Slide 1
Slide 2
Demos rebels against the nobility. Abolition of debt slavery. Changes in the government of Athens. Solon is forced to leave Athens.
Slide 3
The state was on the brink of destruction. Demos rebels against the nobility The majority of the common people in Attica were enslaved by a few. The omnipotence of the nobility and inequality between the poor and the rich led to the uprising of the demos. The turmoil lasted for a long time, and neither side could prevail.
Slide 4
Then the most prudent persuaded the rest to begin peace negotiations. In 594 BC. e. the nobility and demos jointly elected Solon archon. From a young age, Solon conducted maritime trade, which in Greece was considered an honorable occupation. He was given great power so that he would put an end to bloody strife and save the fatherland. Solon was respected by all the inhabitants of Attica. He came from a noble family, knew no need, but was not rich either
Slide 5
They said a lot of good things about the new ruler: he was exceptionally honest, gifted with intelligence, and wrote poetry. Solon studied all his life, expanding his extensive knowledge. “I’m getting old, but I always learn a lot everywhere,” he wrote about himself. Solon began to rule Athens and established new laws. They were written down on whitewashed wooden boards the size of a man and displayed for public viewing in the city square.
Slide 6
First of all, Solon abolished the cruel laws of the Dragon. Then he ordered the debt stones to be thrown out of the fields. The farmers rejoiced: all debts were forgiven, bondage did not threaten anyone! In his poems, Solon figuratively called the land of Attica a slave who received freedom. From now on, the poor man who incurred a new debt was responsible for paying it off only with his property; if this property was not enough, then the unpaid debtor himself was forbidden to be enslaved.
Slide 7
That is why even an impoverished farmer or artisan, wearing rags and malnourished, knew for sure: he, a free Athenian, would not be made a slave for debts. Solon ordered the release of all debtor slaves. He ordered those who were sold overseas to be found and redeemed with state money. Among those who returned there were those who had forgotten their native speech. From that time on, only foreigners were slaves in the Athenian state.
Slide 8
To resolve the most important state affairs, they began to convene a People's Assembly, in which all free Athenians (they were called citizens) participated. Solon much; did to deprive the nobility of the benefits of governing the state. From now on, not only a noble person could become an archon - it was enough to have wealth. For the first time in history, Solon established that judges should be chosen from among all citizens, regardless of their nobility and wealth. Now even a poor man could become a judge.
Slide 9
Later, in Athens, such an order existed. Every year a list of judges was drawn up, and Athenians at least 30 years old and not known to have committed bad deeds were included by lot. All judges took an oath: “I will cast my vote in accordance with the laws and my conscience, without partiality or hatred. I will listen equally favorably to both the accuser and the accused. As a judge, I will not accept gifts, and no one will accept them on my behalf. I swear this by Zeus, Apollo, Demeter. If I break my oath, may I and my descendants perish.”
Slide 10
All Athenians who wished could attend the trial. The judges sat on wooden benches. The chairman was usually the archon. The prosecutor, the accused and the witnesses spoke one after another. After listening to them, the judges proceeded to secret voting. Everyone had to throw one of two pebbles into a bronze vessel: black meant accusation, white meant acquittal. Then the servants counted the pebbles in front of everyone. The court's decision was determined by the majority of votes cast. However, the accused was considered acquitted even if the votes were equally divided.
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The birth of democracy in Athens. “I’m getting old, but I always learn a lot everywhere.” Solon Around 640 – around 560 BC
2 slide
Task: find the error in the text. Thanks to good soils, the inhabitants of Attica grew a lot of grain. On the contrary, there was a shortage of olive oil and wine in Attica: wine and oil were brought from other countries.
3 slide
Merchants from Greek cities brought to the colonies: ________________ ________________ ________________ In exchange, merchants from Greek cities acquired: ________________ ________________ ________________
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Assignment: what do these words mean? DEMOS - _____________________ DEMOCRACY - _______________ CITIZENS - __________________ REFORM - __________________
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Task: fill in the missing words. The main demands of the Athenian demos in the 7th (7th) century BC. CANCEL ___________________ REDISTRIBUTE ___________________ ACHIEVE THE RIGHT YOURSELF ______________________________
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“A slave before, but now free!” - says the Hellene with papyrus in his hands. What is his name? What kind of “slave” are we talking about? Why do some people throw stones into the abyss, while others stand at a distance with a gloomy look? What event from Greek history is depicted?
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Task: fill in the missing words. The main thing is in Solon's laws. If the debtor failed to repay the debt, then it was forbidden to ______________. _____________ could become an archon. To resolve government affairs, they began to convene _____________, in which ____________ participated.
8 slide
Who could say such words about themselves? “Believe me, it wasn’t easy for me... Everyone, everyone was unhappy! Some reproached me for forgetting my origins. Others, however, took credit for clearing their fields. Yes, from the stones that deprived many of sleep and peace. But the same people added that I stopped halfway, without finishing the job. And in general, it would be better for me to write poetry than try to reconcile enemies. Alas, the reproaches were fair, but who would dare to say that I lived my life in vain! What do you think?”
Dates of life (BC) Athenian ruler and poet. Born into an impoverished but noble family. Solon was engaged in maritime trade and traveled. He was honest, gifted with intelligence, and wrote poetry. In 594 BC. The Athenians elected Solon and entrusted him with governing Athens. He took office in Athens and established new laws. They were written down on whitewashed wooden boards the size of a person and displayed for general information.
Laws of Solon 594 BC. AD: Abolition of the cruel laws of Archon Draco Searching for and ransoming debtor slaves sold to other countries Abolition of debt slavery Freeing debtor slaves Convening a national assembly Judges are elected from among citizens, regardless of nobility and wealth
Solon's laws to abolish debt slavery. Amnesty for all debtors who fell into debt and were deprived of civil rights. Amnesty for all debtors who fell into debt and were deprived of civil rights. Redemption with state money and return of debtors sold abroad. Redemption with state money and return of debtors sold abroad. An Athenian could not become a slave. An Athenian could not become a slave. From that time on, only foreigners were slaves in the Athenian state.
Laws of Solon One of the laws of Solon stated that a son can feed an elderly father if he has not taught him a trade. What did Solon achieve with this law? One of Solon's laws stated that a son could feed his elderly father if he had not taught him a trade. What did Solon achieve with this law?
Judge's oath: I will listen with equal favor to both the accuser and the accused. I will listen equally favorably to both the accuser and the accused. As a judge, I will not accept gifts, and no one will accept them on my behalf. As a judge, I will not accept gifts, and no one will accept them on my behalf. I will cast my vote in accordance with the laws and my conscience, without partiality or hatred. I will cast my vote in accordance with the laws and my conscience, without partiality or hatred. I swear this by Zeus, Apollo, Demeter. If I break my oath, may I and my descendants perish.” I swear this by Zeus, Apollo, Demeter. If I break my oath, may I and my descendants perish.”
Checking d/z:
- Find errors and fix them:
- Thanks to good soils, the inhabitants of Attica grew a lot of grain. On the contrary, there was a shortage of olive oil and wine in Attica: wine and oil were brought from other countries.
- Questions:
- What was the name of the small independent state in Greece?
- In what area of Greece was the Athenian polis located?
- Who was called "demos"?
- What were the names of the rulers of the Athenian polis?
- What was the name of the council of nobility? How many people did it include and in what positions?
- What is a debt stone? Where was it installed? What did you warn about?
- List the requirements of the Athenian demos.
- Explain the expression “Dracontic laws.”
- The myth of the origin of Athens.
- The purpose of the lesson: consider the causes and results of the emergence of democracy in Athens.
- D/z: § 30, questions; T. – teach;
- Available
- Aristocrats
- (know)
- Aliens
- Debtors
- The blatant inequality between the poor and the rich, the noble and the ignorant!
- VII century. BC e. - the struggle of the demos against the nobility.
- 594 BC e. - the nobility and demos elected Solon archon, endowing him with great power, so that he would put an end to popular unrest.
- They said about him: “Honest, gifted with intelligence.”
- Solon
- SOLONA'S LAWS
- 1. CANCELLATION OF ALL DEBT.
- 2. TURNING A PERSON INTO A SLAVE FOR DEBT IS PROHIBITED.
- 3. REMOVAL OF DEBT STONES
- 4. THE DEBTOR IS RESPONSIBLE NOT WITH FREEDOM, BUT WITH PROPERTY.
- Carefully read the extract from the laws of Solon.
- In whose interests do you think Solon carried out his reform (transformation, change)?
- Why did he do this?
- Available
- Aristocrats
- (know)
- Demos (peasants, artisans, merchants)
- Aliens
- Debtors
- After Solon's reform slaves in the Athenian state there were only strangers.
- - Drawing p. 138 – review, describe, answer questions.
- ARCHON
- PEOPLE'S
- MEETING
- (ECKLESIA)
- JUDGES
- Not necessarily famous BUT definitely rich
- Not necessarily noble, not necessarily rich, by lot from age 30
- All free citizens of Athens - decision of public affairs
- They are elected from the nobility and the demos.
- The people participate in governance.
- Shares power with demos.
- Consists of nobility and demos.
- Judges' oath:
- “I will cast my vote in accordance with the laws and my conscience, without partiality or hatred.
- I will listen equally favorably to both the accuser and the accused.
- As a judge, I will not accept gifts, and no one will accept them on my behalf.”
- Questions:
- 1. Why is it so important for judges to give a favorable hearing to both the accuser and the accused?
- 2. All people love to receive gifts. Why was this forbidden to the judges?
- Read the description of the trial: paragraph
- “Changes in the government of Athens” (p. 139)
- METEKI - visiting Greeks. They did not have the same civil rights as the Athenians. And only very rarely, for special merits in the defense or glorification of Athens, were they made full citizens.
- DEMOCRACY – power of the people, i.e. the people participate in government.
- Read(p. 139 – blue background): “Solon about his laws” and an excerpt from Solon’s laws, answer the questions.
- Summary The significance of Solon's reforms :
- Solon's laws laid the foundations of democracy in Athens.
- Working with the textbook:
- paragraph 4 “Solon is forced to leave Athens”
- - Why did Solon say that “In great matters it is difficult to immediately please everyone” and “I, like a wolf, hovered among a pack of dogs”?
- In which city was Solon elected archon? In what field? In which state?
- In what year did Solon become archon? What year was next after this year? What year preceded the year when Solon reigned in Athens? In what century were Solon's laws established?
- Describe the laws carried out by Solon. What is their historical significance?
The Court of Draco Draconian measures and Draco A man named Draco lived in Athens in the 7th century BC. e., belonged to the noble class and worked as a lawyer. At that time, all legal disputes in Greece were resolved according to oral tradition, blood feud was customarily practiced, that is, any murder dragged a long bloody tail behind it. Dracon gave the Athenian Republic the first constitution in the history of antiquity - written laws united in an orderly code. The official city court received the exclusive right to execute and pardon. The texts of the laws, in order to avoid free interpretation, so that everyone could read them and then not say stupid things, were carved on wooden axon tablets.
SOLON was elected archon in 594 BC I also strive to have wealth, but I don’t want to own it dishonestly: finally, the Truth will come! Reform “shaking off the burden” Liberation from debt obligations Prohibition of enslaving Athenians Dividing the population into 4 categories (criterion - the number of products received from the site)
SOLON'S REFORM The essence of the law Main content Forgiveness of debts People who had a debt were exempted from paying it; the plots laid out by farmers again became their property. Prohibit slavery for debt. All debtor slaves were freed, and those sold overseas were to be found and returned at the expense of the state treasury. Election of judges From all Athenians, regardless of their nobility and wealth. Regular convening of the People's Assembly All Athenian citizens took part in the work of the people's assembly. The importance of laws The foundations of democracy are laid.
Disadvantages of the reform Nobility: could not enslave the demos and increase land holdings Demos: could not hold any positions in the state increase land allotments “...Considering a happy person who is still living is the same as declaring a winner a warrior who has not yet finished the fight..” answer Solon to Croesus - the Lydian king
The tyranny of Peisistratus and the reforms of Cleisthenes in the 6th century. BC. Solon's relative Pisistratus seized power. He took care of the economy of Athens - growing olives, viticulture, building a water pipeline from 509 to 500, the legislator Cleisthenes proposed a law on ostracism (court of shards. Expulsion from the polis by decision of the assembly for 10 years for threatening democracy)
