State budgetary professional educational institution
Irkutsk region
"Cheremkhovo College of Industrial Industry and Service"
_____________________________________________________________________________
Scientific and practical conference “Kaleidoscope of student ideas”
Nomination: Practice-oriented project
Subject:
"DAYS OF MILITARY GLORY OF RUSSIA"
Pescherov Kirill, Fedorov Victor
Group: ML-15/2
Course: first
Supervisor:
Tsykorkina L.N.
2016
CONTENTS page
Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….4
From the federal law "On days of military glory and memorable
dates in Russia "……………………………………………………………………… ..5
Days of military glory of Russia:
- April 18th - Victory Day of Russian soldiers of Prince Alexander Nevsky
over the German knights on Lake Peipsi (Battle of the Ice, 1242);…….6
- September 21 - Victory Day of Russian regiments led by the great
Prince Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in
Battle of Kulikovo (1380);………………………………………………………6
- November 4 - Day of National Unity; ……………………………………………..7
- November 7 - The day of the military parade on Red Square
in Moscow to commemorate the twenty-fourth anniversary
Great October Socialist Revolution (1941)…………………7
- July 10 - Victory Day of the Russian army under the command of Peter
First over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava (1709);………………………..8
- August 9 - Day of the first naval victory in Russian history
Russian fleet under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes
at Cape Gangut (1714);……………………………………………………….8
- December 24 - Day of the capture of the Turkish fortress Izmail by the Russians
troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov (1790); ………………………….8
- 11 September
F.F. Ushakov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Tendra (1790); ……………… .9
- 8 September - Day of the Borodino battle of the Russian army under
the command of M.I. Kutuzov with the French army (1812); ……………… ..9
- December 1 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of
P.S.Nakhimov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Sinop (1853); ………………..10
- February 23 - Defender of the Fatherland Day; ………………………………………10
- 5th of December -The day the Soviet counteroffensive began against
Nazi troops in the battle of Moscow (1941); ………………11
- February 2
troops in the Battle of Stalingrad (1943);………………………………………………………11
- August 23 - The day of the defeat of the fascist Germans by Soviet troops
troops in the Battle of Kursk (1943);……………………………………………………………..12
- January 27 - Day of lifting the blockade of Leningrad (1944);……………..12
- 9th May - Victory Day of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War
war of 1941-1945 (1945)…………………………………………………………….13
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………...14
List of used literature ……………………………………………..15
Introduction
“No one is forgotten and nothing is forgotten.
The memory of the heroes will not erase the names..."
The Russian Orthodox Church established special “Victorian days” (from Victoria - in Roman mythology the goddess of Victory). These were the days when Russian society paid tribute to the military feat, glory and valor of its defenders.
Reviving one of the best Russian traditions, February 10, 1995. The State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted the law “On Days of Military Glory”. The federal law “On the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia” states that in all centuries, heroism, courage of soldiers, the power and glory of Russian weapons have been an integral part of the greatness of the Russian state. The law further states that the days of military glory of Russia are the days of glorious victories that played a decisive role in the history of the country and in which Russian troops earned the honor and respect of their contemporaries and the grateful memory of their descendants.
We, the young generation of Russians, are obliged to remember and sacredly honor the heroic past of our people, because at all times the exploits of our ancestors have inspired more than one generation of Russian soldiers to perform feats of arms in difficult times for our Fatherland
Much has been written about the days of military glory in works, poems, and songs.
We decided to create our own, short version of the historical narrative about the days of military glory of Russia so that every student, having familiarized himself with it, knew the heroic dates of our history and received a holistic understanding of the days of military glory of Russia, because who else but us, the younger generation, will continue the glorious traditions of our warrior ancestors.
From federal law
"About days of military glory and memorable dates of Russia"
Accepted State Duma February 10, 1995.
The history of Russia is rich in significant events. In all centuries, heroism, courage of Russian soldiers, the power and glory of Russian weapons have been an integral part of the greatness of the Russian state... This Federal Law establishes the days of glory of Russian weapons - the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia (hereinafter referred to as the days of military glory of Russia) in commemoration of glorious victories Russian troops who played a decisive role in the history of Russia...
Article 1. Days of military glory of Russia
In the Russian Federation, the following days of military glory of Russia are established:
April 18th - Day of the victory of Russian soldiers of Prince Alexander Nevsky over the German knights on Lake Peipsi (Battle of the Ice, 1242);
September 21 - Victory Day of the Russian regiments led by Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380);
November 7 - The day of the military parade on Red Square in Moscow to commemorate the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution (1941)
July 10 - Victory Day of the Russian army under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava (1709);
August 9 - The day of the first naval victory in Russian history of the Russian fleet under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes at Cape Gangut (1714);
December 24 - The day of the capture of the Turkish fortress Izmail by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov (1790);
11 September - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of F.F. Ushakov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Tendra (1790);
8 September - Day of the Borodino battle of the Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov with the French army (1812);
December 1 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of P.S. Nakhimov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Sinop (1853);
February 23 - Defender of the Fatherland Day;
5th of December -The day the Soviet counteroffensive beganagainst Nazi troops in the Battle of Moscow (1941);
February 2 - The day of the defeat of the Nazi troops by Soviet troops inBattle of Stalingrad (1943);
August 23 - Day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk (1943);
January 27 - Day of lifting the blockade of Leningrad (1944);
9th May - Victory Day of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (1945)
April 18 – Victory Day of the Russian soldiers of Prince Alexander Nevsky over the German knights on Lake Peipsi.
The Battle of the Ice is a battle on the ice of Lake Peipus, which took place on April 5, old style, 1242. between Russian warriors and German knights - crusaders, which ended in a brilliant victory for the Russians, led by the outstanding commander Alexander Yaroslavich, nicknamed Nevsky for his brilliant victory over Swedish soldiers on the Neva River in 1940.
The Battle of the Ice is one of the outstanding battles of the Middle Ages. The Russian army surpassed the enemy in military organization and battle tactics, and showed great valor and courage. The victory thwarted the aggressive plans of the crusaders and secured the western borders of Rus' for many years.
The fight against the Germans continued, but they were never able to inflict any significant harm on the Russian lands, and Pskov remained a formidable stronghold against which all subsequent German attacks were broken. Another important consequence of the Battle of the Ice should be assessed within the framework of the general situation in Rus' in the 40s. XIII century In the event of the defeat of Novgorod, a real threat would have been created of the seizure of the northwestern Russian lands by the troops of the order, and given that Rus' had already been conquered by the Mongol-Tatars, then it would probably have been twice as difficult for the Russian people to get rid of double oppression.
September 21 - Victory Day of the Russian regiments led by Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380)
The Battle of Kulikovo in 1380 is the most important event in the history of medieval Rus', which largely determined the future fate of the Russian state. The Battle of Kulikovo Field served as the beginning of the liberation of North-Eastern Rus' from the yoke of the Golden Horde and forever entered the history of Russia. The victory on the Kulikovo Field is associated, first of all, with the name of Prince Dmitry Donskoy, who appears before us in the form of a defender of Rus' and a great commander. On September 6, 1380, the Russian army approached the Don at the confluence of the Nepryadva River.
The place where the Grand Duke's army was stationed was called the Kulikovo Field. It had the shape of a horseshoe formed by the Don and Nepryadva flowing into it. The ends of the horseshoe were facing south. From there Mamai’s army came, blocking the gap between the ends of the horseshoe. On September 8, in the thick predawn fog, the Russian army began to deploy into battle formation. In total, six regiments were lined up: Sentry, Advanced, Bolshoi, Right and Left Hand regiments and Ambush. The battle began around noon. The Tatars chopped up and crushed the advanced regiments and reached the line of the main Russian forces. The most intense place of the battle was the center of the Big Regiment. The Horde attacked him so fiercely that they almost tore him into two halves. Attacks and counterattacks gave way to a continuous oncoming battle, because due to the large number of people there was nowhere to retreat. The Russian infantry fell like mown hay. Blood flowed like water, the warriors died under the hooves and suffocated from the crowded conditions. The ambush regiment, led by Vladimir Serpukhovsky and Dmitry Volynsky, struck the Horde forces in the back and side with rage and terrible force. Skilled and experienced warriors beat the enemy with spears and chopped with swords. The stampede of the Horde began. Mamai, who was watching the battle from a high hill, fled
The period after the death of Tsar Ivan the Terrible in 1584 and until 1613, when the first sovereign from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, reigned on the Russian throne, went down in history as the Time of Troubles. The country was alternately ruled by Grozny's son Fyodor Ivanovich, Grozny's former guardsman Boris Godunov, then False Dmitry I, who was in fact a minor nobleman from Galich. After the murder of the impostor in May 1606, as a result of a boyar conspiracy, a representative of the ancient boyar family, Vasily Shuisky, became king. But he, too, was overthrown in July 1610, and the country was ruled by a boyar government - the Seven Boyars, led by Prince Fyodor Mstislavsky.
Faced with the threat of a new impostor, False Dmitry II, coming to power by force, the Boyar Duma offered the Russian throne to the son of the Polish king Sigismund III, Vladislav. At their invitation, an eight-thousand-strong Polish army entered Moscow. In March 1611, an uprising against the Poles broke out in Moscow. But already on the second day the Poles suppressed the uprising.
In the fall of 1611, the popular movement for the liberation of Moscow and the entire country rose with renewed vigor. Nizhny Novgorod became its center. The local merchant Kuzma Minin played an important role in organizing the people's militia. Dmitry Pozharsky was invited to lead the fighting.
After a series of battles, the people's militia took China Town by storm. On November 4, 1612, a militia formed by Prince Pozharsky and the townsman Minin liberated the Kremlin from Polish invaders.
November 7 is the day of the military parade on Red Square in Moscow to commemorate the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution (1941)
On November 7, 1941, a traditional parade of troops of the Moscow garrison took place on Red Square in Moscow to commemorate the 24th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Opening the solemn procession, cadets walk past the Mausoleum in a clear and even formation. Everything is the same as before the war, but now the young men are wearing marching, rather than ceremonial, uniforms, and their pouches are filled with live ammunition.
The USSR NKVD troops, infantry battalions, and rifle units are coming. Commanders and political workers are clearly marching ahead. Concluding the solemn procession, extermination battalions formed from workers of the city of Moscow pass by the Mausoleum. The cavalry enters the square. Machine-gun carts roar behind the squadrons. Motorized infantry passes. Completing the march of military equipment, the square was filled with tanks. The parade ended with the passing of the tanks.
After the parade, the troops participating in the parade on Red Square returned to their usual combat missions - combat training, construction of defensive lines, protection of Moscow airspace, garrison and guard duty in the capital.
The military parade, unprecedented in history, had a huge impact on strengthening the moral and political state of the Soviet people and their Armed Forces.
July 10 - Victory Day of the Russian army under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava (1709)
In 1700, Russia began its century-long struggle for the Baltic lands that had been forcibly taken from it. This struggle lasted two decades and was called the Northern War (1700-1721). On November 18, 1700, Karl approached the Russian positions and with a sudden attack put the Russian regiments to flight.
But the genius, energy and will of Peter the Great had already changed the situation: a new Russian army stood before the Swedes, with new artillery, weapons and new uniforms.
In the spring of 1707, the Swedish army began to move from Saxony to Poland, and it was no longer a secret to anyone that Charles’s immediate goal would be a campaign against Moscow. Karl's attempts to open his way to Moscow by force failed. At the beginning of April 1709, he concentrated his army near Poltava.
On July 10, 1709, the Battle of Poltava took place, ending in the complete victory of the Russian army. As a result of the battle, the Swedish land army virtually ceased to exist.
August 9 - Day of the first naval victory in Russian history of the Russian fleet under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes at Cape Gangut (1714)
The interests of Russia and its allies required a speedy end to the war with Sweden, which continued to dominate the sea. Therefore, the center of military operations was moved to the Baltic.
The Swedish fleet was the first to begin the 1714 campaign. By April 25, Swedish ships had taken up positions near the Gangut Peninsula. And the Russian squadron was waiting for the moment when the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland would be free of ice. On July 23, one and a half thousand soldiers began to make flooring at the narrowest point of the peninsula in order to drag light galleys from its eastern side to the western side and thereby embarrass the enemy.
This event thwarted the original plan of the Swedes, who intended to attack Russian ships right in the bay. Russian ships began an active attack on the Swedish fleet. Under continuous fire, Russian ships, skillfully maneuvering, quickly and stubbornly moved forward. Several Russian galleys came close to the galleys of the left flank of the Swedish line and grappled with them. A brutal boarding battle began, in which the Russian fleet showed courage and skill.
The Russian victory was complete. The Gangut victory meant a major turning point in the war at sea. The strongest Swedish fleet, covered in the glory of past successes, suffered a serious defeat from the very young Russian fleet.
December 24 - Day of the capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov (1790)
During one of the Russian-Turkish wars (1787-1791), Russian troops under the command of Chief General A.V. Suvorov showed courage in storming the Izmail fortress on December 24, 1790.
Built under the leadership of French and German engineers, the Izmail fortress was considered impregnable. It was defended by a 35,000-strong garrison with 265 guns. The assault, which was preceded by a long artillery preparation, began at 5 o'clock. 30 min. And it ended at 16:00 with the capture of Ishmael and the complete destruction of the garrison.
The Turks lost 26 thousand people killed, 9 thousand captured, all artillery, 345 banners, the Russians - 4 thousand people killed and 6 thousand people wounded. The capture of Izmail allowed Russian troops to gain a foothold in the lower reaches of the Danube.
The fall of the Izmail fortress forced Turkey to make peace with Russia.
September 11 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of F.F. Ushakova over the Turkish squadron at Cape Tendra (1790)
“The conqueror of all the enemies of Russia on the seas...” - this is what Emperor Alexander I called Fyodor Fedorovich Ushakov (1745-1817), an admiral and outstanding naval commander of Russia. Insanely brave, owner of the noblest heart, contemporary and friend of A.V. Suvorov. Much united the two commanders. Both of them are heroes of the Russian-Turkish wars and the first war between Russia and France, both are the creators of the school of military leadership, from which Field Marshal Kutuzov and Admiral Senyavin emerged, both treated soldiers and sailors with respect, which at that time was considered reprehensible for an officer, both - invincible. The famous commander fought forty naval battles and not a single defeat.
The annexation of Crimea to Russia in 1783 and the strengthening of the Russian fleet in the Black Sea led to a significant deterioration in Russian-Turkish relations. Incited by England and France, Turkey presented an ultimatum to Russia in August 1787, but having received a decisive refusal, declared war and began military operations in the Black Sea in September. According to the Russian plan, the Black Sea Fleet was supposed to assist ground forces, defend the Crimean coast from a possible landing and disrupt enemy communications at sea.
In the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791. Russian ground forces were successfully assisted by the Black Sea Fleet under the command of Rear Admiral F.F. Ushakov. One of the most important events of this war was the victory of the Russian squadron over the Turks at Cape Tendra
September 8 - Day of the Battle of Borodino of the Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov with the French army (1812)
After the unsuccessful military campaigns of 1805, 1806 and 1807 for the Russian army, the French Emperor Napoleon began to rule Europe as if he were at home. To invade Russia, Napoleon prepared a huge army, called the Great. In Napoleon's strategic plan, Moscow became the main operational direction. On the night of June 11-12, French troops began to cross the Neman to Russian soil. In the area of the village of Borodino, the commander-in-chief of the Russian army M.I. Kutuzov decided to give a general battle to Napoleon. On September 6, both sides prepared for battle. French troops shouting "Long live the Emperor!" rushed to the offensive.
Seven times the French attacked the flushes, but each time their attacks were defeated by the stamina and courage of the Russian soldiers. In the last, eighth attack, Napoleon threw 45 thousand people, supporting them with the fire of 400 guns. The real carnage began. It seemed to Napoleon that victory was already in his hands. At approximately 9:30 a.m., Kutuzov sent a cavalry corps to commit sabotage on the French left flank in order to pull part of their forces away from the Russian left flank. The suspension of enemy attacks for two hours allowed the Russian command to pull up reserves, regroup forces and prepare for further defense. After restoring the situation on his left flank, Napoleon resumed attacks on Raevsky’s battery and, at the cost of heavy losses, managed to capture it. Attempts to break through the Russian front at the Semenovsky ravine were unsuccessful - the Russian guards regiments, accompanied by the beating of drums, moved towards the enemy cavalry and overthrew it with bayonets.
By 18 o'clock the French attacks had ceased along the entire line. The Borodino field after the battle was a terrible picture. Thousands of dead lay in heaps. For the first time in decades of wars, Napoleon saw a field where almost 100 thousand people died on both sides in 10 hours of battle. For the first time they did not bring him trophy banners, they did not lead prisoners, for the first time no shouts of victory and flattery were heard.
December 1 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of P.S. Nakhimov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Sinop (1853)
The Russian people suffered a new ordeal during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. It was a war between a coalition of Turkey, England, France on the one hand and Russia on the other, which sought to defend its economic and political interests in the Black Sea and strengthen its influence in the Balkans.
On the Black Sea, the Russian fleet blocked the forces of the Turkish fleet. In Sinop Bay (December 1, 1853), a squadron under the command of P. S. Nakhimov, thanks to the heroism and training of Russian sailors, naval skill, decisive and proactive actions of ship commanders, destroyed the Turkish squadron.
This was the last major battle of the era of the sailing fleet. The Crimean War ended with the so-called Peace of Paris, under the terms of which Russia lost the right to have a fleet in the Black Sea. But the Russian people always found the strength not to lose heart, to repel the enemy and not give up.
Immediately after the victory of the armed uprising of the Bolsheviks in Petrograd on November 7-8, 1917, the Soviet government had to fight not only internal enemies, but also external ones - the First World War continued, and military operations took place on Russian territory.
In order to protect the Soviet state from Kaiser Germany, the Soviet government began organizing regular armed forces. On January 28, 1918, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) signed the decree "On the organization of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA), and on February 11 the decree "On the organization of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Fleet" - (RKKF). To the Red The army and the Red Navy accepted workers who voluntarily expressed a desire to serve in the ranks of the armed defenders of the Fatherland.
On February 18, 1918, Austro-German (there were 39 German divisions alone) and Turkish troops, treacherously violating the truce concluded on December 15, 1917, invaded Soviet Russia and began to occupy Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states.
On February 21, German troops captured Minsk. On this day, the Soviet government addressed the people with the appeal “The Socialist Fatherland is in danger!”
On February 23, Red Army Day was held in Petrograd under the slogan of defending the socialist Fatherland from the “Kaiser’s troops.” In Petrograd alone, tens of thousands of volunteers rose up to repel the enemy. The newly formed units of the Red Army immediately entered into battle against the German troops.
Since 1922, February 23 has acquired the character of a large national holiday, like the Birthday of the Red Army. On February 22, 1922, a parade of troops of the Moscow garrison took place on Red Square, and in the evening there was a ceremonial meeting of the Moscow Council together with representatives of the military units of the Moscow garrison.
December 5 - Day of the start of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops against Nazi troops in the Battle of Moscow (1941)
The Battle of Moscow lasted a total of about seven months (September 30, 1941 – April 20, 1942) and was the largest battle in the Second World War at that time. More than 3 million people, up to 3 thousand tanks, more than 2 thousand aircraft, St. 22 thousand guns and mortars.
During the counter-offensive near Moscow by the forces of the Western (commander - Colonel General G. K. Zhukov), Kalinin (commander - Colonel General I. S. Konev) and Bryansk (commander - Colonel General Ya. T. Cherevichenko) fronts, the group The Center armies suffered a crushing blow. 38 Nazi divisions were defeated. The enemy's tank formations, which played a decisive role in the war, suffered especially heavy losses.
As a result of the counteroffensive and general offensive, the enemy was thrown back 150-400 km to the west. The threat of the capture of Moscow was eliminated, the situation in Leningrad was eased. Moscow, Tula, and partly a number of other regions were liberated from the invaders. The breakdown of the blitzkrieg and the defeat of fascist German troops in the battle of Moscow marked the beginning of a radical turning point in the war.
February 2 - Day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad (1943)
On February 2, 1943, the offensive operation of the Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad ended. During the counteroffensive near Stalingrad, troops of the Southwestern (commander - Lieutenant General N. F. Vatutin), Stalingrad (commander - Colonel General A. I. Eremenko) and Don (commander - K. K. Rokossovsky) fronts repelled the attempt German Army Group Don, liberate the troops encircled in Stalingrad, and inflict a crushing defeat. The remnants of the 6th German Army (91 thousand people), led by commander Field Marshal F. Paulus, surrendered on February 2, 1943. The total enemy losses in the Battle of Stalingrad amounted to 1.5 million people. This victory made a decisive contribution to the development of a radical turning point in the war.
August 23 - Day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk (1943)
To carry out the operation near Kursk, which received the name “Citadel”, the enemy concentrated: 50 divisions, incl. 16 tanks, Army Group Center and Army Group South; over 900 thousand people, about 10 thousand guns and mortars, up to 2,700 tanks and assault guns and more than 2 thousand aircraft. An important place in the enemy's plan was given to the massive use of new military equipment - Tiger and Panther tanks, new aircraft.
The Soviet command countered the offensive of fascist German troops against the northern and southern fronts of the Kursk ledge, which began on July 5, 1943, with a strong active defense. On July 12, Soviet troops, having exhausted the enemy, launched a counteroffensive. On this day, in the area of the Prokhorovka railway station, the largest oncoming tank battle of the Second World War took place (up to 1,200 tanks and self-propelled guns on both sides). Developing the offensive, Soviet ground forces, supported from the air by massive strikes from two air armies and long-range aviation, by August 23 pushed the enemy to the west by 140-150 km, liberating Orel, Belgorod and Kharkov.
The Wehrmacht lost 30 selected divisions in the Battle of Kursk, including 7 tank divisions, over 500 thousand soldiers and officers, 1.5 thousand tanks, more than 3.7 thousand aircraft, 3 thousand guns. The victories at Kursk and then in the Battle of the Dnieper completed a fundamental turning point in the Great Patriotic War and became a determining factor in turning the tide of the Second World War.
January 27 - Day of lifting the blockade of Leningrad (1944)
In their plans for the war against the USSR in 1941, German leaders assigned special importance to the capture of Leningrad. Already on the night of June 23, 1941, enemy aircraft bombed Leningrad for the first time. The flames of war came close to the city on the Neva. In this extremely difficult and dangerous situation, the construction of defensive structures around Leningrad began.
Having failed to capture Leningrad with a frontal attack, the fascist troops attempted to close a second ring around it in order to cut off the narrow strip of water on Lake Ladoga, through which the population of the huge city, the front troops and the fleet were supplied. The fascist German command decided to break the defenders of Leningrad with a blockade, barbaric artillery shelling and air bombing. The shelling always began suddenly, and when people went to work or returned home at the end of their shift, when the streets were filled with people, the enemy opened hurricane fire.
The siege put the city's supply of weapons, equipment, ammunition, fuel, electricity, raw materials, and food in an extremely difficult situation. A decision was made to reduce grain standards. The hunger was aggravated by the onset of severe frosts (down to – 30 C). All this sharply increased the mortality rate among the city's population. There was only one way out - the construction of a winter road on the ice of Ladoga, which was called the Road of Life. Ammunition and food were delivered along it, and industrial equipment, material and cultural assets were evacuated to the rear of the country.
On January 18, 1943, the forces of the 1st separate battalion of the 123rd rifle brigade of the Leningrad Front and the 1st battalion of the 1240th regiment of the 372nd rifle division of the Volkhov Front cleared the southern coast of Lake Ladoga from enemy troops and thereby broke the blockade of Leningrad and restored direct land connection between the city and the country. On January 27, 1944, the blockade of Leningrad was completely and irrevocably lifted. In honor of the heroic defenders of Leningrad, a Belt of Glory with a length of more than 200 kilometers was created around the city (this was the perimeter of the blockade ring).
May 9 - Victory Day of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945
The Soviet Army had to carry out a liberation mission in the countries of Eastern Europe and destroy fascism in its lair - Berlin.
By mid-April 1945, the main groupings of fascist German troops were defeated on the Soviet-German front, almost all of Poland, Hungary, the eastern part of Czechoslovakia and Austria with its capital Vienna were liberated. The last decisive battle was coming - for Berlin.
In the early morning of May 1, the Red Banner flew over the defeated Reichstag; on May 2, the fascist garrison of Berlin capitulated. On May 9, Soviet troops liberated Prague, the capital of Czechoslovakia, which rebelled against the occupiers. The war in Europe is over.
Late in the evening of May 8, in a specially prepared hall at the military engineering school in Karlshorst, representatives of the German High Command signed the “Act of Military Surrender.”
On Victory Day, May 9, 1945, Moscow, on behalf of the Motherland, saluted the troops of the Red Army, units and ships of the Navy with 30 artillery salvoes from a thousand guns in honor of an event that will remain forever in the memory of generations of Russians and all humanity.Our people accomplished an unprecedented feat - they survived and won a brutal, bloody war.
Conclusion
Reading the brief lines that contain the centuries-old history of the Russian army, who sacredly loved their native land and did not spare their lives in the name of its freedom and independence, we are amazed at the number of trials that befell our country. The stronger is our pride in Russia’s historical past, which we must remember, pass on from generation to generation and increase.
We have taken only the first step in studying the military past of our Motherland. We will continue to work on the project, involving other students in this important educational area. After all, each of us must be ready, in any difficult period for the country, to stand up for its defense and continue the holy work of our heroic ancestors.
In any century, for a simple soldier,
At the peak of a spear and the barrel of a machine gun,
On the ancient shield, and under
flag
,
Their immense glory rests.
Simple guys go straight into eternity,
Great Russia native soldiers.
Without fear and pain and loud words,
Without a shadow of doubt and with faith in God.
The zealots of duty are gone forever,
Their feat and glory do not require any sense.
Even though we didn’t have time to do everything, and life was short,
But they also loved, both passionately and sweetly.
And, in that brief moment, having made a single choice,
Men die for a peaceful life.
And no matter how many years have passed, believe me: Dronov S.G. Russian history. – M., 2013.
Ivanov A.N. These days the glory will not be silent... - M., 2010.
Protasov G.N. Victory days of Russia. – M., Education, 2009.
Grade 10
Approximate duration of the project
2 lessons
1 lesson:
Introduction to basic concepts;
Discussion of problematic issues;
Creation of working groups;
Discussion of educational issues;
Familiarity with the list of references and Internet resources;
Timing of consultations.
Lesson 2:
Project protection;
Discussion, discussion;
Reflection;
Self-assessment and external assessment of the project.
Basis of the project. Educational standards
The course “Fundamentals of Life Safety” in a basic secondary school is aimed at achieving the following goals:
- mastering knowledge about a healthy lifestyle; about dangerous and emergency situations and the basics of safe behavior when they arise;
- development personality traits necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, ensure safe behavior in dangerous and emergency situations;
- upbringing a sense of responsibility for personal safety, a value-based attitude towards one’s health and life;
- mastery of skills anticipate potential dangers and act correctly in the event of their occurrence, use personal and collective protective equipment, and provide first aid.
After participating in the project, students must achieve exactly these goals. And given that the state standard for life safety presupposes the priority of an activity-based approach to the learning process (the project method forms this approach), schoolchildren will still develop broad sets of general educational and subject skills, mastering methods of activity that form cognitive, informational, and communicative competence.
Didactic objectives / Expected learning outcomes
Each nation has its own treasured pages of history, its own heroic names that will never be forgotten. The history of our country is forever inscribed with the days of glorious victories, in which Russian troops earned honor, the respect of their contemporaries and the grateful memory of their descendants. The images of heroes, like stars in the sky, illuminate the historical path of our people and serve for posterity as examples of sacrificial service to our Fatherland. Many young Russians want to be like these beacons of valor and continue their work and military traditions . The goal of the project is to show the significance of Russian memorable dates in the memory of descendants.
Questions guiding the project
Fundamental Question
The meaning of the days of military glory of Russia in memory of descendants.
Problematic issues of the educational topic
What days of military glory of Russia are established by law?
What is the significance of these days for Russia and, in particular, the younger generation?
Study questions
What is the historical basis of Russia's victorious days?
Man and his role in the historical development of the people?
Teacher publication
Teacher presentation to identify student ideas and interests
Presentation
An example of a student project activity product
Student presentations by group
Assessment Plan
Assessment Schedule
Before working on the project,Students work on a project and complete assignments.
After completing the project
Development of design specifications:
- choosing a project topic;
- identifying subtopics into project topics;
- formation of creative groups;
- formulation of questions, tasks for teams.
1.Brain attack
2. Independent search work in accordance with your assignment
3. Intermediate discussion, data collection and processing
1. Project defense, discussion.
2. Reflection.
3. Self-esteem, external assessment.
Description of assessment methods
During the project, standard tools were used to provide feedback, reflection and learning - face-to-face communication and e-mail. The final assessment is carried out in the form of a defense, which is attended by all project participants. Upon completion of the project defense. A self-assessment of the work results is carried out, and then the project is assessed by other participants (a scheme for self-analysis and analysis of work performance is offered to project participants at the beginning of the work). The defense and evaluation of the project ends with reflection. The product of students' educational activities is a presentation
Project information
Required initial knowledge, skills and abilities
To carry out the project, students must know Federal Law No. 32 - Federal Law of March 13, 1995 “On the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia.”
At the beginning of the project, students must master basic research methods (literature analysis, searching for sources of information, collecting and processing data, scientific explanation of the results obtained, seeing and putting forward new problems, putting forward hypotheses, methods for solving them); communication skills; integrate acquired knowledge in various subjects studied at school.
Learning activities
Stages of project organization and implementation
1. Development of a project assignment: selection of a project topic, selection of subtopics into project topics,
formation of creative groups, formulation of questions, assignments for teams.
2.Independent search work in accordance with your assignment
3. Interim discussion, collection and processing of data, interim assessment of the work on the project.
4. Registration of the results of project activities
5. Project defense, discussion.
6. Reflection.
7.Self-esteem, external assessment.
Materials for Differentiated Learning
A student with problems mastering educational material (Problem student)
For poorly motivated students, the teacher organizes individual consultations. Since this project involves working in groups, they are formed taking into account the different preparedness of students, so on some issues you can get help within the group.
A student whose native language of instruction is not:
The help of foreign language teachers, of course, will be needed if the project is designed to attract students of this category.
Gifted student:
The material for the project is selected by each student depending on his preparedness, so the choice of the depth of research depends on him. The teacher conducts consultations and gives the necessary recommendations.
Materials and resources needed for the project:
Camera, laser disc, computers, printer, digital camera, scanner.
Technologies - software
Image processing programs, text editors, email programs, multimedia systems, other reference books on CD-ROM
printed materials
Textbooks, teaching aids, reading books, laboratory manuals, reference material, etc.
1. Basova, N.V. Pedagogy and practical psychology. - Rostov n/d: “Phoenix”, 1999. - 416 p.
2. Bachevsky, V.I. System of military-patriotic education of minor citizens: Educational and methodological manual for the section “OVS”. - M.: LLC "Editorial office of the magazine "Military Knowledge", 2001. - 186 p.
3. Bespyatova, N. K. Military-patriotic education of children and adolescents as a means of socialization / N. K. Bespyatova, D. E. Yakovlev. - M.: Iris-press, 2006. - 192 p.
4. Butorina, T. S. Fostering patriotism through education / T. S. Butorina, N. P. Ovchinnikova - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2004. - 224 p.
5. Vorontsov, V. L. The power of knowledge. - M.: Publishing house "Knowledge", 1979. - 380 p.
6. Heroic-patriotic education at school: children's associations, museums, clubs, clubs, search activities /Auth.-comp. T. A. Oreshkina. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2007. - 122 p.
7. State program “Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2001 - 2005.”
8. State program “Patriotic education of citizens of the Russian Federation for 2006 - 2010”.
9. Kasimova, T. A. Patriotic education of schoolchildren: Methodological manual / T. A. Kasimova, D. E. Yakovlev. - M.: Iris-press, 2005. - 64 p.
10. Lebedeva, O. V. Class hours and conversations on citizenship education: grades 5-10. - M.: TC Sfera, 2005. - 192 p.
11. Menyaeva I.N. About the project method. Pedagogical workshop. 2004. - No. 4.
12. Mizikovsky G.V. Interdisciplinary connections in the course of pre-conscription training for young men. - M.: Education, 1990. - 237 p.
13. Nikolaev, G. G. Education of civil qualities of adolescents in children's public associations. - Ekaterinburg: Ural Publishing House. University, 2004. - 134 p.
14. Training seminars. Methodological support for competency-based training. Publishing house "Teacher", 2008
15.Assessing the quality of training of secondary (high school) graduates in the basics of life safety. /Aut.-state G. A. Kolodnitsky, V. N. Latchuk, V. V. Markov, S. K. Mironov, B. I. Mishin, M. I. Hubner. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 192 p.
16. Patriotic education: system of work, planning, lesson notes, lesson development /Auth.-comp. I. A. Pashkovich. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2006. - 169 p.
17. Project-based learning - what is it? Methodist. - 2004. - No. 1.
18. Ushinsky, K. D. Selected pedagogical works: In 2 volumes - M., 1974. T.2. - p.160.
19. Kharlamov, I. F. Pedagogy: Textbook. - M.: Higher. school, 1999. - 512 s.
Other accessories
Supplies that must be ordered or prepared for use in a course project and that are specific to the course of study. Do not include mundane materials that can be found in every classroom.
Internet resources
List of web addresses needed to carry out the project.
http://school-collection.edu.ru/
http://wikipedia.org/
http://slovari.yandex.ru/
http://letopisi.ru/
Other resources: Consultation with a history teacher.
Gabdrakhmanova Irina Figatovna,
History and IKB teacher,
MBOU Secondary School s. Imyanlikulevo,
RB, Chekmagushevsky district, village. Imyanlikulevo.
Project work
Subject " Days of military glory »
Introduction
Relevance of the project. In the history of Russia there are many heroic events that evoke pride in our Motherland. In all centuries, heroism, the courage of Russian soldiers, the power and glory of Russian weapons have been an integral part of the greatness of the Russian state. On February 10, 1995, the State Duma of Russia adopted the Federal Law “On the Days of Military Glory (victorious days) of Russia,” which played a decisive role in the history of Russia and in which Russian troops earned themselves the honor and respect of their contemporaries and the grateful memory of their descendants.
The topic of the project is interesting in connection with school reform in modern conditions: it is significant for the revival and development of spiritual and moral values, it is necessary in the formation of moral and ethical principles of students, preparing youth for active participation in the development of civil society and Russian statehood.
Considering the importance of the military-patriotic direction in social disciplines, systematic and purposeful activities are necessary to develop in citizens a high patriotic consciousness, a sense of loyalty to their Fatherland, readiness to fulfill civic duty and constitutional responsibilities to protect the interests of the Motherland.
Studying the history of Russia's military glory allows students to feel that they belong to the great culture of Russia, which occupies a significant place in world history.
Project problem: lack of deep knowledge about the days of military glory.
Objective of the project: development of citizenship and patriotism in the younger generation based on the study of the Days of Military Glory of Russia.
Course objectives:
To promote the development of students’ cognitive competence, the ability to navigate the flow of diverse information, systematize it, compare historical events and their assessments by scientists;
Expand students' knowledge of Russian history; develop skills in working with sources;
Develop interest in the historical past of the Russian people;
Contribute to the development of public speaking skills;
To promote the development of students' thinking, creative, and communication abilities.
Expected results of the project:
Knowledge:
specific historical information relating to various aspects of Russian military history;
historical and biographical information regarding outstanding commanders;
Russia's contribution to world history.
Skills:
search and select the necessary information on websites on the Internet, independently work with text, analyze a document;
the ability to construct a response plan, present facts in narrative and written form, analyze, generalize, discuss and explain, critically evaluate events in the cultural life of Russia.
Skills:
oral and written presentation of material.
Creation:
project-presentation as a reference for studying the Days of Military Glory of Russia“Days of military glory of Russia (calendar of events);
Microsoft presentation bankOfficePowerPointt
presentationMicrosoftOfficePowerPoint“Maps and diagrams of battles”;
listliterature created on the basis of the school library fund, which allows students of our school to obtain additional information on this topic;
a booklet telling about the “Days of Military Glory of Russia (calendar of events).”
Project development and implementation timeframe: The project program is designed for the 2015-2016 academic year.
Project resources:
historical literature and sources;
computer, projector, screen;
creation of handouts.
Project planning:
Project planning:
Istage – Organizational: studying the history of the origin of this issue;making a listliterature that allows you to obtain additional information on this topic; selection of necessary sources of information; collecting information on the topic of the History of Bashkortostan; collecting information on a topic from the history of the Chekmagushevsky district.
IIstage – Practical: creating a bank of Microsoft presentationsOfficePower Pointt“Great commanders and naval commanders of Russia”;creation of a booklet describing the “Days of Military Glory of Russia (calendar of events)”;making a presentationMicrosoftOfficePowerPoint“Maps and diagrams of battles”;compilationpresentation project as a reference for studying the Days of Military Glory of Russia“Days of military glory of Russia (calendar of events)”.
IIIstage – Summing up: at the extracurricular event “Name of Victory”, students present the results of their projects and using the systemVotumVoting is held for the best project.
Practical part of the project
During the preparation of creative works, students analyze historical literature and historical sources; participate in discussions (debates); organize role-playing games (“Court”); prepare and discuss student reports; take part in brainstorming when reviewing students’ creative works.
p/p
Subject
Number of hours
Content elements
date
Victory Day of Russian soldiers of Prince Alexander Nevsky over German knights on Lake Peipus
Concepts: Battle of the Ice, Lake Peipsi, Livonian Order,
Personalities: Alexander Nevsky,
7.09
Victory Day of the Russian regiments led by Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380)
Concepts: Golden Horde,
Personalities: S. Radonezhsky, D. Donskoy, Mamai,
14.09
3-4
National Unity Day.
Concepts: intervention, Zemsky Sobor, people's militia, Troubles
Personalities: K. Minin, D. Pozharsky, M. Romanov,
21.09
28.09
Victory Day of the Russian army under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava (1709)
Concepts: Northern War, redoubt
Personalities: Peter I, Charles XII, Mazepa, A.D. Menshikov,
19.10
The day of the first naval victory in Russian history of the Russian fleet under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes at Cape Gangut (1714)
Concepts: galley,
Personalities: F. Apraksin,
26.10
7-8
Day of the victory of the Russian fleet over the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Chesma (1770)
Concepts:
Personalities: G. Spiridov, A. Orlov, Catherine II
2.11
9.11
Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of F.F. Ushakova over the Turkish squadron at Cape Tendra (1790)
Concepts: Russian-Turkish war
Personalities: F.F. Ushakov,
23.11
10-11
The day of the capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov (1790)
Concepts: Jassy world,
Personalities: A.V. Suvorov, G. Potemkin,
30.11
7.12
12-13
Day of the Battle of Borodino of the Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov with the French army (1812)
Concepts: Raevsky's battery, partisans, redoubts, flushes, council in Fili
Personalities: Alexander I, Napoleon, Bagration, M. Kutuzov, Barclay de Tolly, Tarutino maneuver
14.12
21.12
14-15
Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of P.S. Nakhimov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Sinop (1853)
Concepts: Crimean War
Personalities: Nakhimov, Nicholas I
28.12
11.01
16-17
Day of Remembrance of Russian Soldiers Who Died in the First World War of 1914 - 1918
Concepts: Entente, Triple Alliance, Brusilov breakthrough, Schlieffen plan, “Verdun Meat Grinder”, trench warfare, Great Retreat, Brest-Litovsk, Battle of the Somme, Treaty of Versailles
Personalities: Nicholas II, A. Brusilov, Wilhelm II,
18.01
25.01
Day of Remembrance and Sorrow - the day of the beginning of the Great Patriotic War (1941)
Concepts: blitzkrieg, Barbarossa, Ost, GKO
Personalities: V. Molotov, Stalin
1.02
The day of the military parade on Red Square in Moscow to commemorate the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution (1941)
Personalities: P. Artemyev, S. Budyonny,
8.02
20-21
The day of the start of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops against Nazi troops in the Battle of Moscow (1941)
Concepts: Operation Typhoon, Mozhaisk line of defense, Panfilov’s men,
Personalities: L. Govorov, I. Konev, S. Timoshenko,
15.02
29.02
22-23
The day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad (1943)
Concepts: Operation “Uranus”, order No. 227, Mamayev Kurgan, “Pavlov’s House”, Operation “Little Saturn”, Operation “Ring”,
Personalities: A. Eremenko, V. Chuikov, Rodimtsev,
7.03
14.03
24-25
The day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk (1943)
Concepts: Citadel, radical change,
Personalities: G. Zhukov, K. Rokossovsky
21.03
28.03
26-27
The day of the complete liberation of the city of Leningrad by Soviet troops from its blockade by Nazi troops (1944)
Concepts: “road of life”, Luga defensive line, Karelian fortified area, “Nevsky Piglet”, operation “Iskra”,
Personalities: A. Zhdanov
4.04
18.04
Day of Partisans and Underground Workers
Concepts: Rail War, Concert, Resistance Movement
Personalities: Kovpak,
25.04
29-30
Victory Day of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (1945)
Concepts: East Prussian Operation, Vistula-Oder Operation, East Pomeranian Operation, Berlin Offensive Operation, Yalta Conference, Potsdam Operation
2.05
16.05
Day of the end of World War II (1945)
Concepts: anti-Hitler coalition, Nuremberg trials, UN, cold war
Personalities: F. Roosevelt, W. Churchill
19.05
Day of Heroes of the Fatherland. Heroes of the Fatherland in the history of Russia
Concepts: , Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of the Russian Federation, holders of the Order of St. George, Order of Glory
23.05
Defender of the Fatherland Day
Concepts: RKKR
26.05
34-35
Protection of creative works. Extracurricular event “Name of Victory”
30.05
Conclusion
The Days of Military Glory, included in the law, are an example of how all of Russia, in the most difficult years, can rise up and repel the enemy (Battle of the Ice, Battle of Kulikovo, the fight against Polish invaders, Battle of Borodino, Battle of Moscow, Battle of Kursk, Stalingrad battle), others testify to the enormous power of our country (Battle of Poltava, Battle of Sinop, Storm of Izmail, etc.).
The Battle of Lake Peipus, Kulikovo Field, Borodino, Stalingrad - they remained forever in the historical memory of our country. As symbols of the victory of our country, as symbols of victory and revival, as the embodiment of sacred popular anger against the invaders, as an inexhaustible source of ardent patriotic feeling, connecting the past with the present, in addition to this, it is also the preservation and transmission of military traditions to future generations.
The Days of Military Glory remind us of our heroic ancestors who were able to defend their freedom and independence. The exploits of all generations of defenders of the Fatherland are an enduring value; they cannot be erased from the memory of the people with the stroke of a pen.
Work on the project gives a powerful impetus to intensify students’ cognitive interests in the history of Russia, the history of Bashkortostan, and the history of the village. The main result of the project is the formation of moral guidelines among students.
List of used literature
Bachevsky, V.I. System of military-patriotic education of minor citizens: Educational and methodological manual for the section “OVS”. – M.: LLC “Editorial staff of the magazine “Military Knowledge”, 2001. – 186 p.
Bespyatova, N. K. Military-patriotic education of children and adolescents as a means of socialization / N. K. Bespyatova, D. E. Yakovlev. – M.: Iris-press, 2006. – 192 p.
Butorina, T. S. Fostering patriotism through education / T. S. Butorina, N. P. Ovchinnikova - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2004. - 224 p.
Heroic-patriotic education at school: children's associations, museums, clubs, clubs, search activities /Auth.-comp. T. A. Oreshkina. – Volgograd: Teacher, 2007. – 122 p.
Egrashkina M.B. Elective course “Days of Military Glory of Russia” // Teaching history and social studies at school. - No. 3. – 2010. – p.61-62.
Kasimova, T. A. Patriotic education of schoolchildren: Methodological manual / T. A. Kasimova, D. E. Yakovlev. – M.: Iris-press, 2005. – 64 p.
Lebedeva, O. V. Class hours and conversations on citizenship education: grades 5-10. – M.: TC Sfera, 2005. – 192 p.
Nikolaev, G. G. Education of civic qualities of adolescents in children's public associations. – Ekaterinburg: Ural Publishing House. Univ., 2004. – 134 p.
Patriotic education: system of work, planning, lesson notes, lesson development /Auth.-comp. I. A. Pashkovich. – Volgograd: Teacher, 2006. – 169 p.
According to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation 22-FZ of February 28, 2007 “On Amendments to Article 1-1 of the Federal Law “On Days of Military Glory and Memorable Dates of Russia”, an addition was made to the Federal Law “On Days of Military Glory and Memorable Dates of Russia” that “In the Russian Federation the following memorable dates of Russia are established: ... December 9 is the Day of Heroes of the Fatherland
The symbol of the order - a horseman slaying a dragon with a spear - personified a courageous warrior capable of defending his land from enemies. Since ancient times in Rus', and not only in Rus', this image has been associated with the legendary St. George the Victorious. Saint George, as mentioned earlier, in Kievan Rus was considered the patron of the great princes, as well as the heavenly patron of the entire Russian army. A horseman with a spear or sword, which appeared on the seals and coins of the Grand Duchy of Moscow after the Battle of Kulikovo, was also associated with the image of St. George the Victorious. Officially, the interpretation of the horseman on the Moscow coat of arms as Saint George was recognized only in 1730.
On December 9, 1769, Empress Catherine II established the Order of St. George the Victorious, which coincided with the date of a famous event in the ancient history of Rus': in the 11th century. (between 1051 and 1053) in Kyiv, the first church of St. George the Victorious in Rus' was consecrated, built by Yaroslav the Wise (who received the name George at baptism) in honor of his heavenly patron. According to the statute, the order was given only for specific feats in wartime “to those who... distinguished themselves by some particularly courageous act or gave wise and useful advice for our military service.” The Order of St. George, established “solely for military rank,” was divided into 4 classes and therefore could become a distinction for any officer. The third degree of the order was given only to generals and staff officers (senior officers), and since 1838 only those who already had the fourth degree could receive it. The Order of St. George, 1st class, was extremely honorable and rare. The following figures eloquently speak about this: the highest order of the Russian Empire - the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called - was awarded to more than a thousand people, and the first degree of the Order of St. George in the entire history of its existence - only 25 people.
There were only 4 full Knights of St. George (i.e. those who had all degrees of the order - from the fourth to the first) (including the great Russian commanders M.I. Kutuzov and M.B. Barclay de Tolly.. Catherine II awarded herself this award in honor of the establishment of the order.) The statute of the order stated: “Neither high family, nor previous merits, nor wounds received in battles are accepted as respect when awarded the Order of St. George for military exploits; “The only one who is awarded it is the one who not only fulfilled his duty in everything according to oath, honor and duty, but on top of this marked himself for the benefit and glory of Russian weapons with a special distinction.” For example, the order could be received by someone who “personally leading an army, will win a complete victory over an enemy with significant forces, the consequence of which will be its complete destruction”; or, “personally leading the army, he will take the fortress.” The Order was awarded for the capture of an enemy officer or general, for the capture of enemy guns and banners in battle, as well as for other personal outstanding feats on the battlefield. In 1807, “to encourage bravery and courage” of soldiers and non-commissioned officers, the Insignia of the Military Order was established - a silver cross on the St. George ribbon. It was given to non-commissioned officers, soldiers and sailors, “who actually served in our land and naval forces and were distinguished by excellent courage against the enemy,” said the decree of Emperor Alexander I of February 13, 1807 on its establishment.
On the front side of the cross there was an image of St. George the Victorious, and on the back - the initials “SG”. Unlike the overwhelming majority of soldier's medals that existed in Russia, issued to all participants in any battle or campaign, a soldier or sailor could receive an insignia in the form of a silver cross only for a specific feat “on the battlefield, in the defense of fortresses and on the waters,” which brought the Insignia of the Military Order as close as possible to its older brother - the officer's Order of St. George the Victorious. Only according to the regulations of 1913, the insignia of the Military Order began to be officially called the St. George's Cross, and the numbering of the insignia began anew. The first degrees of the Insignia were no longer gold, but gilded, and from September 1916, crosses began to be made from simple, base metals. Until 1917, on this day (November 26, old style), the Feast of the Knights of St. George was celebrated in Russia. After the October Revolution of 1917, the order was abolished.
In Soviet times, the titles of Hero of the Soviet Union and Hero of Socialist Labor were established, as well as the Order of Glory of three degrees, which, in new historical conditions, seemed to continue the traditions of the officer's Order of St. George and the soldier's St. George's Cross. During the Great Patriotic War, especially in Cossack military formations, many veterans wore on their chests, next to Soviet orders and medals, also the Crosses of St. George, which they had been awarded during the First World War. Hero of the Russian Federation is the highest special title in the Russian Federation. Awarded for performing an exceptional feat. The title is the highest state award of Russia, was established by the Law of the Russian Federation “On the establishment of the title Hero of the Russian Federation and the establishment of a sign of special distinction - the Gold Star Medal” dated March 20, 1992 and put into effect on the same day according to the resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. The title of Hero of the Russian Federation is awarded by the President of the Russian Federation once.
The status of the highest military award for the Order of St. George the Victorious was returned in 2000 in accordance with Decree of the President of the Russian Federation 1463 of August 8, 2000 “On approval of the statute of the Order of St. George, the provisions on the insignia of the St. George Cross.” According to the Federal Law of the Russian Federation 22-FZ of February 28, 2007 “On Amendments to Article 1-1 of the Federal Law “On Days of Military Glory and Memorable Dates of Russia”, an addition was made to the Federal Law “On Days of Military Glory and Memorable Dates of Russia” that “In the Russian Federation the following memorable dates of Russia are established: ... December 9, Heroes of the Fatherland Day December 9 honors the Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of the Russian Federation, holders of the Order of St. George and the Order of Glory. The role of Heroes of the Fatherland Day is very important for modern Russia. The holiday concentrates all the historical experience and glorious military traditions of our Armed Forces, unites the history of military exploits and heroes of the Russian army from the day of its creation to the present day.
Completed by: 8th grade students of the Puzsko-Slobodskaya secondary school Project leader: Tatyana Mikhailovna Vakhlyaeva Days of military glory of Russia
On February 10, 1995, the State Duma of the Russian Federation adopted the law “On the days of military glory (victory days) of Russia,” which was signed by the President of the Russian Federation on March 13 of the same year.
April 18 - Victory Day of the Russian soldiers of Prince Alexander Nevsky over the German knights on Lake Peipsi (Battle of the Ice, 1242).
September 21 - Victory Day of the Russian regiments led by Grand Duke Dmitry Donskoy over the Mongol-Tatar troops in the Battle of Kulikovo (1380).
November 7 - Day of the liberation of Moscow by the people's militia under the leadership of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky from Polish invaders (1612).
July 10 - Victory Day of the Russian army under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes in the Battle of Poltava (1709).
August 9 - Day of the first naval victory in Russian history of the Russian fleet under the command of Peter the Great over the Swedes at Cape Gangut (1714).
December 24 - Day of the capture of the Turkish fortress of Izmail by Russian troops under the command of A.V. Suvorov (1790).
September 11 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of F. F. Ushakov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Tendra (1790).
September 8 - Day of the Borodino battle of the Russian army under the command of M.I. Kutuzov with the French army (1812).
December 1 - Victory Day of the Russian squadron under the command of P. S. Nakhimov over the Turkish squadron at Cape Sinop (1853).
February 23 - Day of the Red Army's victory over the Kaiser's troops of Germany (1918) - Day of Defenders of the Fatherland.
December 5 - The day of the start of the counter-offensive of Soviet troops against Nazi troops in the Battle of Moscow (1941).
February 2 - Day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad (1943).
August 23 - Day of the defeat of Nazi troops by Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk (1943).
May 9 - Victory Day of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (1945).
The main forms of perpetuating the memory of Russian soldiers who distinguished themselves in battles associated with the days of military glory of Russia are: perpetuating the days of military glory of Russia, organizing exhibitions, establishing memorial signs at places of military glory; preservation and development of territories historically associated with the exploits of Russian soldiers who distinguished themselves in battles associated with the days of military glory of Russia; publication in the media of materials related to the days of military glory of Russia; naming the names of national heroes who distinguished themselves in battles associated with the days of military glory of Russia to populated areas, streets and squares, physical and geographical objects, military units, ships and vessels.
