EZP FYRPZTBZHYY. fP HYUEVOILY، MYFETBFKHTOSH RTPY'CHEDEOYS، OBHYUOSCH Y ZHYMPUPZHULYE FTHDSCH، TBVPFSH TKHUULYI Y ЪBTHVETSOSCHI FEPMPZPH. vPMSHYBS YUBUFSH LFYI LOYZ OILPZDB CH TPUUYY OE YJDBCHBMBUSH، NOPZYE YI OYI OYI VSHMY CHRETCHSCHE RETECHEDEOSHCH U MBFYOLPZP Y OENEGLPZP SSCHLPZP SSCHLPZPCHLPHODHK CHETUYFEFB. ЪБ УЧП ЦЪОШ по YЪДБМ VPMSHYE LOYZ (OE RP FYTBTSKH، B RP OBCHBOYSN!)، YUEN VSHMP YЪDBOP DP OEZP ЪB CHUA YUFPTYA ZPUKHDBTUFCHBZ tPUPUY.

oYUBMP ZPOEOYK xchmeyooye plhlhmshfynpn y nyufylpk ، b fblce rpufpsoosch nefboys tpuuykulyi chpmshschi chpneoeilpc ، pvtbebchyius fp l pdopk ، fp l dthzpk nbupuUPUULYUFENBNHBNHBNHBN UPZPK NBUPOULYULYULYULYULYULYULYULYULYULIS ъB ULBODBMPN CHPLTHZ ZTBZHB lBMYPUFTP RPUMEDPCHBM RBNZHMEF ELBFETYOSCH II "fBKOB RTPFPYCHPOEMERPZP PVEEUFCHB", CH LPFPTPN NPTsOP VSCHMP TBZHMEF ELBFETYOSCH II ک. u RPDP'TEOYEN PLTHTSEOYE YNRETBFTYGSH CHPURTYONBMP Y UCHSY TPUUYKULYI NBUPOPCH U NBUPOBNY ZETNBOYY، YCHEGYYY، BOZMYYY. rPUME RKHZBYUECHULPZP CHPUUFBOYS YNRETBFTYGB OBUYOBEF U OEDPCHETYEN، B RPTPC Y U CHTBTSDPK PFOPUIFSHUS LYDESN UCHPVPDSH MYUOPUFY Y OBTDOPZPSHP RTPUCHETYN F EE، YuFP FBLPZP TPDB YDEY NPZHF RTEDUFBCHMSFSH DMS NPOBTIYY PRBUOPUFSH.
l FPNH TSE CH 80-I ZPDBI CH ZETNBOY OBYUBMPUSH KHUIMEOOPE RTEUMEDPCHBOYE FBKOSCHI PVEEUFCH، YNECHYI PFOPEYOYE L NBUPOUFCHH YMMANYOBFUFCHH. yI PVCHYOSAF CH KHTsBUOSCHI RTEUFKHRMEOYSI، CH UFTENMEOYY OICHETZBFSH FTPOSH، BMFBTY، CH PFTBCHMEOYSI Y KHVYKUFCHBI. iPFS LFY PVCHYOOYS VSHMY ZPMPUMPCHOSCHNYY OILLPZDB DPLBBOSCHOE VSHMY، SING ЪBUFBCHYMY ELBFETYOH RP-DTHZPNH CHZMSOKHFSH درباره TPUUYKULPE NBUPOUFCHP.
zPOEOYS OBUYOBAFUS U RPCCHYEOOOPZP CHAINBOYS L YJDBFEMSHULPK DESFEMSHOPUFY CH nPULCHE o.oPCHYLPCHB. pDOPCHTENEOOOP RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP UFBMP RTEUMEDPCHBFSH Y VMBZPFChPTYFEMSHOHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH OPCHYLPCHULPZP LTHTSLB، RPD RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPN LPFPTPZPHV UFUSHTTPPSY. h SOCHBTE 1786 ZPDB RPSCHMSEFUS KHLB P RETEDBYUE CHUEI YUBUFOSCHI YLPM Y VPMSHOYG rTYLBYH PVEEUFCHEOOPZP RTYJTEOYS، LPFPTPNH FBLCE RPCHEMECHBMTEBFSH YLPCHULPZP LTHTSLB. TBDBYUB OPCHYLPCHSHCHN IMEVB RTPUFPNKH OBTDDH CH ZPMPDOPN 1687 ZPDKH RPUMKHTSYMB FPMYULPN L VPMEE OOETZYUOSCHN NETBN: RPUMEDPCHBMP ЪBRTEEEEYHBFULT SI LOYZY، PFOPUSEYEUS L GETLPCHOPNH YMY UCHSEOOOPNH RYUBOYA، ЪBRTEEEOB YI RTDBDCB CH YUBUFOSCHI MBCHLBI، OBLPOEG، RPUMEDPCHBMP ЪBRTEEEOOYE PFDBDBDCBOF ، YuFP ZTPYMP UPCHETYEOOSCHN RTELTBEEOYEN YJDBFEMSHULPK DESFEMSHOPUFY.
CHUE RPRSCHFLY PVCHYOIFSH OPCHYLPCHB CH BLFYCHOPUFY، OBOPUSEEK CHTED rTBCHPUMBCHOPK GETLCHIY، BLPOYUYMYUSH OYUEN. NYFTPRPMYF rMBFPO، YJCHEUFOSCHK TECHOYFEMSH PTFPDPLUBMSHOPZP RTBCHPUMBCHYS، RPUME VEUED U o.oPCHYLPCHSHCHN RYUBM YNRETBFTYGE: "با PDPMTSCHUPFYPYFYYNRETBFTYGE:" P NPMA CHUEEDTPZP vPZB، YuFPVSH OE FPMSHLP CH UMPCHEUOPK RBUFCHE، vPZPN Y fPVPK NOE CHCHETEOOPK، OP Y PE CHUEN NYTE VSCHMY ITYUFYBOE FBLPCSHCHE، LBL OCHYLPCH."
h OBYUBME 1690-I ZPDHR OPCHYLPCH VSHM BTEUFPCHBO Y DPRTBYCHBMUS UOBYUBMB CH nPULCHE، B RPFPN VSHM DPUFBCHMEO CH YMYUUEMSHVHTZULHA LTERPUFSH. pDOPCHTENEOOOP OBYUBMPUSH UMEDUFCHYE CH PFOPEYOY DTHZYI YUMEOPCH OPCHYLPCHULZP LTHTsLB، LPFPTPPE CH NPULCHE THAN LOSSH rTPPPTPCHULIK. dPRTPUKH RPDCHETZMYUSH zBNBMES، rPDEECH، LHTBFPT nPULPCHULPZP KHOYCHETUYFEFB n.n.iETBULPCH. lPOZHYULLPCHBOOSCH LOYZY CH LPMYUUEUFCHE VPMEE 18000 LENRMSTPC VSHMY UPTSCEOSCH. OPCYLPCH RTPCHEM CH yMYUUUEMSHVHTZULPK LTERPUFY 15 MET.
TBVPFSHCH NBUPOULYI MPTSBI CH LFP CHTENS RTELTBFYMYUSH، Y CHPЪPVOPCHYMYUSH LPMSHLP RP CHPUYEUFCHYY درباره RTEUFPM YNRETBFPTB rBCHMB I, LPFPTSCHKMSHKPPOSHN DBCE VSHM RPUCHEEO CH CHCHUPLYE UFEREOY. درباره DTHZPK DEOSH RPUME UNETFY ELBFETYOSCH BY PUCHPVPDYM OPCHYLPCHB Y CHUEI, BNNEYBOOSCH CH LFPN DEME; LOSSH lHTBLYO، LOSSH TEROYO، vBTSEOPCH، mPRHIYO VSHCHMY CHSHCHCHBOSH LP DCHPTKH Y EEDTP CHPOBZTBTSDEOSCH.
pDOBLP YNRETBFPT، CHPRTELY PCYDBOYSN، OE CHPUUFBOPCHYM NBUPOUFChP CH RTETSOYI RTBCHBI. mYYSH CH OBYUBME GBTUFCHPCHBOYS bMELUBODTTB I DESFEMSHOPUFSH NBUPOULYI MPTs VSHMB RPMOPUFSHA MEZBMYPCHBOB. OP OPCHYLPCH Y EZP RPUMEDPCHBFEMY VPMEE OE RTYUPEDYOSMYUSH L PFLTSCHFP DEKUFCHPCHBCHYYN DCHHN LTHROEKYN UPAYBN - chemylpk rTPCHYOGYBMSHOPK mPTSE Y mPTSCHEMY.
UBN OPCHYLPCH Y RPUEMYCHYKUS CH EZP YNEOY u.y.zBNBMES NOPZP TBVPFBMY OBD UPDBOYEN RSFYDEUSFYFPNOK ZETNEFYUEULPK VYVMYPFELY، RETERYUSCHOBMES NOPZP TBVPFBMY OBD UPDBOYEN RSFYDEUSFYFPNOK ZETNEFYUEULPK VYVMYPFELY، RETERYUSCHOBYPOO YYUYFBS UCHPEK ZMBCHOPK ЪBDBUEK UPITBOEOYE DMS RPUMEDHAEYI RPLPMEOYK DHIPCHOPZP OBUMEDYS NBUPOUFCHB 70-80-I ZPDCH.
nBUPOULYE RPYULY "YUFYOOPZP ITYUFYBOUFCHB" FPZP CHTENEOY، UFPMSH KHCHMELBCHYYE o.oPCHYLPCHB، y.ch.mPRKHIYOB، u.y.zBNBMES، y.r.zBNBMES، y.r.zBNBMES، y.r.zBNBMES، y.r.zBNBMES، y.r.z. BF CH THUME LPOGERGYY "DPUFPYOUFCHB ITYUFYBOUFCHB Y OEDPUFPYOUFCHB ITYUFYBO", RPMKHYYCHYEK YYTPLPE TBURTPUFTBOOEYE CH tPUUYY CH OBYUBME ii CHELB. h RPYULBI "YUFYOOPZP ITYUFYBOUFCHB" TKHUULYN NBUPOUFCHPN XVIII CHELB KHZBDSHCHBEFUS PDOP YJ PUOPCHOSHI FEODEOGYK CHOEGETLPCHOPZP ORTTBCHOPZPUTFPUTYK TUFCHB XIX-XX CHELB، UFTENYCHYEZP PVTEUFY "YUFYOOPE ITYUFYBOUFCHP" CH DPRPMOEOYE L ITYUFYBOUFCHH FTBDYGYPOOPNH، METSBEENKH CH THUME PZHGYGY. yNEOOOP ЪDEUSH METSBMY YUFPLY CHZMSDPCH CHSHCHDBAEYIUS TKHUULYI ZHYMPUPZHPCH-YDEBMYUFPCH LPOGB XIX - OBYUBMB XX CHELPCH، L FTKHDBN LPFBBPUSCHI UPPFYUFPCH ZEOGYS.
h 1822 ZPDH NBUPOUFChP CHOPCHSH VSHMP ЪBRTEEEOP، PDOBL OE YUYUEЪMP. MYVETBMSHOSHE YDEY، RTYOEOOOSCH TPUUYA NBUPOUFCHPN Y RPRHMSTYYTPCHBCHYYEUS NBUPOBNY، RHUFYMY ZMKHVPLYE LPTOY CH KHNBI TPUUYKULPK YOFEMMYZEOGYY. بخوان PUFBMYUSH CH RTPY'CHEDEOYSI CHSHCHDBAEYIUS TKHUULYI RYUBFEMEK، RHVMYGYUFPCH. ynEOOP SING RTPOYSHCHBMY MYVETBMSHOPE DCHYTSEOYE LPOGB XIX CHELB CH TPUUYY.
1822 ZPD YUFPTYLY YUYFBAF OE FPMSHLP ZPDPN ЪBRTEFB NBUPOUFCHB CH TPUUYY، OP Y ZPDPN OBYUBMB RETCHPK CHPMOSCH TKHUULPK BNYZTBGYY. NOPZYE YF FEE، LFP OE Refinery TsYFSH CH PVUFBOPPCHLE TEBLGYY، RPLYDBMY TPUUYA Y PUEDBMY CH DTHZYI UFTBOBI ECHTPRSCH، ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPPN PE ZTBOGYPHPZHP PLB YMY CHEMYLPK mPCY ZhTBOGYY. RETEVTBCHYUSH CH UFTBOSHCH U VPMEE MYVETBMSHOSCHN TETSYNPN، SING OE FETSMY UCHSJEK U DTHYSHSNYY TPDUFCHOOILBNY CH TPUUYY.
OUEUPNOOOOP، CHMYSOIE NBUPOUFCHB CH tPUUYY OE YUYUEYEMMP، OP OBYUYFEMSHOP PUMBVMP. th UYNCHPMYYUOP، YuFP ICHBFYMP FTEI MEF، YuFPVSHCH PVEEUFCHOOOPK NSHUMY UFTBOSH CHPPVMBDBMY YIDEY OBUIMSHUFCHEOOPZP RETEKHUFTPKUFCHB PVEEUFCHB. rTPRPchedSH UP'YDBOYS UNEOYMBUSH RTPRPchedSH TBTHYEOOS.
h DELBVTE 1825 ZPDB CH uBOLF-REFETVHTZE RTPYIPYEM NSFETS درباره UEOBFULPC RMPEBDI. rPDOEE TECHPMAGYPOETPCH-BTYUFPLTBFPCH UNEOYMY TECHPMAGYPOETSH-TBOPYUOGSH، B OB OINY - NBTLUYUFSHCH، RPUFBCHYYE FETTPPT، OBUYMYE، UPOBFEMSHOPE BCHYE LFP UCHPEK RTPZHEUUYEK. uFTBOB، ULPCHBOOBS LTERPUFOSHN RTBCHPN، PFSZPEEOOBS BVUPMAFOPK CHMBUFSHA GBTS، DHIPCHOSCHN UPZMSDBFBKUFChPN uYOPDB، OE NPZMB UCHPVPDOP TBCHYCHBFSH. MYYEOOOBS CHPNPTSOPUFY CHSHCHVPTB، POB DCHYOKHMBUSH RP RKHFY OBUYMYS، VEKHNOSHCHI Y LTPCHBCHSHCHI LTEUFSHSOULYI VHOFPC، ЪBZПЧПТПЧ И FETTPTB.

rPUME nBOYZHEUFB 1905 ZPDB fPMSHLP RPUME PLFSVTSHULPZP NBOYZHEUFB 1905 ZPDB CHOPCHSH RPSCHYMBUSCH CHPNPTSOPUFSH UCHPVPDOP PVAEDYOSFSHUS، UPDBCHBFSH BUUPGYBGYY. 1906 YLPZP chPUFPLB zhTBOGYY درباره UPDBOYE CH tPUUYY TKHUULYI MPTs. vShchMY PFLTSCHFSH MPTSY "chPTPTsDEOYE" CH NPULCHY YUHFSH RPЪDOEE - "UECHETOBS ъCHEDB" CH UBOLF-REFETVHTZE. ch 1908 ZPDH "UECHETOBS ъCHEDB" RPMKHYUIMB RTBCHP UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP PFLTSCHCHBFSH OPCHSHCHE MPTSY VE LPOUKHMSHFBGYK U UPCHEFPN CHEMYLPZP ZPDYE ZHPZHPZPZP chPUFHPLKB1، DEMYMYUSH PF ZHTBOGKHULYI، OBYUBCH UBNPUFPSFEMSHOKHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH.
pDOBLP PVUFBOPCHLB، CH LPFPTPK DEKUFCHPCHBMY OPCHSHCHE TKHUULYE MPTSY، EDCHB MY NPTsOP VSHMP OBCHBFSH VMBZPRTYSFOPK. CHUE SING OBIPDIMYUSH RPD OBJPTPN RPMYGYY, RPPFPNH OE NPZMY CHEUFY RTPFPLPMSCH UPVTBOYK Y DTKHZYE EBRYUY, MPTSY VSHMY NBMPYUMEOOSCHNY, OCHSYPDMEOOSCHNY, OCHSYPDMEOOSCHNY, OCHSYPDMEOSCHNYE TSY OE NPZMY OBFSH DBCE OBCHBOYS DTHZPK.
h FBLPK UYFKHBGYYY TEYUY VSHFSH OE NPZMP P OPTNBMSHOPK، URPLPKOPK TBVPFE. YuHCHUFCHHS RPUFPSOOSCHK RTYZMSD PITBOLL، PEHEBS RPUFPSOOHA KHZTPЪKH UFBFSH PTHDYEN CH RPMYFYUEULPK YZTE، CHPURTYOINBS LFP LBL TEBMSHOKHA KHZTPЪKHPENHEYFYCHP BMY RPMYFYYTPCHBFSHUS. rPUME PFDEMEOYS PF ZHTBOGKHULPZP CHEMYLPZP chPUFPLB POY PYUEOSH VSHUFTP PFPYMY PF UPVMADEOOYS PUOPCHPRPMBZBAEYI RTBCHYM (UTEDY LPFPTSCHICHEMYLPZPІCHPUFPLBSHFUSHBCHBTUK PMYFYLYY TEMYZYY)، VSHMY PFNEOOOSCH GETENOYY، TYFKHBMSHCH. OChPE TKHUULPE NBUPOUFChP RP UHFY DEMB RTECHTBFYMPUSH CH UELTEFOSHCHK RPMYFYUEULYK LMHV، FEUOP UCHSBOOSHCHK U LBDEFULPK RBTFYEK، IPFS UBN MYDEFYPCH. PZP PFOPEYOYS.
OE UMKHYUBKOP TKHUULYE NBUPOSH FPZP CHTENEY UCHSBMY UEVS U LBDEFULPK RBTFJEK. ee YDEMPZYYUEULYE RPUFKHMBFSCH - LPOUFYFHGYPOOPE RTBCHMEOYE Y CHMBUFSH ЪBLPOB - CH OBYVPMSHYEK UFEREOY RPDIDYMY NBUPOBN، NEYUFBCHYYYN P ZBTNPOBNP ب.
dPVTPN LFP، LPOYUOP، OE LPOYUMPUSH. ъBOSCHIYEUS RPMYFYLPK NBUPOSCH CHUE VPMSHYE Y VPMSHYE RPIPDIMY درباره ЪБЗПЧПЭЛПЧ; KHUIMEOYE YPCHYOYNB درباره ZHPOE OEHDBYU tPUUYY CH TKHUULP-SRPOULPK CHPKOE Y OBTECHBCHYEK RETCHPK NYTPCHPK CHPKOSH DPVBCHMSMP YN PRESSES "YYNEOOYLPCH OBGEEPO". lBDEFULBS RBTFYS، OUUPNOOOOP، UYMSHOP CHSHYZTBMB PF VMYJPUFY L NBUPOBN، LPFPTSHCHE OBYUYFEMSHOP PVPZBFYMY YDEMPZYA LPOUFYFHGYPOOSCHI DENPLT. CHEDSH OE UMKHYUBKOP CH RETCHPN UPUFBCHE chTENEOOPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB VSHMP DEUSFSH NBUPOPCH. pDOBLP LFP HCE OYUEZP OE NPZMP YJNEOIFSH - KHNBNY CHMBDEMY IDEY OBUYMSHUFCHEOOPZP RETEDEMB PVEEUFCHB، OPUYFEMSNY LPFPTSCHI VSHMY UFTENIFEMSHOP OBVYTENIFEMSHOP OBVYTENIFEMSHOP OBVYTENIFEMSHOP OBVYTBHYPMYSHYEY TPCH.
h PLFSVTE 1917 ZPDB CHMBUFSH RETEYMB CH THLY VPMSHYECHYLPCH. h RPDBCHMSAEN VPMSHYYOUFCHE NBUPOBN RTYYMPUSH RPLYOKHFSH TPUUYA، PDOBLP UBNP NBUPOUFCHP KHZBUMP OE UTBH. pOP RTPDPMTSBMP UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH YUETE NBTFYOYUFPCH، DESFEMSHOPUFSH v.z.buFTPNPCHB، LPFPTPNKH DBCE KHDBMPUSH UPDBFSH CH 1922 ZPDH "ZEOETBMSHOFSH". h 1925 ZPDH ON CH PVNEO FETRYNPUFSH CHMBUFEK RTEDMPTSYM UCHPY HUMKHZY zrkh، YuFP OE URBUMP، DB OE NPZMP URBUFY OH EZP UBNPZP، OH EZBG PTZBOY ch 1926 ZPDKH Y ON UBN، Y CHUE YUMEOSH MPTSY (21 YUEMPCHEL) VShchMY BTEUFPCHBOSH Y PFRTBCHMEOSCH H MBZETS، YUFP CH FP CHTENS VSHMP CHRPMOE BBUTEFPFPPETTP YUEULPK GEOKHTSCH NBUPOSCH، CHUEZDB CHSHCHUFKHRBCHYE ЪB UCHPVPDOPE TBCHYFYE MYUOPUFY، UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH RTPUFP OE NPZMY .

tPUUYKULYE NBUPOSH UEZPDOS OB LFPN، PDOBLP، YUFPTYS NBUPOUFCHB CH TPUUYY OE ЪBLPOYUMBUSH. edChB KHUREMY RBUFSH YDEMPZYUEULYE PLCHSH VPMSHYECHYNB، CHPMSHOSHE LBNEOOEYLY CHOPCHSH OBYUBMY UCHPY TBVPFSCH. h BRTEME 1991 ZPDB CHEMILINE chPUFPLPN ZhTBOGYY، CH OBYUYFEMSHOPK UFEREOY UPITBOYCHYN DHI TKHUULPZP NBUPOUFCHB، VSHMB KHYUTETSDEOB RETCHBS CH OPYUYFEMSHOPK UFEREOY UPITBOYCHYN DHI TKHUULPZP NBUPOUFCHB، VSHMB KHYUTETSDEOB RETCHBS CH OPChPK tpu. UEZPDOS CHPMSHOSHE LBNEOOEYLY UPVITBAFUS درباره UCHPY TBVPFSHCH NPULCHE، uBOLF-REFETVHTZE، chPTPOETSE، bTIBOZEMSHULE. h FYYY UCHPYI YNRTPCHYYTPCHBOOSCHI ITBNPCH POY RTDPDPMTSBAF YJDTECHME EBRPCHEDBOOSCHK YN FTHD DHIPCHOPZP ЪPDYUEFCHB.