Freemasons or masons. Who in Russia is secretly a Freemason?

There are more than a dozen secret organizations in the world that date back to the Middle Ages. They have a lot of rituals hidden from the eyes of outsiders, and not even all dedicated members of the community know about all the goals of the organization. The most closed and mysterious organization is the Masonic lodge. This society has been of great interest to adventurers and those who dream of knowing the true meaning of their existence for several centuries. However, no one has ever managed to get to the Freemasons just like that, because the secret organization is very careful in choosing its new brothers. Few people know that Masonic lodges also exist in Russia. They do not advertise their activities too much and deliberately demonstratively avoid pressing political issues, but modern society is increasingly interested in their activities. Therefore, we decided to devote our article to the topic of Freemasonry in Russia and the history of the formation of this secret society.

A few words about the Masons

It is difficult to find a country in which at least one Masonic lodge does not currently operate. This secret society has managed to stretch its threads to almost every state, and it is almost impossible to find out whether this or that politician is a member of the Masonic society, unless he himself wants to reveal this fact. None of the members of the organization will ever voice the names of their brothers; this is one of the most important laws for everyone who has joined the Masons.

Masons are often accused of controlling the world's main leaders in their own interests and a lot of terrible things, which, however, no one can confirm. They themselves claim that they are far from the political arena and are only determined to act for the good of their country. However, many journalists spend their energy trying to uncover the secret motives of the Freemasons and reveal them to the world community.

Where did such suspicions come from? And what exactly is a Masonic lodge? This is quite difficult to explain, even after studying all the available information about this society. After all, more than ninety percent of the rituals and rules of this brotherhood remain outside the prying eyes of the uninitiated. Therefore, we have a very rough idea of ​​the activities and main goals of the Freemasons.

If we make a literal translation from English, then a Masonic lodge is a workshop or shelter where members of society gather to carry out their rituals and work. The brothers meet regularly and, by a common majority of votes, decide all issues important to the lodge.

History of Freemasonry

The secret organization has existed in the world for more than three hundred years. The official date of its foundation is considered to be the twenty-fourth of June 1717. It was then that in London, ordinary artisans involved in the construction of temples united into a single Grand Masonic Lodge. It is worth noting that it consisted of four different lodges, which previously met in various taverns, and it was from this time that the march of the secret brotherhood began around the world, affecting almost every major state on the planet.

Initially, the Freemasons, who, as artisans, spent many years building cathedrals, learned to subordinate themselves to common goals and ideals. They elevated mutual assistance to the rank of piety, and even acquired their own philosophy. Therefore, when the need for craft associations disappeared, Freemasons arose, dreaming of building a free, humane and fair society. It is not for nothing that they have been called “free masons” since ancient times.

Gradually, representatives of the intelligentsia, aristocrats, merchants and financiers began to join the secret organization. They all dreamed of finding answers to their questions about the meaning of life and self-realization here. Over time, the society grew to incredible proportions. For example, today there are about two million Freemasons in the United States, and in Great Britain there are three hundred thousand members of a secret society. Russia, of course, cannot compare with European countries in the number of Masons, but now we already have more than one thousand people. Masonic lodges in Russia are actively developing and increasing the number of their members. However, skeptics argue that in reality there are much more Masons in our country than official statistics say. It’s just that many prominent politicians and oligarchs carefully hide their affiliation with a secret society. Whether this is actually true, no one knows.

Classification of lodges

It is interesting that among Masons there is a certain classification of lodges that is not officially established. However, it is she who influences all members of the fraternity. For example, there are closed lodges focused on scientific research. They do important work and never accept new members into their fraternity. An event like this could be a very rare exception to the rule. Some lodges are composed of brothers who live and work in the same locality. And others may be united by common interests or the same profession.

Also, all lodges are divided into three categories:

• Ioannovsky.
• Andreevskie.
• Reds.

These associations represent the Masonic hierarchy, but all members of the secret society are considered equal and free.

In the entire history of its existence, not a single woman has been accepted into the Masonic lodge. There is no information in the society's charter about the ban on admitting female members to the fraternity, but this unspoken rule has been observed for almost three hundred years.

Each lodge meeting ends with a dinner, during which the first toast is made to one's country, the second to the head of state and the third to the chairman of the lodge and all its members.

The Masons have many secret signs that initiates exchange with each other. Thanks to them, members of the brotherhood will not go unnoticed in a foreign country. There is also a special phrase that notifies that there is a stranger among the members of the lodge.

Lodge Initiation

You can’t just become a Freemason like that. An outsider has absolutely no chance of touching the ancient secret society. After all, at least two members of the fraternity must vouch for him.

If you have such guarantors, then you have a chance to become an equal member of the Masonic lodge. The brothers gather together once a month, it is at this time that the initiation procedure for newcomers takes place.

She looks very unusual and mysterious. The applicant is blindfolded and taken to a secret place where they ask many questions. Membership of the Freemasons will depend on the answers to them. Usually the questions concern the purpose of joining the lodge and the benefit that the newcomer can bring to his country and brothers.

Each member of the fraternity votes for or against the applicant's admission to the secret society. Voting takes place using black and white balls. Interestingly, if a person collects three black balls, then he loses all chances of ever being accepted into the Masons. Moreover, this applies not only to the lodge where the voting took place, but also to all associations on the planet.

If the candidacy is approved by the brothers, then the initiation ritual itself follows. Its details still remain secret.

Masons in Russia: historical facts

Masonic lodges in Russia were very common. Many aristocrats were their members, which gave rise to a large number of rumors and gossip about the conspiracies of the secret society against the current government. In fact, these conversations had some basis; it was given by the very manner of the monarchs in conducting Russian politics, resolving all issues behind the scenes. A similar habit formed back in the days of the Byzantine Empire and smoothly passed into the palaces of Russian monarchs. It was on this fertile ground that rumors arose that the Masonic lodges of Russia are practically the creators and ideological inspirers of the country’s domestic and foreign policy.

Masonic lodges in Moscow and other cities reached their heyday in the first half of the nineteenth century with the blessing of Alexander I. The emperor himself was also a member of the brotherhood, besides him Peter I, Paul I, and even the great poet Alexander Pushkin were initiated. Members actively interfere in the country's politics, and in 1822, Alexander I issued a decree banning the activities of the secret society on Russian territory.

During this period, many Masons left the country and continued their activities abroad. Meetings were held especially often in France, where all active members of the society came.

Revival of Freemasonry in Russia

The Grand Masonic Lodge of Russia was created in the ninety-fifth year of the last century. It has connections with more than a hundred other lodges in the world, including the English one. Without this, the lodge does not have the right to conduct its work, because recognition is a kind of patent that makes it possible to touch the ancient secrets of society and be its full members.

Initially, four Masonic lodges were created in our country: two in Moscow and one each in St. Petersburg and Voronezh. However, their number quickly increased - a year after the founding of the Grand Masonic Lodge of Russia, there were already two shelters for free masons in the northern capital, and three in Moscow.

Georgy Dergachev was elected Chairman of the Masonic Lodge of Russia, holding this title until 2007.

Masonic lodges today

According to the latest data, there are already more than sixteen Masonic lodges in Moscow; in addition, they exist in more than thirteen cities of Russia. These include St. Petersburg, Voronezh, Kazan and Krasnodar. All members of the fraternity report to the Chief Master and pay dues annually.

Interestingly, being a Freemason is far from a cheap pleasure. After all, monthly fees, for example, in Russia are about three hundred dollars. To this figure it is necessary to add voluntary donations, and you get a fairly round sum, which is accessible only to very wealthy people. In each country of the world, the amount of contributions may be different; this is determined by the internal charter of the fraternity. For example, in the USA, Masons pay no more than one hundred dollars a month.

Chairman of the Masonic Lodge of Russia

Since 2007, the same person has been elected Master of Russian Masons - Andrei Bogdanov. According to the regulations, the chairman is elected for a term of five years, and thereafter he has the right to re-election. The next elections will take place in the Masonic lodge in 2020.

Conclusion

Many journalists like to write articles that, thanks to a conspiracy of Freemasons, the world will soon plunge into chaos, and only a select few who are members of the brotherhood will survive. Interestingly, no evidence or refutation of this theory has yet been found. We can only wait for the Masons to reveal to the world their most important secret - the purpose of their three-hundred-year existence.

The history of Russian Freemasonry is replete with ups and downs in the views and influence of various conspirators on the power structures. Tsarism provided good food for the spread of Freemason ideology. They lived well after the October Revolution, considering the number of Jews at the helm of power.
The long post-war period reduced their numbers through repression and emigration. But immigrants from Russia/USSR have replenished the number of Masonic lodges in Europe.

Briefly about the influence of world Freemasonry

European scientists have modeled the face and essence of transnational corporations through mathematical analysis. They account for only a fifth of global revenue. But with groups of partners affiliated with them, they own most of the companies in the real sector of the world economy.

Their richest owners (the Morgan, Rothschild, Rockefeller families) are the creators of Freemasonry, as well as almost a dozen structures, the so-called world rulers. Whose “donations” are used in practice to carry out conspiracies against unwanted governments.

Ivan Perfilyevich Elagin - founder of the first Masonic lodge in Russia

Masons in the Russian government (surnames)

The second life in the Russian Federation of this conspiratorial community arose in the early 90s of the last century. World Freemasonry took advantage of the era of political and economic vacillation of an independent country. It was not difficult for him to use his secret and veiled means to create lodges, circles, and train new Russian politicians and economists in his systems.

The latter have become agents of Western influence, corrupting the country from within. Russian Freemasons of the middle of the last century - Bernstein, Niedermiller, Lebedev, Grunberg - did not hold a candle to the new replenishment of Russian Freemasonry. Namely, politicians Sobchak, Chubais, Yavlinsky, Gorbachev (president of the USSR, although not for long), Yeltsin (president of the Russian Federation), academician Abalkin. And also to hundreds of other Russian Masons, who were trained in person and in absentia in Western structures, often under the wing of the special services.

They mastered the program of activities of CIA influence agents and methods of intoxicating the masses in the right direction. And it was determined in each specific case by the European lodges and the World Government. Promoted through prominent Freemasons. The so-called privatization of state-owned enterprises in the Russian Federation is just one example of this. Its guides - Chubais, Yavlinsky, Gaidar - achieved their goal: billionaires emerged from the blood and sweat of more than a hundred million citizens of the country.

Similar to the Bilderberg Masonic Club, a Russian copy is being created - the Magisterium Club. It was in the secret bulletin of the club that an article by the dangerous world philanthropist J. Soros appeared about crazy dollars making history. A similar “Interaction” fund was maintained by major government officials E. Gaidar, K. Borovoy, E. Yasin, A. Pochinok, V. Bakatin and other agents of influence in the Russian government.

The main characters of conspiracy theories, the main suspects in the desire for world domination and participation in political conspiracies, the main keepers of secret knowledge, the main lovers of secret symbols and intricate handshakes... “Around the World” figured out who the Freemasons really are.

They say that the Freemasons secretly rule the world. This is true?

It's a delusion. They simply could not do this: it is forbidden to argue about public policy and religion at lodge meetings. This is spelled out in the Anderson Constitution - a Masonic charter developed by a member of the Grand Lodge of England, Brother James Anderson, in 1723. Freemasons “build” the world only in matters of culture, science and spiritual values. These laws are still observed today. The goal of the Masons is not to take over the world, but to make it better, more perfect.

What is a perfect world, from their point of view?

In Masonic symbolism there are three virtues - beauty, strength and wisdom. The ideal world is one where everyone builds a temple within themselves on these supports. Freemasonry is based on a sense of the unity of Life and the Supreme Moral Law. The rule: “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you” is a law for a free mason. Brothers must strictly follow it both in the lodge and in the world of “profane” - uninitiated people. Each order has its own purpose: the Hospitallers practiced medicine, the Templars created, in fact, the very basis of statehood and the economic system of the world, and the Masons developed culture and science.

What about construction? After all, the Masons call themselves “free masons”?

Initially, Freemasons were indeed professional masons who entered into secret alliances to spread secret technologies among their circle. This was called operational Freemasonry. At the beginning of the 18th century, people who had nothing to do with construction began to be accepted as Freemasons - this is how speculative symbolic Freemasonry appeared. Today people come to lodges to make it easier to acquire knowledge and become spiritually enriched.

Student: understand yourself

But knowledge can be acquired in appropriate institutions. Why do our contemporaries need to become Freemasons for this?

The Masonic lodge is also a kind of institution, and in addition a group of like-minded people. This is a brotherhood of people with common goals to improve themselves and the world. There are two ways to comprehend the world. One is scientific - when the world is studied as a collection of atoms, molecules or elementary particles, breaking it down into its components. And there is a spiritual way, in which the world is perceived as a single whole, a temple where the Spirit dwells. It is for this Spirit, for the Mystery that they join the Masons.

Story: Behind the stone wall According to legend, the secret society of Freemasons was founded by followers of the architect Hiram, the main builder of the Temple of Solomon. The word "Freemason" is translated from Old French as "freemason." The philosophy of the Freemasons is based on the charters, codes and regulations of the ancient construction guilds and the philosophy of monotheistic religions. It is believed that the first Masonic convention was held in York in 926. In 1717, the first meeting of the Grand Lodge took place, and in 1721, Brother Anderson was commissioned to compile a set of regulations from the surviving documents of building societies. This charter was recognized by the Constitution of the new order. In 1731, the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of England, Lord Lovel, appointed Captain John Phillips as Provincial Grand Master of Russia, and in the 1740s, Russian nobles began to join Masonic lodges. Freemasonry in Russia was banned by four emperors: Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I and Nicholas I. After the October Revolution, the movement was also persecuted. New Masonic lodges began to appear only in 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when they were officially permitted.

How do new people get into the lodge if it is a secret organization?

Most lodges have official websites where you can apply for membership. But the selection is very strict, and it is desirable that at least two brothers act as guarantors of the applicant and bear responsibility for him. The applicant must be over 21 years of age. An exception is made only for children of Masons: they are accepted into the lodge from the age of 18. After all, they have been brought up in this environment since childhood and they already have guarantors. In any case, the applicant must be an independent and financially independent person who understands why he decided to take this step. The brothers' hands and thoughts are pure - the future Freemason is obliged to have no debts, criminal records, or conflicts with the existing government authorities.

What if your thoughts are not pure? If a person wants to become a Freemason for reasons of personal gain?

It is unacceptable. Even in the rituals there is a symbolic warning to those who want to join the Masonic lodge out of curiosity or for selfish and career reasons. But there are always those who are looking for useful acquaintances and other benefits, therefore, before accepting a layman into their ranks, the brothers take a long look at him. So-called open meetings are practiced, where guests and Masons discuss issues of culture, art and science. Usually such meetings are held in a cafe or restaurant. When a fraternity introduces a new member into its circle, a “blindfold survey” is practiced, repeatedly described in the literature: the applicant is blindfolded and taken to the temple, where he is asked why he wants to join the lodge. After which the masters vote with black and white balls. If the candidate collects three black balls, he will be denied entry and will no longer have the opportunity to enter the temple again.

What is a Masonic temple, what does it look like?

The temple is a purely symbolic designation. This is a room that symbolizes the place in front of Solomon's Temple, where the ancient builders lived and worked. Any place decorated according to the canons with an altar and chairs for meetings of the brothers can become a temple. In Russia, Masonic meetings are held in private or rented houses, which do not stand out in any way from the city landscape.

Does the religiosity of an applicant matter for joining the Masonic lodge?

The first Masons tried to create a union of people of free and good morals of all races, nationalities and religions. The motto of the free masons is “Freedom. Equality. Brotherhood". But it so happened historically that only those who believed in God and the immortality of the soul were accepted into the Freemasons. It does not matter whether the brother is a Christian, a Muslim or a Buddhist. In Freemasonry there is the concept of a universal higher power - the Great Architect of the Universe. For some it is the Christian God, for others it is Allah. A layman takes an oath by placing his hand on a book that is sacred to him - on the altar of a Masonic temple, the Bible, Koran and Torah can lie nearby. Now the so-called liberal Freemasonry has appeared, where, unlike regular Freemasonry, they began to accept atheists and agnostics.

Are women accepted into Freemasons?

According to Anderson's constitution, the Freemasons are a male fraternity, but, for example, the Grand Orient of France began to accept women into its ranks in 1774. Today there are women's lodges in Russia, for example, Ursa Major. In order to avoid discord between brothers, women and men still comprehend Masonic truths separately and meet only in the joint work of the Grand Lodge. In any case, it is believed that, regardless of religious beliefs, gender and nationality, a worthy applicant believes in the highest purpose of Man and Humanity and, thanks to this faith, improves the surrounding reality.

Journeyman: explore the world

By entering the box, a layman begins to change the world. Who can guarantee that he is doing it right?

To change the world, you need to know it. The path of knowledge involves three stages: student, journeyman, master. To become a master, that is, a full-fledged Mason, a brother must engage in self-development, study sciences such as geometry, astronomy, philosophy, and alchemy. He must defend the architectural work he has completed, which will reflect his understanding of the symbolism of the order and his own perception of the world. This is not necessarily a report. For example, Beethoven expressed his understanding of Freemasonry in musical works, and Pushkin wrote poetry. When a brother's level of knowledge begins to correspond to the next level, the lodge conducts a ritual of transition with mandatory symbolic tests. Upon reaching the level of a master, the road of knowledge does not go upward, but, as it were, in breadth. All masters are equal.

But there are different positions in the lodge?

Undoubtedly. At the head of the local lodge is the Worshipful Master, or, according to some charters, the Master of the Chair. The most worthy of the brothers is chosen for this post, thereby honoring him. The Worshipful Master, in turn, proposes officers for voting - the First and Second Guardians, the Treasurer and others. But the position in no way distinguishes the brothers from other masters, but simply means the work for which they are responsible. Each officer has his own role in the rituals. Plus, there are purely practical tasks: collecting money for the maintenance of the lodge, solving economic issues, correspondence with foreign colleagues - everything, like in any organization that works with the outside world.

What about them? Brotherly world Member of the Masonic Lodge since 2012, Mark B. of New York , told Around the World correspondent Marina Sokolovskaya about the life of foreign Freemasons In the public consciousness, Freemasonry is shrouded in secrets and mysticism. Many people like to think that they will become part of some Great Secret and will be involved in something that others do not know. But Masonic secrets have long been posted on YouTube, rites and rituals can be found on the Internet, at least the main ones. Undoubtedly, there are applicants who expect to receive benefits from membership: they imagine that they will become eminence grise, they will rule “from behind the scenes,” well, if not the world, then certainly some country. This is very funny! According to our rules, Masons must be loyal to their own state and honor its laws. What kind of global conspiracy are we talking about? After all, if war happens, Masons are obliged to fight for their country, even against each other. Perhaps a hundred years ago all the rulers were members of the lodge, but now I do not see Freemasons among the world's main politicians. In general, over the past 70 years the composition of the lodge has changed a lot. Those over 70 are completely different Masons. I saw these in Israel, I see them in the USA. This is the elite. Now the elitism has disappeared. It is still preserved, for example, in the main lodge - in England (it is from there that licenses are issued to other countries): there, everyone cannot become a brother. Or in Norway, where members of the lodge were traditionally members of the royal family. " VIP-box” and in Jordan, the king enters it. And in the USA, for example, you can even find handymen in the lodge: joining costs about $100, and we also pay $20 a year. Everything is simple here: submit an application via the Internet, go through an interview, where the main thing is to show yourself as an adequate person - and welcome to the Freemasons! I have not yet met anyone who was refused in the USA. But in Israel it costs at least a thousand to join and the annual fees are higher; in my opinion, there are only about two thousand Masons there. There are few Masons in Russia. The head of the Masonic lodge here is a prominent political figure, as far as I remember, from the Communist Party. Which clearly contradicts the principles of Freemasonry. However, no one took the license from them. It is in the traditions and rules of our society to help each other. But in reality... When I moved from Israel to the USA, I had no connections at all. And I came to the meeting and said that I had just arrived. No one asked if help was needed, although according to the rules they should have. Then I asked myself if there was a job for me. In response, people shook their heads - and that was all. I didn’t ask anyone else and achieved everything myself. But in general, we have a life like ordinary people, life like ordinary people. The difference is that sometimes we gather for our rituals, and we also know special passwords, without which we can’t go anywhere.

And how do Masons work with the outside world?

The main “external” activity of Masonic lodges is charity. Masons organize funds and make private donations to hospitals, hospices, and orphanages. The lodge has several sources of income. First, there are entrance and membership fees. On the website of the Grand Lodge of Russia it is indicated that the initial payment is 10–20 thousand rubles, and the annual payment is 6–10 thousand. This money is usually spent on maintaining the lodge and running it. Secondly, after each meeting, the “widow's cup” is filled - a vessel into which any brother can put the amount at his discretion. The money from here goes both to the mutual aid fund and to charity. But more often, fraternity members take part in charity regardless of these contributions, even if they are not very wealthy people.

Are there many of these among the Masons? After all, it is believed that this circle includes pop stars, politicians and businessmen? Which Russian media personality is now a member of the Masonic lodge?

You won't find this kind of information anywhere. According to the Masonic charter, laymen should not know who is a member of the lodge until the brother himself publicly declares that he is a Mason. It is not prohibited to disclose your own status, but you cannot talk about those people whom the Mason saw at a lodge meeting. The only thing we can say about the Freemasons in Russia is that today they are representatives of the middle class. And there are not many famous personalities there. In our country, the Masonic movement is not as popular as, for example, in the USA. Abroad, the lodges include many famous and influential people. But the Masonic temples there are quite official. In the USA, Great Britain, and Israel you can see signs on buildings indicating that the Grand Lodge is located here. And in Russia, a lodge can be registered as a limited liability company. For example, the Russian Grand Regular Lodge is registered as a Non-Profit Partnership “Association for the Development of the Art of Stone Working “Russian Grand Regular Lodge””, and the Grand Lodge of Russia is registered as a Non-Profit Partnership of the Society of Ancient Accepted Masons of the Scottish Rite.

Master: Conquering Death

If everything is so encrypted, then how can you recognize a Mason among ordinary people?

A Mason can only be recognized by another Mason. The system of secret words and handshakes has been preserved, but in the age of modern technology they are more of a tribute to tradition. Today there are already Masonic certificates, and if a brother goes to a foreign lodge, an email is sent there. And meetings are now announced on social networks and instant messengers, and philosophical issues are discussed with foreign brothers on forums. Of course, every Mason should have an apron, gloves and a baldric among his external attributes, but these items are worn only for temple rituals and should not be used in the world. Even talking about their purpose and ritual symbolism is strictly prohibited.

What will happen if the brother breaks the ban and reveals the secret of the lodge?

For the disclosure of Masonic secrets, the order's charter prescribes a punishment: a Freemason can be “put to sleep.” This means that the brother is permanently excluded from the ranks of initiates and can no longer attend meetings or enter the temple. But he who once became a Freemason remains a Freemason forever. That is why the expelled brothers are called asleep. Such punishment may also follow for systematic failure to attend meetings without a good reason, or for unworthy behavior, for example, leaving the family. The Masonic court examines each case separately. They can also be expelled for participation in extremist, terrorist, Nazi or any other political organizations whose goals contradict the idea of ​​peaceful creation. The brother’s Masonic certificate, which opens the doors of other lodges, will be taken away, and he will never be accepted into their ranks again.

This is very reminiscent of expulsion from the party. Is it possible to draw such a parallel?

As you know, Stalin was not a Freemason. The question with Lenin still remains open. But the Soviet Union really resembles an attempt to create an ideal Masonic state, where any son of a tractor driver can become the leader of a collective farm. The same motto - “Freedom. Equality. Brotherhood", the same designations - General Secretary, Supreme Council. The structure of the Masonic order is similar to that of any knightly or monastic order, but everyone has different goals. All closed societies differ from each other in what they bring to this world. Everyone builds their own temple within themselves and their own ideal world around them.

Map: Iconic places of Moscow 1. Moscow State University on Mokhovaya- six-pointed stars, false columns. 2. Yushkov's house(Myasnitskaya, 21) - the building was built in the shape of a cornucopia. 3. St. Basil's Cathedral- six-pointed stars (the symbols are located inside). 4. Cathedral of Christ the Savior- six-pointed stars in the decoration of the temple. 5. Temple of the Icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow”(B. Ordynka, 20) - six-pointed stars, columns, the canopy of the Great Master on the site of the iconostasis. 6. Donskoy Monastery(on Shabolovka) - radiant delta. 7. Sklifosovsky Institute- radiant delta on the facade. 8. Embassy of the Republic of Abkhazia(Gagarinsky Lane, 11) - radiant delta, hammer, shells with pearls, square. 9. State Museum A. S. Pushkina(Prechistenka St., 12/2) - three rings on the facade. 10. Restaurant of the Central House of Writers- Masonic stars in the interior. 11. Church of Pimen the Great in Novye Vorotniki- an acacia branch above the main iconostasis. 12. House of the insurance company "Russia"- under one of the balconies there is a figurine of a salamander. 13. Don Cemetery- there are many radiant deltas on the grave monuments. 14. English club(Tverskaya, 21) - on the left side of the central colonnade there is a window framed by two columns (Yakhin and Boaz), chimeras on the gate and on the building itself, a triune wreath, lions with human faces, lions with rings in their teeth (“lions of silence”) 15. Monument to Kalashnikov- a compass and a triangle on a pedestal are the subject of numerous discussions on the Internet. Many see in the image a hint of Masonic symbols. Sculptor Salavat Shcherbakov considers this nonsense.

Photo: DMITRY ZVEREV (X2), LEGION-MEDIA , RUSLAN SHAMUKOV / TASS, DMITRY ZVEREV (X3), LEGION-MEDIA , GETTY IMAGES (X2), DMITRY ZVEREV, GETTY IMAGES, YULIA BATURINA, ALEXEY GUSEV, ELENA KOROMYSLOVA, OKSANA ALESHINA, TATYANA BELOVA, LANA1501 / PHOTO BANK LORI, © OPENSTREETMAP PARTICIPANTS

World Freemasonry. - Moving its center to the USA. - 24 million American Freemasons. - Bilderberg Club. - Trilateral Commission. - Rotary International and other Masonic clubs. - Composition of the world government. - Merging of the state and Freemasonry. - The CIA as an operational tool of the world behind the scenes.

To understand the further role of Freemasonry in the fate of Russia, it is necessary to dwell in some detail on the changes that occurred in the Order of Freemasons in connection with the Second World War. These changes are due to the movement of the world Masonic center from Western Europe to the USA. As researcher L. Zamoyski rightly notes, “the European “brothers” became “small”, not excluding the legislators of the “Scottish ritual” themselves, who were grouped in London. The role of “big brother” finally passed to American Freemasonry in the person of the Northern and Southern Districts of the United States, which acted hand in hand.”

In the West, they write about Freemasonry either well or nothing, in the same tones as they recently wrote about the CPSU in our country. And this is quite natural. Freemasonry in the Western world plays the same role that the Communist Party played in the USSR just a few years ago. A global, all-encompassing apparatus of political and ideological control and influence permeates the entire society from bottom to top, placing its “commissars” and secret spies at vital points in the social mechanism. The overwhelming majority of modern Western political figures are either members of Masonic lodges or unconditionally accept the rules of the game behind the scenes of the world. In the USA, for example, membership in the Masonic order has become a political tradition for many American presidents, starting with the first.

Looking back at the recent history of world Freemasonry and identifying the directions of its influence on Russia, we are amazed at the rapid growth of the ranks of the underground “brotherhood”. In the first third of the twentieth century alone, the number of members of Masonic lodges more than doubled, increasing from 2.0 to 4.4 million people, and in the nineties it exceeded 10 million.

Total in the world 2020040 4377130 more than 10000000

including:

USA and Canada 1513460 3492140 more than 8000000

UK 222000 459000

Germany 56810 75000 (1933)

France 37600 49200 (of which 1700 are Grand Orient,

16000 - Grand Lodge)

Sweden 13940 23100

Norway 4200 11100

Denmark 4370 7930

Netherlands 4600 7500

Belgium 2500 4800

Switzerland 4200 5000

Austria ... 1830

Hungary 6010…

Romania 250 4700

Serbia 70 850

Bulgaria 360 550

Greece 950 4000

Türkiye 400 2000

Portugal 3460 3000

Spain 5480 3680

Italy 15900…

Africa 750 4500

America 72470 85160 (except North)

Oceania 50180 200000

Asia…6400

More than three-quarters of the world's growth in Freemasonry has occurred in the United States. England, Germany and France, although they are the largest Masonic countries, are far behind America, where almost 8 million Masons live today.

However, these statistics include only the actual members of Masonic lodges that are part of the main world orders and do not take into account members of irregular Masonic formations, as well as numerous categories of persons who were members of various Masonic clubs and other organizations of “white” Freemasonry. According to our estimates, for every member of Masonic lodges there are at least two members who were members of different organizations of “white” Freemasonry. Thus, it is fair to say that the number of world Freemasonry is approximately 30 million people, of which 75–80 percent should be attributed to the United States (i.e., about 24 million people). In general, today there are more Masons in the USA than there were members of the CPSU in the USSR.

The Masonic Order is the largest global secret organization, with assets and a total budget of many billions of dollars today. Each lodge has its own budget and its own property. The income of Masonic lodges comes from a variety of sources, among which contributions from members and donations from individuals are not always the main item; many “fraternal” organizations receive huge profits from the management of Masonic property and securities. Having secret data from the thirties, it is possible, using the example of international Masonic organizations and national lodges of France, to trace the murky sources of financial revenues and monetary redistributions. The largest Western (primarily Swiss and French) banks, international Zionist organizations, the Israelite Society in Vienna, the American Jewish Congress, the Central Jewish Information Center in Amsterdam and many other organizations whose activities were classified as “secret” are listed here.

From these documents, the inextricable connection between the Masonic and Zionist movements is completely obvious.

This is most clearly manifested in the activities of the Jewish Masonic Order of B'nai B'rith (Sons of the Covenant), founded back in 1843 in the United States by German Jewish immigrants. By the end of the 1980s, this organization already existed in 42 countries and had about half a million members. In France, the B'nai B'rith lodges were founded by the famous anti-Russian figure and Zionist, St. Petersburg lawyer and member of the State Duma (from the CD) G. Sliozberg. “B’nai B’rith,” writes the English historian P. Goodman, “is the greatest organized force of our time.” In fact, this is a kind of super-Masonry, Freemasonry above Freemasonry, or “an order within an order.”

After the Second World War, trends that began to take shape at the end of the 18th century sharply intensified - the creation of a powerful secret political center and the expansion of the scope of Freemasonry through the development of legal organizations operating under the leadership of Freemasons and pursuing their goals, but, as a rule, without ritual execution -Masonic rites.

On the basis of the Council on Foreign Relations, which served as a secret center for policy formation from the very beginning of the twenties, in the fifties the so-called Bilderberg Club was created - one of the main coordinating centers of the world behind the scenes, which some researchers even call the “world government”.

Later, in 1973, another coordinating body of the world behind the scenes was created - the Trilateral Commission, headed by the American billionaire freemason D. Rockefeller.

The expansion of the sphere of activity of Freemasonry proceeded mainly through the creation of special legal clubs and other organizations, a striking example of which is the Rotary International Club.

This club was created as an international Masonic lodge by the American Freemason lawyer Harris back in 1905. According to Freemasonry researcher L. Hass, the Rotarian movement is the most rationalistic and youngest American formation of Freemasonry.

“Rotary” refers to the so-called white Freemasonry, that is, to associations through which Masons seek to influence society.

In addition to Rotary, which has about 1 million members, there are a number of closed Masonic clubs operating on the same principles and with the same goals. The most common of them are “Bohemian”, “Lions”, “Circle”. Like traditional Masonic lodges, they are a reservoir of personnel for filling the highest positions in politics, business and public organizations.

Thus, one should once again emphasize an important distinctive feature of the post-war period, when persons supporting and working for Freemasonry may not be enrolled in a Masonic lodge with a certain ritual rite, but participate in the activities of one of the organizations pursuing Masonic goals. It is clear that these people are the same Freemasons as their “brothers” in the lodges who perform the rituals.

The world Masonic backstage has nurtured a special kind of leaders of the international Masonic network, who are members of a secret organization that opposes all of humanity, while simultaneously occupying senior government positions in the administration of the largest Western states, primarily the United States. These rulers, being real conspirators and enemies of all humanity, performing official state functions, cause irreparable damage to the international principles of legality and public order and their activities should be considered according to the same standards as the crimes of Hitler and his associates (who, as is known, were tried for conspiracy against humanity).

The book by L. Gonzalez-Mata (former CIA officer) “The Real Masters of the World” (1979) provides a list of individuals classified as leaders of the world behind the scenes in recent decades, and we will supplement it with data from the list of members of the American Masonic Club “Bohemian” and other sources. The following list includes the highest-ranking Masonic conspirators who played a tragic role in the catastrophic events in our country:

Allen Dulles, founder of the CIA, its director in 1953–1961, lawyer for the leaders of the American mafia - Meyer Lansky and Lucky Luciano;

Joseph Rettinger, Secretary of the “European Movement”, Secretary General of the Bilderberg Club;

Thomas Braden, head of the foreign policy sector of the CIA;

William Donovan, former director of the Office of Strategic Services and later the CIA;

Manlio Brosio, NATO Secretary General;

Licho Jelly, head of the Propaganda-2 lodge of the Grand Orient of Italy;

Jacques Attali, President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, member of B'nai B'rith;

Harry Truman, President of the United States, Supreme Leader of the American Freemasons;

Richard Nixon, President of the U.S.A;

Gerald Ford, President of the U.S.A;

Ronald Reagan, President of the U.S.A;

George Bush, President of the United States, Director of the CIA from 1975 to 1977;

David Rockefeller, head of the Trilateral Commission;

Henry Kissinger, former US Secretary of State, head of the most influential Masonic lodge, B'nai B'rith;

Alexander Haig, NATO Secretary General.

This list can be continued with many leaders of the Pentagon and CIA.

By examining the personal composition of the leaders of the US administration and the world Masonic backstage, three main patterns can be reliably identified.

Firstly, there is a complete merging of the top of the American administration and the leadership of the global Masonic network. A number of US presidents, for example G. Truman, were at the same time the supreme leaders of Freemasonry.

Secondly, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), starting with its founders A. Dulles and W. Donovan, is certainly headed by high-ranking Masons, and they also occupy all the key positions in it. It is safe to conclude that, since the late fifties, the CIA has been the main operational tool of the world Masonic behind the scenes, and huge amounts of money from American taxpayers go to ensure the stability of the invisible Masonic government. Of course, this does not mean that the intelligence services of other Western countries are not working in the same direction, but their work is more regional than global in nature.

Thirdly, being the most influential force, American Freemasons completely control Western European Masonic centers, using for this the enormous capabilities of the CIA, a typical example of which is the story of the Propaganda-2 Masonic Lodge.

This story deserves special mention, as it perfectly illustrates the nature of the relationships that reign in the underground world behind the scenes, and the methods of its work.

In 1981, the Italian police, while investigating an important state crime, accidentally learned of the existence of a powerful Masonic lodge called Propaganda 2, which included many high-ranking figures in Italy.

The lodge was headed by one of the leaders of world Freemasonry, L. Gelli. The lodge was organized like the headquarters of the country's administration and included about 18 divisions that controlled various areas of state and public activity, with special emphasis on the military and foreign policy departments. As one of the members, P. Carpi, admitted: “Lodge P-2 unites Freemasons of Italy, as well as other countries, who, thanks to the public positions they occupy, due to the fame of their names, the importance and delicacy of their “secular” functions, form an elite both among Freemasonry itself, and in general on the scale of their states.”

The lodge was especially secretive; its high-ranking “brothers” were not included in the official lists of the Grand Orient of France.

During the investigation, it became clear that the lodge was involved in many terrorist acts in the country with the aim of destabilizing the political situation. At the same time, facts of numerous scams were revealed. In particular, Lodge P-2 was involved in smuggling gold from South Africa on a large scale and sold it through Zurich. Gelli was personally involved by the US government in operations to free hostages in Tehran. Gelli's participation in the campaign for some presidential elections in the United States and Western Europe was revealed. It was established that “Jellie took part in the inauguration of American presidents Ford, Carter and Reagan.”

But the most important discovery was the establishment of the fact that the P-2 lodge was controlled from the United States, and all its criminal and state crimes were planned by the CIA. The terrorists, acting on orders from the CIA, received weapons and explosives from NATO bases. “One of the main areas of work of the conspirators from Lodge P-2, in addition to preparing military and fascist actions, was the reorganization of terrorist strike forces and their subordination to the goals of Jelly, that is, the CIA. The main target was the “red brigades”. A member of Lodge P-2, Colonel of the Italian Secret Service Spiazzi, a participant in the above-mentioned conspiracies, later testified that his agent Fumagalli, like Sogno, who was sent to the “partisans” at one time, “had instructions to form the first detachments of the “Red Brigades” ... to organize arson and explosions in institutions... and trains... Explosives and weapons were delivered from NATO bases to the provocateurs, they were given 20 million lire so that they would launch attacks on army units and kill border guards... Weapons for the “red brigades” were partially brought from France . Its delivery was carried out by the “templars”, organized on the model of the Gelli lodge, a Masonic branch uniting high ranks of the French police and secret services.

The Masonic conspirators, caught red-handed, begin to cover their tracks. Hired killers eliminated a number of important witnesses and persons involved in the crimes of P-2. Judges and lawyers, ordinary agents and leaders of criminal organizations were killed. Even journalists conducting their own investigations were killed. A correspondent for one of the Italian magazines, M. Pecorelli, was killed because he managed to penetrate the secrets of the relationship between the Italian Freemasons from P-2 and the Trilateral Commission. The journalist was shot dead on the threshold of the editorial office, and all documents related to his investigation disappeared from the archives. In London, banker L. Calvi, close to L. Gelli, was killed, and his secretary was thrown out of the window of a multi-story building in Milan.

These are the methods of “work” of the world Masonic government, with which our country became closely acquainted in the late eighties and nineties.

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UP CHFPTPK RPMPCHYOSCH XVI CHELB CH TSYJOY TENEUMEOOSCHI UPAЪPCH LBNEOEILPC OBUFBAF FTHDOSHCHETNEOB. rPSCHMSAFUS OPCHSHCHE, NEOEE FTHDPENLYE, NEFPDSH UFTTPYFEMSHUFCHB, ZPFYLB UNEOSEFUS OPCHSHCHNY BTIIFELFKHTOSHNY UFYMSNY, CH BOZMYY RPSCHMSAFUS YOPUFTBOOSCH UFTTPYFEMY - ZHTBOGKHSHCH, OENG Shch, ZPMMBODGSH. at OBYUBMPN TEZHPTNBGYY OBYUBMYUSH ZPOEOYS ABOUT CHUE PTZBOYYY, OPUYCHYYE GETLPCHOSCHK IBTBLFET, Y CH 1547 ZPDH CH BOZMYY CHUE SING VSHMY ЪBRTEEEOSCH RBTMBNEOFULIN BLFPN.
NOPZIE TENEUMEOOSCH VTBFUFCHB OE UNPZMY RETETSYFSH LFPZP Y YUYUEYEMY. pDOBLP, NBUPOULPE VTBFUFChP KHUFPSMP; POP RETEUFBMP VSHFSH LBFPMYUEULYN, GETLPCHOSHE PVTSDSHCH Y NYUFETYY ABOUT VYVMEKULYE FENSCH YUYUEYMY YI PVIIPDB, OP GETENPOY RTYENB, ZPDYUOSCH VBOLEFSHCH Y DTHZIE UFBTSHCHE PVSHYUB Y RTPDPMTSBMY UPITBOSFSHUS, RTECHTBFYCHYYUSH CH RTPYUOHA FTBDYGYA.
u LFPPZ CHTENEY OBYUBMPUSH ЪBNEFOPE TBDEMEOOYE GEIPCH Y VTBFUFCH: RETCHCHE CHEDBMY YUYUFP RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOPK UFPTPOPK DEMB, CHFPTSCHE - ITBOYMY Y TBCHYCHBMY LFYUEULYE FTBDYGY Y VTBFULPZP PVEEOYS Y CHYNPRPNPEY. UP CHTENEOEN RTPIЪPYMP Y PTZBOYBGYPOOPE TBDEMEOOYE: HCE NPTsOP VSHMP VShchFSH YUMEOPN VTBFUFCHB, OE UPUFPS H GEIE, Y OBPVPTPF.
dTECHOEKYK DPLHNEOFBMSHOP RPDFCHETTSDEOOOSCHK UMHYUBK HYUBUFYS CH NBUPOULYI FTHDBI OE-UFTPYFEMS PFOPUYFUS LLDYOVHTZULPK MPTSE yPFMBODYY: 3 YAOS 1600 ZPDB ABOUT UPVTBOYY RTYUHFUFCHPCHBM UHT dTsPO vPUHMM, MPTD pYYOMELULYK. at FAIRY RPT RTYUKHFUFCHYE YPFMBODULPK OBFY CH MTsBI UFBOPCHYFUS ЪBХTSDOSHCHN. rTBCHDB, Ch LPOGE XVII CHELB CHUFTEYUBMYUSH MPTSY, UPUFPSCYYE URMPYSH YЪ LBNEOEILPC (OBRTYNET, MPTSB CH ZMBZP), OP PDOPCHTENEOOOP U OINY VSHCHMY MPTSY OBRPDPVYE bVETDYOULPK, ​​ZDE CH 16 70 ZPDH YЪ 49 YUMEOOPCH FPMSHLP 12 VShchMY RTPZHEUUIPOBMSHOSCHNY LBNEOEYLBNY, PUFBMSHOSHE VSHCHMY RBUFPTBNY, LPNNETUBOFBNY, RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY YOFEMMYZEOFOSHI RTPZHEUUYK - HYUEOSCHNY, RYUBFEMSNY YMY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY DCHPTSOULPZP UPUMPCHYS.
nPTsOP FPMSHLP DPZBDSHCHBFSHUS P RTYUYOBI, FPMLBCHYI LFYI MADEK L CHUFKHRMEOYA CH NBUPOULYE VTBFUFCHB. dMS OELPFPTSCHNY RTYCHMELBFEMSHOSHNY NPZMY VSHFSH MSHZPFSH Y RTYCHYMEZYY, LPFPTSCHNY RTDPDPMTSBMY RPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS UFTPIFEMSHOSH ZYMSHDYY, OP CHTSD MY POY NPZMY VSHFSH RTYFSZBF EMSHOSCHNY DMS BTYUFPLTBFPCH Y DESFEMEK GETLCHIY, LPFPTSHCHE VSHCHMY UBNSHCHN RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHN UPUMPCHYEN BOZMYYY DTHZYI UFTBO ECHTPRSCH. rTEDRPMPTSYFEMSHOP, LFP NPZMP VSHFSH UFTENMEOYE L UFBTYOE Y FTBDYGYSN, L DTECHOYN MEZEODBN P RTPYUIIPTSDEOOY NBUPOULYI VTBFUFCH, CHUEMSCHN FTBDYGYPOOSCHN RYTHYLBN YMY CHP NPTsOPUFY RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPChBFSH UMBVSHCHN.
oELPFPTSCHE YUUMEDPCHBFEMY NBUPOULPK YUFPTYY RTEDRPMBZBAF, YuFP RPSCHMEOYE CH MPTSBI RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK CHCHUYI UMPECH PVEEUFCHB VSHMP CHCHCHBOP YI UFTENMEOYEN LPOFTPMYTPCHBFSH DESFEM SHOPUFSH MPTs, YVP UKHEEUFChPCHBMP PRBUEOYE, YuFP TBVPFSH, RTPCHPDYCHYYEUS CH OYI, NPZMY VSCHFSH PRBUOSCH DMS RTBCHSEEZP LMBUUB. OEF UNSHUMB PFTYGBFSH LFP RPMOPUFSHA, OP, CHYDYNP, OEF UNSHUMB PFTYGBFSH Y FP, YuFP BTYUFPLTBFYS TSEMBMB CHP'ZMBCHYFSH NBUPOUFChP Ch RPMYFYUEULYI GEMSI, DMS FPZP, Yu FPVSH YURPMSHЪPCHBFSH EZP CHPNPTSOPUFY CH UCHPYI YOFETEUBI.

vTBFUFChP Y EZP RPLTPCHYFEMY OP LBL VSH FP OH VSHMP, NBUPOULPE VTBFUFChP, RTDPDPMTSBS PUFBCHBFSHUS CH UCHPEK NBUUE RTPZHEUYPOBMSHOSCHN PVAEDYOOYEN UFTPIFEMEK, RPMKHYYMP CHSHCHUPLYI RPLTPCHYFEMEC, VMBZPDBTS L PFPTSCHN, CHYDYNP, Y UPITBOYMPUSH FPZDB, LPZDB TENEUMEOOSCH GEY UFBMY RPUFEREOOP RTYIPDIFSH CH KHRBDPL Y YUYUEBFSH.
h LFP CHTENS CH MPTSY CHUFKHRBAF RTEDUFBCHYFEMY HUEOPK YOFEMMYZEOGYY, ZHYMPUPZHSCHY MADI TEZHPTNBFPTULPZP ULMBDB KHNB, LPFPTSCHE YЪ-ЪB OBUFKHRYCHYEK CHUMED ЪB TEZHPTNBG YEK TEBLGYEK HCE OE NPZMY UCHPVPDOP CHSHCHULBSCCHBFSH UCHPY CHZMSDSCH. h NBUPOUFChP RTPOILBAF KHFPRYUEUULYE YDEY, KHFCHETTSDBCHYYE, YuFP NPTsOP RPUFTPIFSH URTBCHEDMYCHPE PVEEUFCHP ABOUT PUOPCHBI DPUFYTSOYK OBHLY Y TBHNB. TBCHYFYA LFYI YDEK LBL OEMSHЪS VPMSHYE URPUPVUFCHPCHBM Y UPUFBCH UFTPYFEMSHOSHCHI LPTRPTBGYK, CH LPFPTSHCHE, OBTSDKH U RTEDUFBCHYFEMSNY FSCEMPZP THYUOPZP FTKHDB, CHIPDAYMY MADI FChPTYUEULYE - IHDPTSOILY, ULHMSHRFPTSH, BTIYFELFPTSCH. nBUPOULYK GAY UBN RP UEVE VSHM UYNCHPMPN FPZP, YuFP MAVPE LTHROPE DEMP FTEVHEF UPZMBUOSHI KHUIMYK CHUEI TBVPYYI, LBL VSH OY OYILY YMY CHSHCHUPLY VSHCHMY YI RPBOBOYS Y HNE OYE. bFB DTECHOSS bFYLB UFTTPYFEMEC UFBMB VMBZPDBFOPK RPYUCHPK DMS TBCHYFYS YDEK URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY, TBCHEOUFCHB Y OEOBUIMSHUFCHOOOPZP RETEDEMB PVEEUFCHB ABOUT OPChPK, VPMEE TBKHNOPK PUOPCHE.
yday fj Vshchmp OEVE'PRBUOP RTPChP'ZMBYBFSH PFLTSCHFP; PFUADB VETEF UCHPE OBYUBMP UYNCHPMYUEULYK SJSHL NBUPOUFCHB. uFTPYFEMSHOSHE YOUFTHNEOFSH UFBOPCHSFUS ЪOBBLBNY, UYNCHPMYYYTHAEYNY OTBCHUFCHEOOSCH LBYUEUFCHB, CHPRMPEBAF LFYUEULYE ЪBLPOSH URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY, UBN RTPGEUU UFTPY FEMSHUFCHB UFBOPCHYFUS UYNCHPMPN RPUFTPEOYS OPCHPZP UPCHETYEOOPZP PVEEUFCHB. nBUPOUFChP, FBLYN PVTBBPN, RPUFEREOOP RTECHTBBEBEFUS YJ LPTRPTBFYCHOPK YDEMPZYY TENEUMEOOPZP VTBFUFCHB CH FYUEULPE HYUEOYE, CHPURYFSHCHCHBAEE CH UCHPYI BDERFBI MHYU YYE YUEMPCHYUEULYE LBYUEUFCHB.
chPF LBL RYUBM P NBUPOULYI TBVPFBI CHSHCHDBAEIKUS TKHUULYK RYUBFEMSH NYIBYM pUPTZYO: "h RETURELFYCHE MYRPCHPK BMMEY RPSCHMSAFUS PUETFBOYS UFPSEEZPUS iTBNB, LPFPTSHCHK OYLPZD B OE VHDEF DPUFTPEO.uADB UFELBAFUS YЪP CHUEI UFTBO MADI, PFNEOOOSCHNY PUPVSHCHNY FBMBOFBNY, OE RTPZHBOULYNY ЪBUMHZBNY, OE VPZBFUFCHPN, OE TPDPCHYFPUFSHA, OE RPKNBOOPK ЪB ICHPUF UMBCHPK, B FBKOPK REYUBFSHHA RPUCHSEEOOPUFY.poy OILEN OE RTYYCHBOSHCH - POY UBNY UEVS OBYMYY CHBYNOP KHFCHETDIMY.vTBFULBS GERSH LBZHYOULYNY KHMBNY UCH SUBMB YI CHPEDIOP Y PFDEMYMB PF ЪMPVUFCHHAEEZP, VPMSHOPZP, OERPTPUCHEEOOOPZP NYTB, LPFPTSCHK DPMTSOP RETEUPЪDBFSH.h FP CHTENS LBL DTHZIE UFTPYFEMY, RTBBLFLYY ZHBOFBYETSH VMBZPDEFEMSHUFCHHAF YuEMPCHYUEUFChP ZPFPCHSHNY RTPZTBNNBNNY, RPFYUHAF EZP UPGYBMSHOSCHNY PRSHCHFBNY, CHSTCHCHCHBAF DTHZ X DTHZB CHPTTSY D TEVETSBEYI LPMEUOIG Y LBFSFUUS LHVBTEN RPD OPZY CHUVEUYCHYIUS MPYBDEC, - FY FBKOSH ЪBZPCHPTEYLY, CHOE RPMYFYUEULYI UFTBUFEK Y RTEDTBUUKHDLPCH - RP FH UFPTPOH DPZ NSCH Y PVSBFEMSHOSHCHI CHETPCHBOIK, CHPPTHTSYCHYUSH NPMPFPN YULBOBEK, DEMOOOOOP PVFFECHCHBAF LBCK ODPK UPVUFCHEOOSHCK Ztkhvshchk Lbneosh, UFBTBSUSH RTIDHCH RTBCHIKHOH, KHDPVOHA DMS RTHZPOL LD DTHZNEN ZHPTNIKH. rTPYEDYE RETCHSHCHK YULKHU LMBDHF YЪ LFYI LBNOEK ZHKHODBNEOF Y CHPCHPDSF UFEOSCH OPChPZP YDEBMSHOPZP iTBNB; YURSHCHFBOOSCHE CH TBVPFE OBOPUSF RTELTBUOSCHK TYUHOPL ABOUT YUETFETSOKHA DPULKH Y THLPCHPDSF UFTPKLPK. CHEMYUBCHSHCHK iTBN TBBUFEF Y CHYYTSH Y CHCHSHUSH, - OP NBUYFBVSH EZP FBLPCSHCH, YuFP FPMSHLP CHUE YUEMPCHEUFChP NPZMP VSHCH PVEYNY DTHTSOSCHNY KHYMYSNY DPchetyyfsh EZP RPUFTPKLH EDJO ShchN LHRMPN. dPTSYFSH DP bFPZP OE NEYUFBEF OH PDYO LBNEOAIL; PO DPCHPMSHUFCHHEFUS UCHPYN NBMSCHN CHLMBDPN, - Y PO KHNYTBEF, ЪBCHEEBS UCPE DEMP NBUFETH OPCHPNH, LPFPTSCHK, NPTsEF VShchFSH, RETEDEMBEF ЪBOPChP CHUA EZP TBVPFH, RPFPNH YuFP MKHYUYEE CHTBZ IPTPYEZP, YUFYOB OILPNKH OE YJCHEUFOB...".

RETCHBS CHEMILBS mPCB rP NETE TPUFB YUYUMB MPTs CHP'OILBMB OEPVIPDYNPUFSH LPPTDYOTPCHBFSH YI DEFEMSHOPUFSH. rППФПНХ Х МПОППЭЧ 1717 ZPDH YuEFSHTE MPTSY PVYAEDYOMYUSH Y UPDBMY UCHPEPVTBOSCHK PTZBO OBDJPTB, CHEMYLHA mPTSKH, ETSEPDOSH UPVTBOYS LPFPTPK RTYCHMELBMY RPCHSHCHYEO OPE CHOYNBOYE PVEEUFCHB Y RTECHTBEBMY PTDEO CH DYOBNYYUOP TBUFHEEE DCHYTSEOYE. lBL VSH FP OU VSHMP, CH BOZMYY NETSDH 1737 Y 1907 ZPDBNY CH VTBFUFCHE UPUFPSMY YEUFOBDGBFSH RTYOGECH YUEFCHETP YY OYI UFBMY CHRPUMEDUFCHY LPTPMSNY.
u PVYAEDYOOYEN PRETBFYCHOSCHI RTYOBOOOSCHI NBUPOPCH CH EDYOPE VTBFUFChP NBUPOUFChP RTYOSMP FKH ZHTNKH, CH LPFPTPK POP UKHEEUFCHHEF Y UEZPDOS. pF PRETBFYCHOPZP NBUPOUFCHB POP RETEOSMP UFTPYFEMSHOSHYOUFTHNEOFSHCH, UFEREOY, PFTBTSBAEYE HTPCHEOSH RPUCHSEOOOPUFY YUMEOPC MPTs CH NBUPOULYE FBKOSHCH, UELTEFOSCHE UMPCHB Y OBLY, RTY RPNPEY LPFPTSCHI NBUPOSCH KHOBAF DTHZ DTHZB, PVSBOOPUFSH FTHDYFSHUS Y NOPZPE DTHZPE. rTYЪOBOOSH NBUPOSCH, LPFPTSCHE CH NBUUE UCHPEK VSHHMY MADSHNY YOFEMMELPHHBMSHOPZP FTKHDB, ABOUT LFPN ZHKHODBNEOFE RPUFTTPYMY UFTTPKOPE ЪDBOYE NBUPOLPK UYNCHPMYLY, LPFPTBS PFTB TsBMB YI RPOINBOYE NYTB, CHETKH ChPNPTSOPUFSH UP'DBOYS URTBCHEDMYCHPZP PVEEUFCHB YUETE UPCHETYEOUFCHPCHBOYE LBCDPZP YY EZP YUMEOOPCH Y PFOPEEOIK NETSDH OYNY. chPYOILMY NBUPOULYE MEZEODSCH, OBYUBMYUSH RPYULY YUFYOSCH CH DTECHOYI CHETPCHBOYSI Y HYUEOYSI.
uYUYFBEFUS, YuFP RPUMEDOYN CHEMILINE nBUFETPN PRETBFYCHOPZP NBUPOUFCHB VSHM BOZMYKULYK BTIIFELFPT lTYUFPZHET TEO, RPUFTPIYCHYK UPVPT uchSFPZP rBCHMB CH mPODPOE. h FEYUEOYE CHPUENOBDGBFY MEF, RPLB YMP UFTPYFEMSHUFChP ITBNB, BY RPUEEEBM TBURPMPTSEOKHA OERPDBMELKH MTsKH uChSFPZP rBCHMB.
p EZP NBUFETUFCHE ЪPDYUEZP DBEF RTEDUFBCHMEOYE FBLBS YUFPTYS. lPZDB UPVPT HCE VSHM RPYUFY RPUFTPEO, ZPTPDULYE CHMBUFY PVTBFYMY CHOYNBOYE ABOUT FP, YuFP CH GEOFTBMSHOPN RTPUFTBOUFCHE ITBNB OEF LPMPOO, LPFPTSCHE RPDDETSYCHBMY VSH PZTPNOSCHI TB ЪNETPCH RPFPMPL. lTYUFPZHET TEO KHVETSDBM, YuFP LPMPOOSCH OE OHTSOSCH Y RPFPMPL OE PVCBMYFUS, Y RTYCHPDYM CH LBUEUFCHE DPLBBFEMSHUFCHB UCHPY TBUYUEFSHCH. pDOBLP ENKH OE RPCHETYMYY TBURPTSDYMYUSH RPDRETEFSH RPFPMPL UPVPTB LPMPOOBNY. TEO CHSHRPMOYM LFP FTEVPCHBOIE, OP... CHPCHEDEOOSCH YN LPMPOOSCH OE DPUFBAF DP RPFPMLB, NETSDH LBRYFEMSNYY UBNYN RPFPMLPN EUFSH RTPUFTBOUFCHP. fY LPMPOOSCH, OE RPDRYTBAEYE RPFPMPL, UFPSF Y UEZPDOS, SCHMSSUSH UYNCHPMPN CHSHUPYUBKYEZP NBUFETUFCHB JPDYUEZP Y PVSHYUOPZP OEDPCHETYS CHMBUFEK L DPUFYTSEOYSN OBHL.
at ZPDBNY NBUPOUFChP UPCHETYEOUFChPChBMP UCHPA PTZBOYBGYA. ch 1723 ZPDH CH BOZMYY VSHMB PRHVMYLPCHBOB "LOYZB hUFBCHPCH", OBRYUBOOBS YPFMBODULIN UCHSEEOOILPN dTSKNUPN bodetupopn. lFPF DPLKHNEOF RTPCHPZMBYBM, YuFP RTEDUFBCHYFEMY TBMYUOSCHI TEMYZYPOSCHI FEYOOYK DPMTSOSCH UKHNEFSH PVAEDYOYFSHUS CH DTHTSEUFCHEOOPK BFNPuzhete MPTSY DMS URLPKOPZP PVUKHTSDEOOYS OPCHSCHI YDEK. "iPFS CH DTECHOYE CHTENEOB NBUPOSCH RTYOINBMY CHETPYURPCHEDBOYE FPK UFTBOSHCH, CH LPFPTPK POY OBIPDIYMYUSH, FERETSH TSE RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS GEMEUPPVTBOBOSCHN RTYOHDYFSH YI RETEKFY CH FH TEMYZYA, ZDE CHUE MADI RTYDHF L CHBYNOPNKH UPZMBUYA, PUFBCHYCH RTY UEVE UCHPE YUBUFOPE NOOOYE; FP EUFSH UMEDHEF VSHFSH DPVTPDEFEMSHOSCHN Y YULTEOOSCHNY MADSHNY , MADSHNY VMBZPTPDODOSCHNYY YUEUFOSHCHNYY, LBL OH VSHMY VSHCH TBMYUOSCH YI OBCHBOYS Y KHVETSDEOYS", - ZPCHPTYMPUSH CH "LOISE KHUFBCHPCH".
u FAIRY RPT FETRYNPUFSH Y OERTEDHVETSDEOOPUFSH UFBMY ЪBLPOPN, UCHSFP UPVMADBAEINUS CH NBUPOULYI FTHDBI. fYRPZTBZHULYN URPUPVPN "KHUFBCHSHCH" VSHMY YIDBOSHCH BNETYLE CH 1734 ZPDH CHEMILINE nBUFETPN VEODTSBNYOPN ZHTBOLMYOPN CH ZHYMBDEMSHZHYY.
pYUEOSH VSHCHUFTP NBUPOLPE VTBFUFChP RHUFYMP LPTOY RP CHUENKH ECHTPRECULPNH LPOFYEOFKH. h LPOGE 30-I ZPDHR XVIII CHELB MPTSY UKHEEUFCHPCHBMY CH VEMSHZYY, tPUUYY, yFBMYY, ZETNBOYY, YCHEKGBTYY. ch 1735 ZPDH CH rBTYCE DEKUFCHPCHBMP 5 MPTs, L 1742 ZPDH YI YUYUMP CHPTPUMP DP DCHBDGBFY DCHHI, B YUETE UPTPL RSFSH MEF, OBLBOKHOE ZhTBOGKHULPK TECHPMAGYY, YUYUMP NBUPOPCH DPU FYZBMP 100 FSHUSYU.

nBUPOSH Y GETLPCHSH lBFPMYUUEULBS GETLPCHSH U RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFSHY PRBULPK OBVMADBMB ЪB VSHUFTSHCHN TBURPTPUFTBOEOYEN NBUPOUFCHB. nBUPOSH VSHUFTP UPЪDBMY UCHPY UPVUFCHEOOSCH TYFKHBMSHCH, YUFPTYA, MEZEODSCH YETBTIYA, LPFPTSCHE SCHMSAFUS OEPFYAENMENPK RTYOBDMETSOPUFSHA PZHYGYBMSHOPK TEMYZYY. hCE CH 1738 ZPDKH RBRB lMYNEOF XII CHCHUFKHRIM U RETCHCHN Y PUEOSH STPUFOSHN PVMYUEOYEN NBUPOUFCHB. h UCHPEK BOGILMYLE ON RPCHEMECHBM PFMKHYUBFSH PF GETLCHI CHUEI LBFPMYLPCH, RTPYEDYYI PVTSD RPUCHSEEOYS CH NBUPOULPE VTBFUFChP. rBRB PVYASCHYM, YuFP RTYOPUYNBS NBUPOBNY LMSFChB ITBOIFSH UELTEFSH VTBFUFCHB SCHMSEFUS KHZTPPK UCHSEOOOPUFY YURPCHEDY Y CHMBUFY GETLCHY, CHSHUFKHRBM RTPPHYCH UPFTHDOYUEUFCH B U MADSHNY, YURPCHEDPCHBCHYI PFMYUOSCH PF PZHYGIBMSHOPK GETLCHI KHVETSDEOOK. rP CHUEK echtpre ztbtsdboulye chmbufy obyubmy chshchrpmosfsh rtedryuboys, oblmbdshchbs about NBUPOPCH YFTBZHSCHY DBTSE RPDCHETZBS YI RSCFLBN.
rTEUMEDPCHBOYSNY UP UFPTPOSH LBFPMYUEULPK GETLCHI OE YUYUETRSHCHBMYUSH ZPOEOYS ABOUT NBUPOPCH. rPYUFY UTBH RPUME PZHYGYBMSHOPZP PFLTSCHFYS CHEMYLPK mPTsY CH mPODPOE CH 1717 ZPDH CH ZBEFBI UFBMY TEZKHMSTOP RPSCHMSFSHUS "TBBPVMBUBAEYE" UPPVEEOYS P NBUPOUFCHE. nBUPOPCH PVCHYOSMY CH UPAYE U BOFYITYUFPN, KHFCHETTSDBMY, VHDFP ABOUT ЪBLTSCHFSHI UPVTBOYSI RTPIPPDYF TBOOKHDBOOSH PTZYY. rPMYFYUEULYE UPVSHCHFYS, BNPTBMSHOSHE RPUFHRLY PFDEMSHOSCHI YUMEOPC VTBFUFCHB CHTENS PF CHTENEY RPDPZTECHBMY BOFYNBUPOULYE OBUFTPEOYS. ch 1735 ZPDH VSHCHMY ЪBRTEEEOSCH UPVTBOYS ZPMMBODULYI MPTs Y VPSJOY, YUFP YUMEOSH VTBFUFCHB RTOYNBAF KHUBUFYE CH RPMYFYUEULYI YOFTYZBI. bOBMPZYUOSCH ЪBRTEFSCH RPUMEDPCHBMY CHYCHEGYY CH 1738 ZPDKH Y CH 1745 ZPDKH CH YCHEKGBTYY.
OP OBYUBCHYEUS ZPOEOYS ABOUT NBUPOPCH HCE OE NPZMY RTYCHEUFY L KHOYUFPTSEOYA VTBFUFCHB, FBL UIMSHOSCH VSHMY YI IDEY Y RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHP UP UFPTPOSCH CHMYSFEMSHOSHI MADEK. pDOBLP RPD DEKUFCHYEN "TBBPVMBUEOYK" PVEEUFCHOOPE NOOOYE CHTENEOBNY UFBOPCHYMPUSH TEOLLP CHTBTSDEVOSCHN RP PFOPEYOYA L NBUPOUFCHH.

lBNEOAILY HIPDSF CH OBHLH pFCHEFPN NBUPOPCH UFBM HIPD CH YHYUEOYE YUFPTYY. UPUFPSCHIYE CH VTBFUFCHE HYUEOSCH UFTENYMYUSH OBKFY YUFPLY RTEDUFBCHMEOYK NBUPOPCH PV PVEEUFCHOOOPK NPTBMY CH DTECHOYI LFYUEULYI TEMYZYPOSHI HYUEOSHI. sing PDOY Y RETCHSHI OBNEFYMY TPDUFCHP DTECHOYI TEMYZYK Y YI LFYUEULYI UYUFEN NETSDH UPVPK, POY PFLTSCHMY RPTBYFEMSHOPE UIPDUFChP LPUNPZPOYUEULYI RTEDUFBCHMEOYK P NYTE X TB MYUOSHI OBTPDCH. fBL UFBMP RTYOINBFSH UPCHTENEOOHA ZHPTNKH RTEDUFBCHMEOYE P CHEMYLPN UFTPYFEME CHUEMEOOPK, CHPRMPFYCHYEN CH UEVE Yuetfsch CHETIPCHOPZP VPTSEUFCHB TBMYUOSHI OBTPDPC. yN HDBMPUSH CHPUUFBOPCHYFSH UNSHUM BOFYUOSHI NYUFETYK, RPUCHSFYFEMSHOSHCHI PVTSDPCH TSTEGPCH DTECHOEZP ezYRFB, TBUYZHTPCHBFSH FBKOSH LBTF fBTP, RP-OPCHPNH RTPYUEUFSH RTEDBOYS BTY KULYI OBTPDPCH GEOFTBMSHOPK BYYY, KHCHYDEFSH ZMHVYOOPE TPDUFCHP NETSDH LFYLPK YODHYYNB, VKHDYYNB, LPOZHHYBOUFCHB, DBPUYYNB Y DTKHZYI TEMYZYPOP-ZHYMPUPZHULYI UY UFEN chPUFPLB U LFYLPK chEFIPZP ъБЧЭФБ И иТУФИБУФЧБ. rPUFEREOOP NBUPOUFChP RTECHTBBEBMPUSH CH UYOFEFYUUEULPE, KHOYCHETUBMSHOPE LFYLP-ZHYMPUPZHULPE HYUEOYE, YuFP DBMP ENKH CHPNPTsOPUFSH TBURTPUFTBOIFSHUS RP CHUENKH NYTH, OE LPOZHMYL FHS RTY LFPN U TEMYZYPOSCHNY UYUFENBNY, PFMYUOSCHNY PF ITYUFYBOULPK TEMYZYY.
pDOBLP HYUEOYE LFP PUPVPZP UCHPKUFCHB: CHNEUFP ZhPTNHMYTPCHPL, CHNEUFP UMCH DMS PVPOBYUEOYS YuEMPCHYUEULYI LBUEUFCH, NPTBMSHOSCHI, ZHYMPUPZHULP-FYUEULYI RPOSFYK NBUPOSCH YURPMSH'HAF UYNCHPMSCH, CH LPFPTSHCHE RTECHTBFYMYUSH CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSH UFTPIFEMSHOSHCHE YOUFTHNEOFSHCH. pDOBLP UNSHUM RPOSFYK, LPFPTSCHE PMYGEFCHPTSAF LFY YOUFTKHNEOFSHCH, PFLTSCHCHBAFUS FPMSHLP FEN, LFP RTPYYEM RPUCHSEEOYE CHSM ABOUT UEVS PVSBBFEMSHUFCHP ITBOYFSH FBKOKH. fBKOPK SCHMSAFUS FBLCE PUPVSHCHE UMPCHB Y OBLY, RP LPFPTSCHN NBUPOSCH KHOBAF DTHZ DTHZB. RETEIPDS YUFEREOY CH UFEREOSH NBUPO KHOBEF OPCHSHCHE LBYUEUFCHB YOUFTHNEOPCH Y UFPSEYE ЪB OINY OTBCHUFCHEOOSCH OPTNSHCH, OPCHSHHE UMPCHB Y OBLY, LPFPTSCHNY ON NPTsEF UPPVEYF SH HCE OE FPMSHLP P UCHPEK RTYOBDMETSOPUFY L NBUPOULPNH VTBFUFCHH, OP Y P UFEREOY UCHPEZP RPUCHSEEOYS.
uEZPDOS, LPZDB P NBUPOUFCHE YЪDBOP NOPZP LOYZ, LFY FBKOSH FBKOPC HCE OE SCHMSAFUS, Y FEN OE NEOEE CHPMSHOSCH LBNEOAILY RTDPDPMTSBAF YI ITBOYFSH. fBLPK RBTBDPLU PVISUOSEFUS DPChPMSHOP RTPUFP: KHNEOYE ITBOYFSH FBKOKH - PDOP YYUEMPCHYUEULYI DPUFPYOUFCH, Y CHPURYFBOYE bFPZP LBYUEUFCHB CH UEVE - PDOB YЪ PVSBOOPUFEK NBUPO B. dMS OEZP FBKOB RP-RTETSOENH PUFBEFUS FBLPCHPK, OEBCHYUYNP PF FPZP, LFP Y LPZDB EE TBULTSCHM.
pVSBOOPUFSH ITBOIFSH FBKOKH RTPYUFELBEF Y YY DTHZYI UPPVTBTCEOYK. nBUPOUFChP - DCHYTSEOYE ZHIMBOFTPRYUEULPE, F.E. PDOPK YI EZP GEMEK SCHMSEFUS UPFCHPTEOYE DPVTTB VMYTSOYN. OP DPVTPE DEMP, P LPFPTPN PVYASCHYMY CHCHUEKHUMSHCHYBOSH, UMHTSYF OE UFPMSHLP DPVTKH LBL FBLPCHPNH, ULPMSHLP ZPTDSCHOE FPZP, LFP EZP UDEMBM. lFP UCHPEZP TPDB URPOUPTUFCHP TBDI TELMBNSHCH, DEMP OE TBDI DPVTB, B TBDI CHSHCHZPDSH. fBLBS RPNPESH TBCHTBEBEF DBAEEZP Y EDCHB MY RPNPZBEF FEN, LPNKH POB BDTEUPCHBOB. rPDMYOOBS VMBZPFCHPTYFEMSHOPUFSH CHPNPTSOB FPMSHLP CH FBKOE, POB DPMTSOB VSHCHFSH BOPOYNOPK, FPMSHLP FPZDB RPNPESH VHDEF RPRBDBFSH L FEN, LFP VPMSHYE CHUEZP CH OEK OHTSDBEFUS. rPFPNH NBUPOSHCHUEZDB ITBOSF NPMYUBOIE P UCHPEK VMBZPFChPTYFEMSHOPK TBVPFE.
l UPTSBMEOYA, LFY FBKOSCH, RPDUBU, OE DBAF RPLPS RPDPYFEMSHOSHCHN MADSN, ЪBUFBCHMSS YI CHYDEFSH CH LFPN UELTEFOSCH LPJOY CHTBZPCH YMY CHUENYTOSHCHK ЪБЗПЧПТ ЪМПДЭеЧ, ИПФС NBUPOUFChP UKHEEUFCHHEF HTSE VPMEE 250 MEF RPYUFY PE CHUEI UFTBOBI NYTB Y DP UYI RPT OILFP OE UNPZ ЪBNEFYFSH UMEDPC YMY TEKHMSHFBFPCH "ЪMPDEKULPK DEFEMSHOPUFY NBUPOPCH".
dBCE OBPVPTPPF. l NBUPOUFCHH RTYOBDMETSBMY NOPZIE CHSHCHDBAEYEUS DESFEMY YUEMPCHYUEUFCHB. nBUPOBNY VSCHMB OBRYUBOB BNETYLBOULBS LPOUFYFHGYS, LPFPTBS CHRETCHSCHE CH YUFPTYY UDEMBMB RTBCHB YUEMPCHELB CHSHCHUYN ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOOSCHN ЪBLPOPN. l NBUPOULPNH VTBFUFCHH RTYOBDMETSBMY LPNRPYFPTSCH chPMSHZHZBOZ bNBDEK nPGBTF, ZHETEOG MYUF, KPJEZH ZBKDO, MADCHIZ CHBO VEFIPCHEO, OYLLLPMP rBZBOYOY, sHRU UYVEMYKHU, R YUBFEMY yPZBOO chPMSHZHZBOZ ZEFE, tBVYODTBOBF fBZPT, chBMSHFET ULPFF, pULBT hBKMSHD, nBTL fChEO, RPFSH bMELUBODT rPR, tPVETF VETOU, TEDSHSTD LYRMYOSIS. FEPDPT TKH'CHEMSHF Y GEMSHK TSD DTHZYI BNETYLBOULYI RTE'YDEOFPCH FBLCE RTYOBDMETSBMY L VTBFUFCHH. nBUPOPN VSHM hYOUFPO yuetyuymmsh, BOZMYKULYK LPTPMSH hDKhBTD VII DP CHUFKHRMEOYS ABOUT RTEUFPM UPUFPSM CH VTBFUFCHE. nBUPOBNY VSCHMY FBLYE YICHEUFOSH MADI, LBL dTsPO dtsekLPV BUFPT Y ZEOTY ZhPTD, BCHYBFPT YUBTMSH MYODEOVETS, UPCHETYCHYK RETCHSHCHK PDYOPYUOSCHK RETEMEF YuETE bFMBOFYLKH, RP MSTOSCHE YUUMEDPCHBFEMY tPVETF rYTY, nfsha iEOUPO, BDNYTBM TYUBTD VETD. bNETYLBOULYK BUFTPOBCHF yDCHYO pMDTYO, UFKHRYCHYYK ABOUT RPCHETIOPUFSH MKHOSHCH 21 YAMS 1969 ZPDB, OEU CH LBTNBOE OBNS U NBUPOULYY BNVMENBNY.
OE NEOEE YJCHUFOSCHNYI CHSHCHDBAEYNYUS MADSHNY VSHCHMY Y TKHUULYE NBUPOSH: bMELUBODT UETZEECHYU RHYLYO, bMELUBODT chBUYMSHECHYU UKHCHPTCH, NYIBYM yMMYBTYPOPCHYU ZPMEOEECH -lХФХЪПЧ - ХЦЕ ьФИИ ФТЭИ YNEО DPUFBFPYuOP, YUFPVSH PFVTPUYFSH CHUSLHA NSCHUMSH P "NBUPOLPN ЪBZPCHPTE RTPPHYCH tPUUYY". OP URYUPL NPTsOP RTPDPMTSYFSH: uHNBTPLPCH, OPCYLPCH, vBCEOPC chPTPOIYO, MECHYGLYK, vPTPCYLPCHULYK, tsKHLPCHULYK, zTYVPEDPCH, b.zTYZPTSHECH, chPMPYO, zKHNYMECH , bMDBOPCH, UPPTZYO, bDBNPCHYU, zBDBOPC. ZHYMPUPZHULP-LFYUEULYE CHZMSDSCH mSHCHB fPMUFPZP VSHCHMY PYUEOSH VMYOLY NBUPOUFCHH, UFP BY UBN RTYOBCHBM. pDOP RTPUFPE RETEYUYUMEOYE LFYI CHEMILYI YNEO ZPCHPTYF P FPN, YuFP NBUPOULYE MPTSY tPUUYY PVAEDYOSMY MKHYUYI MADEK UFTBOSHCH, YuFP CH OYI LPOGEOFTYTPCHBMBUSH BFNPUZHETB OBRTSSEOO SHIPPING SHEE DHIPCHOSHI YULBOIK.
NYIBYM PUPTZYO, CHSHDBAEIKUS TKHUULYK RYUBFEMSH, LPFPTSCHK VSCHM CH 1922 ZPDH CHSHUMBO VPMSHYECHYLBNY YI TPUUYY, FBL PRTEDEMYM NBUPOUFCHP H PDOPK YY UCHPYI TEYUEK: "nBUPOU FPP CHCHUE OE UYUFENB OTBCHUFCHEOOSCHI RPMPTSEOYK, OD OE NEFPD RPBOBOYS, OD OBHLB PTSYOY, DBTSE, UPVUFCHEOOP, OE HYUEOYE. LPCH EUFSH PTZBOYBGYS MADEK, YULTEOOE CHETHAEYI CH RTYIPD VPMEE UPCHETYOOOPZP YuEMPCHEUEUFCHB. - OYE RTY RPNPEY VTBFULPZP PVEEOYS U YЪVTBOOSCHNYY UCHSBOOSHNY PVEEBBOYEN FBLPK CE OBD UPVPK TBVPFSCH. MSHЪHKUS EZP RPNPESHA, KHNOPTSBK TSDSCH UFPTPOOYLPK LFPC CHSHCHUPLPK GEMY.

nBUPOSHCH TPUUYY rP RTEDBOYA, RETCHSHCHN TPUUYKULIN NBUPOPN VSHM GBTSH REFT CHEMYLYK, LPFPTSCHK CH 1699 ZPDKH, PE CHTENS RTEVSHCHBOYS CH BOZMYY U CHEMILIN rPUPMSHUFCHPN, RTYOSM RPUCHSEEOYE PF UBNPZP lTYUF PZHETB TEOB, B CH PDOPC U OIN MPTSE UPUFPSM ZHTBOG MEZHPTF. OP OILBLYI DPLHNEOFPCH, RPDFCHETTSDBAEYI LFP, OE OBKDEOP. pDOBLP DPUFPCHETOP RPDFCHETTSDEOP, YuFP NBUPOULYE MPTSY UHEEUFCHPCHBMY CH TPUUYY CH 30-I ZPDBI XVIII UFPMEFYS, OP YI FTHDOP OBCHBFSH TPUUYKULYNY, RPULPMSHLH CH OYI UPUFPSMY RPYUFY YULMAYUYFEMSHOP YOPUFTBOGSHCH, B RETCHSHCHN "CHEMILINE NBUFETPN DMS CHUEK TPUUYY" VSHM OBYUEO CH 1731 ZPDH BOZMYKULYK LBRYFBO dtspo zhymyru .
h 1740 ZPDH VSHM OBYUEO OPCHSHCHK ZTPUUNEKUFET ZEOETBM dTSEKNU (sLCh) LEKF, UPUFPSCHIYK ABOUT TKHUULPK UMKHTSVE. UYUYFBEFUS, YuFP U LFPZP CHTENEY CH MTSY OBUYOBAF CHUFKHRBFSH TKHULBS OBFSH. ynEOOP LEKFB UYUYFBMY PUOPCHBFEMEN NBUPOUFCHB CH tPUUYY THUULYE NBUPOSCH.
y'CHEUFOP, YUFP CH FE ZPDSH CH NBUPOUFCHE UPUFPSMY ZTBZZ ZPMPCHYO, B FBLCE ZTBZHSCH BIBT YYCHBO yuet skinny. rP'DOEE CH OEZP CHUFKHRYMY TPNBO chPTPOGPC (PFEG LOZZYOY dBYLPCHPK), zPMYGSCHOSCH, fTHVEGLPK, B FBLCE b.r.UKHNBTPLPC, VHDHEYE YUFPTYLY LOSSH eETVBFPCH Y vPMFYO Y DT.
pDOBLP CH FP CHTENS MPTSY OE NPZMY RTYCHMEYUSH U UCHPY TSSH ULPMSH-MYVP VPMSHYPZP YUYUMB TKHUULYI MADEK, YVP PVEEUFCHP VSHMP RPYUFY MYYEOP YDEKOSCHI YOFETEUPCH Y CHYDEMP CH NBUPOUFCHE M YYSH NPDOHA ЪBZТBOYUОХА ЪБВБЧХ. UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHPN LFPNH SCHMSEFUS CHUFKHRMEOYE CH MPTSKH OBNEOYFPZP CHRPUMEDUFCHYY NBUPOB yCHBOB RETZHYMSHECHYUB EMBZIOB, LPFPTSCHK RTPYYEM RPUCHSEEOYE EDYOUFCHEOOP YI MAVPRSCH FUFCHB Y FEEUMBCHYS.
Private Enterprise ChFPTPC RPMPCHYOE XVIII RPMPTSEOYE NEOSEFUS. lTBFLPCCHTENEOOPE GBTUFCHCHBOYE REFTB III, VMBZPCHCHYEZP RETED ZhTDTYIPN Y CH RPDTBTSEOYE ENH PLBYSCHBCHYK RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHP NBUPOBN, B ЪBFEN CHEL ELBFETYOSCH U EZP VPME ЪООООШН ПУНШУМОПХН ЖТБОГХУЛЪИ ZHYMPUPZHPCH-ІOGYILMPREDYUFPCH Y UFPMSH TSE VPMEЪOOOSCHN TBUBTPCHBOYEN CHOYI, RPSCHMEOYEN RETCHPK THUULPK YOFEMMYZEOGY Y EE ​​OBRTSCEOOSHNY HIPCHOSCHNY RPYULBNY UPЪDBM VMBZPRTYSFOKHA BFNPUZHETH DMS CHPURTYSFYS NBUPOULYI YDEK.
lTHTSLY THUULPK YOFEMMYZEOGYY NBUPOULYE MPTSY FPZP CHTENEY CHP'OILMY ABOUT PDOPC Y FPK TSE PUOPCHE - PUP'OBOY PVEEUFCHOOOPK PRBUOPUFY Y TBCHTBBEBAEEZP CHMYSOYS CHPMSHFETSH SOUFFCHB ABOUT TKHUULYE KHNSCH. Chue NBUPOSH FPZP CHTENEY RTPYMY YUETE KHCHMEYUEOYE "CHPMSHFETSHSOULINE PFTYGBOYEN" Y, ZMKHVPLP CH OEN TBBPYUBTPCHBMYUSH, RETETSYMY DKHYECHOSCHK TBMBD Y OBUMY PUOPCHH DMS UCHPYI DHIPCHOSHI YULBOYK CH "RTPCHPCHEDY NBUPOULPK OTBCHUFCHOOPUFY". yNEOOOP U LFPPZP NPNEOFB NBUPOUFChP CH tPUUYY RETEUFBEF VSHFSH YOPENOPK DYLPCHYOPK, PVPZBEBEFUS DHIPN RTPUSHRBAEEZPUS OBGYPOBMSHOPZP UBNPUPUBOBOS Y RPFPNKH NPTsEF VSHCHF SH U KHCHETEOPUFSH OBCHBOP RETCHSHCHN YDEBMYUFYUEULYN FEYOOYEN TKHULPK PVEEUFCHEOOPK NSHUMY.
rP PGEOLE o.VETDSECHB CH TBVPFE "tHUULBS YDES", DHIPCHOPE CHMYSOYE NBUPOUFCHB ABOUT PVEEUFCHP VSHMP PZTPNOP. according to KHLBYSCHCHBEF, YuFP "MKHYUYE THUULYE MADI VSCHMY NBUPOBNY. RETCHPOBUBMSHOBS TKHUULBS MYFETBFKHTB YNEMB UCHSSH U NBUPOUFChPN. nBUPOUFChP VSCHMP RETCHPK UCHPVPDOPK UBNPPTZBOY ЪБГГІК ПВЭУФЧБ Х ТПУУYY, ФПМШЛП POP Y OE VSHMP OBCHSBOB UCHETIKH CHMBUFSHA". RP RP Khovedeoaa, yneoop "h nbupoufcha rtpyypyp zhthuulpk lhmshfkhtopk dhah, popbbvbfshbmp otchufcheoschk yyuuopufy. RTBCHPUMBCHYIE VSHMP, Lpoeyop, vpmee of duplicity Chmsoyen about Dyu Thulyi Madek, OP Hbupowcchbmyush Lhmshfkhchchcb -rffrpufbchmsmyush deurpfynh Chmbufy ry h NBUPOULPK BFNPUZHETE RTPYUIPDYMP DHIPCHOPE RTPVHTSDEOYE...".
h 70th ZPDSH H tPUUYY CHPYOILBAF RPYUFY PDOPCHTEENOOOP DCHE NPEOSCHE NBUPOULYE UYUFENSCH - EMBZYOULBS Y gYOOOEODPTZHULBS. pVE TBVPFBMY CH RETCHSCHI FTEI UFEREOSI F.O. "YPBOOPCHULPZP" NBUPOUFCHB, OBGEMEOOSCHI ABOUT TEMYZYPOP-OTBCHUFCHOOPE CHPURYFBOIE BDERFPCH. h FYI UFEREOSI TKHUULYE NBUPOSCH TBVPFBMY OBD RTDBOYEN "DYLPNH LBNOA", UINCHPMYYYTHAEENKH ZTEIPCHOPZP OERTPUCHEEOOOPZP YuEMPCHELB, "UPCHETYOOOPK LHVYUEULPK ZHTNSCH", F.E. PYYEEOYEN EZP PF RPTLPCH. sing RTYPVTEFBMY VPMEE YTPLYE RP UTTBCHOOYA U RTETSKOYNY TEMYZYPOP-FYYUEULYE RPOSFYS, ЪBDKHNSCHCHBMYUSH OBD CHPRTPUBNY CHETCHY OTBCHUFCHOOPUFY, KHRPTOP CHPURYFSHCHBMY CH UEVE UPCHEUFMYCHSHI YUEUFOSCHI MADEK.
y.r.eMBZYO, CHUFKHRYCHYK CH NBUPOUFCHP EEE CH 1750 ZPDH, L LFPNH CHTENEY KHUREM "RETEVPMEFSH" CHPMSHFETSHSOUFCHPN Y UFBM TECHOPUFOSHCHN "CHPMSHOSCHN LBNEOEILPN". according to RPMKHYUM PF CHEMYLPK mPODPOULPK mPCY RBFEOF ABOUT HYUTETSDEOOYE OPCHSHHI MPTs, Y CH OBYUBME 1772 ZPDB UFBM rTPCHYOGYBMSHOSCHN CHEMILINE nBUFETPN. PUOPCHBOOBS YN UYUFENB MPTs VSHMB OBYVPMEE CHMYSFEMSHOPK, Y CH LPOGE LPOGPCH DBCE THLPCPDYFEMY gYOOOEODPTZHULPK UYUFENSH DPMTSOSCH VSHMY YURTBOYCHBFSH X OEZP RBFEOF DMS PFLTSCHFYS OPCHSCHI NBUFETULYI. y EUMY MPTSY gYOOEOODPTZHULPK UYUFENSH UPЪDBCHBMYUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP CH UBOLF-REFETVHTZE, FP EMBZYOULYE UKHEEUFCHBMY FBLCE CH NPULCHE, CH NPMDBCHYY, CH RPMSHYE.

oTBCHUFCHOOOSHE YULBOYS TPUUYKULPE NBUPOUFCHP 70-I ZPDCH YUFPTYLYY OBSCHCHBAF OTBCHPHYUYFEMSHOSHCHN. u LFYN FTHDOP OE UPZMBUIFSHUS. pVEEUFCHEOOBS RPMENYLB CH MYFETBFHTE, UBFYTYYUUEULYI TSKHTOBMBI FPZP CHTENEY CHTBEBEFUS CHPLTHZ RTPVMEN MYUOPK YUEUFY, UPCHEUFY, RPTSDPYUOPUFY, RTBCHDYCHPUFY, CHCHUE OE ЪB FTBZYCHBS VPMEE YTPLYE CHPRPTUSCH.
OP CH OBYUBME 80-I ZPDCH TPUUYKULYI "CHPMSHOSHI LBNEOEILPC" HCE RETEUFBAF KHDPCHMEFCHPTSFSH "OTBCHUFCHEOOSCH RTERPDBSOYS" FTEIUFEREOOPZP NBUPOUFCHB. chPURIFBOOSCH ABOUT ZHTBOGKHULYI ZHYMPUPZHBI KHNSCH FTEVPCHBMY OPChPK RYEY, ЪBNEYBOOPK OE ABOUT CHPMSHFETSHSOULPN ULERFYGYYNE, B OERTENEOOOP ABOUT TEMYZYPOP-YDEBMYUFYUYUEULYI YDESI. OP ЪBRBDOPECHTREKULBS ZHYMPUPZHYS PRYTBMBUSH ABOUT TBCHYFHA OBHLH, Y VPTSHVB RTPPHYCH OEE FTEVPCHBMB "PTHTSYS", RTECHPUIPDSEEZP RP UYME OTBCHPHYUFEMSHOSH RTPRPCHEDY. eUMY HYUEUFSH UMBVPUFSH TBCHYFYS TPUUYKULPK LTYFYUUEULPK NSHUMY, FP OEKHDYCHYFEMSHOP, YUFP LFY RPYULY RTYCHEMY L RPCHBMSHOPNH KHCHMEYUEOYA NYUFYLPK Y OBKHTZHYMPUPZHYEK.
h FY ZPDSH RPSCHMSEFUS VPMSHYBS TBIOYGB NETSDH FEN, YUEN ЪBOINBAFUS NBUPOSCH DCHHI TPUUYKULYI UFPMYG. h UBOLF-REFETVHTZULYI h MPTsBI CHUE RPZMPEEOSCH NYUFYLPK Y PLLHMSHFYNPN; UFPMYGH RPUEEBEF ZTBZ LBMYPUFTP, LPFPTPZP FPTCEUFCHOOOP RTOYNBEF CH UCHPEN DPNE yCHBO emBZYO. ZhTBUOBS RHVMYLB CHBMPN CHBMYF ABOUT EZP "PRSHCHFSHCH", ZHE PO CHSHCHCHCHBEF DHIPCH, FEOY KHNETYI, PVKHYUBEF BMIYNYYY "YMBFPDEMBOIA". according to RTEDUFBCHMSEFUS "RPMLPCHOILPN YURBOULPK UMKHTSVSHCH", OP CHULPTE CH REFETVHTZULYI ZBJEFBI RPSCHMSEFUS ЪBSCHMEOYE YURBOULPZP RPUMB P FPN, YuFP OYLBLPZP FBLPZP "RPMLP CHOILB" ABOUT UMKHTSVE EZP ZPUKHDBTS ABOUT OBYUIFUS. ъBFEN RPSCHMSAFUS RTEDUFBCHYFEMY LTEDYFPTPCH, LPFPTSHCHE TBSHCHULICHBAF LBMYPUFTP RP CHUEK ECHTPR. TBTBTSBEFUS ZTPNLYK ULBODBM, ZTBZH VETSYF YЪ REFETVHTZB, Y ZBJEFSH DPMZP EEE EDLP RYYKHF P NBUPOBI, CHPUFPTTSEOOP RTYOINBCHYI RTPIPDNGB.
h nPULCHE CH LFP CHTENS NBUPOSCH ЪBOINBAFUS RTPUCHEFYFEMSHUFCHPN. GEOFTBMSHOPK ZHYZHTPK ЪDEUSH UFBOPCHYFUS OYLPMBK OPCYLPCH - CHYDOEKYK TPUUYKULYK RHVMYGYUF, LOYZPYDBFEMSH Y RTPUCHEFYFEMSH. TBOEE ON TsIM CH UBOLF-REFETVHTZE, ZHE UMKHTSYM CH BTNYY, CHCHCHIEM CH PFUFBCHLH RTBRPTEYLPN yЪNBKMPCHULPZP RPMLB, RPFPN YЪDBCHBM YЪCHEUFOSH Y RPRHMSTOSCH UBFYYUEULY E TSKHTOBMSCH "fTHFEOSH", "tsYCHPRYUEG", "lPYEMEL". RETEVTBCHYUSH CH nPULCHH, BY VETEF CH BTEODH FYRPZTBJYA nPULPCHULPZP KHOYCHEUYFEFB. OH CH LPFPTPFLPK UFBFSHE, OH CH FPMUFPK LOYSE OEF CHPNPTSOPUFY RETEYUYUMYFSH CHUE, YuFP CHSHCHYMP YUFEO EZP FYRPZTBZHYY. fP HYUEVOILY, MYFETBFKHTOSH RTPY'CHEDEOYS, OBHYUOSCH Y ZHYMPUPZHULYE FTHDSCH, TBVPFSH TKHUULYI Y ЪBTHVETSOSCHI FEPMPZPH. vPMSHYBS YUBUFSH LFYI LOYZ OILPZDB CH TPUUYY OE YJDBCHBMBUSH, NOPZYE YI OYI VSHMY CHRETCHSCHE RETECHEDEOSHCH U MBFYOLPZP Y OENEGLPZP SSCHLPCH, RTYUEN RETECHPUDYILBNY VSHCHM Y UFKhDEOFSH KHOYCHETUYFEFB. ЪБ УЧП ЦЪОШ по YЪДБМ VPMSHYE LOYZ (OE RP FYTBTSKH, B RP OBCHBOYSN!), YUEN VSHMP YЪDBOP DP OEZP ЪB CHUA YUFPTYA ZPUKHDBTUFCHB tPUUYKULPZP.

oYUBMP ZPOEOYK xCHMEYOOYE PLHLHMSHFYNPN Y NYUFYLPK, B FBLCE RPUFPSOOSCH NEFBOYS TPUUYKULYI CHPMSHOSCHI LBNEOEILPC, PVTBEBCHYIUS FP L PDOPK, FP L DTHZPK NBUPOULYN UYUFENBN, UPUMKHTSYMY YN DHTOHA UMHTSVH. ъB ULBODBMPN CHPLTHZ ZTBZHB lBMYPUFTP RPUMEDPCHBM RBNZHMEF ELBFETYOSCH II "fBKOB RTPFPYCHPOEMERPZP PVEEUFCHB", CH LPFPTPN NPTsOP VSCHMP TBZMSDEFSH RETCHSHCHE RTYOBLY RTYVMYTSBAE YIUS ZPOEOYK. u RPDP'TEOYEN PLTHTSEOYE YNRETBFTYGSH CHPURTYONBMP Y UCHSY TPUUYKULYI NBUPOPCH U NBUPOBNY ZETNBOYY, YCHEGYYY, BOZMYYY. rPUME RKHZBYUECHULPZP CHPUUFBOYS YNRETBFTYGB OBUYOBEF U OEDPCHETYEN, B RPTPC Y U CHTBTSDPK PFOPUIFSHUS LYDESN UCHPVPDSH MYUOPUFY Y OBTDOPZP RTPUCHEEOOYS, TECHPMAGYS PE ZhTBOGY M YYSH KHVETSDBEF EE, YuFP FBLPZP TPDB YDEY NPZHF RTEDUFBCHMSFSH DMS NPOBTIYY PRBUOPUFSH.
l FPNH TSE CH 80-I ZPDBI CH ZETNBOY OBYUBMPUSH KHUIMEOOPE RTEUMEDPCHBOYE FBKOSCHI PVEEUFCH, YNECHYI PFOPEYOYE L NBUPOUFCHH Y YMMANYOBFUFCHH. yI PVCHYOSAF CH KHTsBUOSCHI RTEUFKHRMEOYSI, CH UFTENMEOYY OICHETZBFSH FTPOSH, BMFBTY, CH PFTBCHMEOYSI Y KHVYKUFCHBI. iPFS LFY PVCHYOOYS VSHMY ZPMPUMPCHOSCHNYY OILLPZDB DPLBBOSCHOE VSHMY, SING ЪBUFBCHYMY ELBFETYOH RP-DTHZPNH CHZMSOKHFSH ABOUT TPUUYKULPE NBUPOUFCHP.
zPOEOYS OBUYOBAFUS U RPCCHYEOOOPZP CHAINBOYS L YJDBFEMSHULPK DESFEMSHOPUFY CH nPULCHE o.oPCHYLPCHB. pDOPCHTENEOOOP RTBCHYFEMSHUFChP UFBMP RTEUMEDPCHBFSH Y VMBZPFChPTYFEMSHOHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH OPCHYLPCHULPZP LTHTSLB, RPD RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPN LPFPTPZP UFTTPYMYUSH YLPMSCH, VPM SHOYGSCH. h SOCHBTE 1786 ZPDB RPSCHMSEFUS KHLB P RETEDBYUE CHUEI YUBUFOSCHI YLPM Y VPMSHOYG rTYLBYH PVEEUFCHEOOPZP RTYJTEOYS, LPFPTPNH FBLCE RPCHEMECHBMPUSH OBVMADBFSH ЪB CHUENY HUTE TsDEOSNY OPCHYLPCHULPZP LTHTSLB. TBDBYUB OPCHYLPCHSHCHN IMEVB RTPUFPNKH OBTDDH CH ZPMPDOPN 1687 ZPDKH RPUMKHTSYMB FPMYULPN L VPMEE OOETZYUOSCHN NETBN: RPUMEDPCHBMP ЪBRTEEEOOYE REYUBFBFSH CH UCHEFULYI FYRPZTBZHY SI LOYZY, PFOPUSEYEUS L GETLPCHOPNH YMY UCHSEOOOPNH RYUBOYA, ЪBRTEEEOB YI RTDBDCB CH YUBUFOSCHI MBCHLBI, OBLPOEG, RPUMEDPCHBMP ЪBRTEEEOOYE PFDBCHBFSH oPCHYLPCHH KHOYCHETUYFEFU LHA FYRPZTBZHYA, YuFP ZTPYMP UPCHETYEOOSCHN RTELTBEEOYEN YJDBFEMSHULPK DESFEMSHOPUFY.
CHUE RPRSCHFLY PVCHYOIFSH OPCHYLPCHB CH BLFYCHOPUFY, OBOPUSEEK CHTED rTBCHPUMBCHOPK GETLCHIY, BLPOYUYMYUSH OYUEN. NYFTPRPMYF rMBFPO, YJCHEUFOSCHK TECHOYFEMSH PTFPDPLUBMSHOPZP RTBCHPUMBCHYS, RPUME VEUED U o.oPCHYLPCHSHCHN RYUBM YNRETBFTYGE: "with PDPMTSBAUSH RP UPCHEUFY Y UBOH NPENH DPOEUFY FEVE, YuFP NPMA CHUEEDTPZP vPZB, YuFPVSH OE FPMSHLP CH UMPCHEUOPK RBUFCHE, vPZPN Y fPVPK NOE CHCHETEOOPK, OP Y PE CHUEN NYTE VSCHMY ITYUFYBOE FBLPCSHCHE, LBL OCHYLPCH."
h OBYUBME 1690-I ZPDHR OPCHYLPCH VSHM BTEUFPCHBO Y DPRTBYCHBMUS UOBYUBMB CH nPULCHE, B RPFPN VSHM DPUFBCHMEO CH YMYUUEMSHVHTZULHA LTERPUFSH. pDOPCHTENEOOOP OBYUBMPUSH UMEDUFCHYE CH PFOPEYOY DTHZYI YUMEOPCH OPCHYLPCHULZP LTHTsLB, LPFPTPPE CH NPULCHE THAN LOSSH rTPPPTPCHULIK. dPRTPUKH RPDCHETZMYUSH zBNBMES, rPDEECH, LHTBFPT nPULPCHULPZP KHOYCHETUYFEFB n.n.iETBULPCH. lPOZHYULLPCHBOOSCH LOYZY CH LPMYUUEUFCHE VPMEE 18000 LENRMSTPC VSHMY UPTSCEOSCH. OPCYLPCH RTPCHEM CH yMYUUUEMSHVHTZULPK LTERPUFY 15 MET.
TBVPFSHCH NBUPOULYI MPTSBI CH LFP CHTENS RTELTBFYMYUSH, Y CHPЪPVOPCHYMYUSH FPMSHLP RP CHPUYEUFCHYY ABOUT RTEUFPM YNRETBFPTB rBCHMB I, LPFPTSCHK CH VSHFOPUFSH CHEMILINE LOSEN VMB ZPCHPMYM L NBUPOBN Y DBCE VSHM RPUCHEEEO CH CHCHUPLYE UFEREOY. ABOUT DTHZPK DEOSH RPUME UNETFY ELBFETYOSCH BY PUCHPVPDYM OPCHYLPCHB Y CHUEI, BNNEYBOOSCH CH LFPN DEME; LOSSH lHTBLYO, LOSSH TEROYO, vBTSEOPCH, mPRHIYO VSHCHMY CHSHCHCHBOSH LP DCHPTKH Y EEDTP CHPOBZTBTSDEOSCH.
pDOBLP YNRETBFPT, CHPRTELY PCYDBOYSN, OE CHPUUFBOPCHYM NBUPOUFChP CH RTETSOYI RTBCHBI. mYYSH CH OBYUBME GBTUFCHPCHBOYS bMELUBODTTB I DESFEMSHOPUFSH NBUPOULYI MPTs VSHMB RPMOPUFSHA MEZBMYPCHBOB. OP OPCHYLPCH Y EZP RPUMEDPCHBFEMY VPMEE OE RTYUPEDYOSMYUSH L PFLTSCHFP DEKUFCHPCHBCHYYN DCHHN LTHROEKYN UPAYBN - chemylpk rTPCHYOGYBMSHOPK mPTSE Y CHEMYLPK mPTSE BUFTES.
UBN OPCHYLPCH Y RPUEMYCHYKUS CH EZP YNEOY u.y.zBNBMES NOPZP TBVPFBMY OBD UPDBOYEN RSFYDEUSFYFPNOK ZETNEFYUEULPK VYVMYPFELY, RETERYUSCHCHBS DMS OEE OBYVPMEE CHBTSOSH NBUPO ULYE UPYUYOOYY YUYFBS UCHPEK ZMBCHOPK ЪBDBUEK UPITBOEOYE DMS RPUMEDHAEYI RPLPMEOYK DHIPCHOPZP OBUMEDYS NBUPOUFCHB 70-80-I ZPDCH.
nBUPOULYE RPYULY "YUFYOOPZP ITYUFYBOUFCHB" FPZP CHTENEOY, UFPMSH KHCHMELBCHYYE o.oPCHYLPCHB, y.ch.mPRKHIYOB, u.y.zBNBMES, y.r.fHTZEOECHB Y DTHZYI NBUPOPCH, RPMOPUFSH METSBF CH THUME LPOGERGYY "DPUFPYOUFCHB ITYUFYBOUFCHB Y OEDPUFPYOUFCHB ITYUFYBO", RPMKHYYCHYEK YYTPLPE TBURTPUFTBOOEYE CH tPUUYY CH OBYUBME ii CHELB. h RPYULBI "YUFYOOPZP ITYUFYBOUFCHB" TKHUULYN NBUPOUFCHPN XVIII CHELB KHZBDSHCHBEFUS PDOP YJ PUOPCHOSHI FEODEOGYK CHOEGETLPCHOPZP ORTTBCHMEOYS RTBCHPUMBCHOP-ITYUFYBOULPZP TEZHPTN BFPTUFCHB XIX-XX CHELB, UFTENYCHYEZP PVTEUFY "YUFYOOPE ITYUFYBOUFCHP" CH DPRPMOEOYE L ITYUFYBOUFCHH FTBDYGYPOOPNH, METSBEENKH CH THUME PZHYGYBMSHOPK GETLCHY. yNEOOOP ЪDEUSH METSBMY YUFPLY CHZMSDPCH CHSHCHDBAEYIUS TKHUULYI ZHYMPUPZHPCH-YDEBMYUFPCH LPOGB XIX - OBYUBMB XX CHELPCH, L FTKHDBN LPFPTSCHI UEKYUB CHOPPCHSH PVTBEBEFUS TPUUYKULBS JOFEMMYZEOGYS.
h 1822 ZPDH NBUPOUFChP CHOPCHSH VSHMP ЪBRTEEEOP, PDOBL OE YUYUEЪMP. MYVETBMSHOSHE YDEY, RTYOEOOOSCH TPUUYA NBUPOUFCHPN Y RPRHMSTYYTPCHBCHYYEUS NBUPOBNY, RHUFYMY ZMKHVPLYE LPTOY CH KHNBI TPUUYKULPK YOFEMMYZEOGYY. sing PUFBMYUSH CH RTPY'CHEDEOYSI CHSHCHDBAEYIUS TKHUULYI RYUBFEMEK, RHVMYGYUFPCH. ynEOOP SING RTPOYSHCHBMY MYVETBMSHOPE DCHYTSEOYE LPOGB XIX CHELB CH TPUUYY.
1822 ZPD YUFPTYLY YUYFBAF OE FPMSHLP ZPDPN ЪBRTEFB NBUPOUFCHB CH TPUUYY, OP Y ZPDPN OBYUBMB RETCHPK CHPMOSCH TKHUULPK BNYZTBGYY. NOPZYE YF FEE, LFP OE Refinery TsYFSH CH PVUFBOPPCHLE TEBLGYY, RPLYDBMY TPUUYA Y PUEDBMY CH DTHZYI UFTBOBI ECHTPRSCH, ZMBCHOSCHN PVTBBPN PE ZhTBOGYY, ZDE CHUFKHRBMY CH MPTSY CHEM YLPZP chPUFPLB YMY CHEMYLPK mPCY ZhTBOGYY. RETEVTBCHYUSH CH UFTBOSHCH U VPMEE MYVETBMSHOSCHN TETSYNPN, SING OE FETSMY UCHSJEK U DTHYSHSNYY TPDUFCHOOILBNY CH TPUUYY.
OUEUPNOOOOP, CHMYSOIE NBUPOUFCHB CH tPUUYY OE YUYUEYEMMP, OP OBYUYFEMSHOP PUMBVMP. th UYNCHPMYYUOP, YuFP ICHBFYMP FTEI MEF, YuFPVSHCH PVEEUFCHOOOPK NSHUMY UFTBOSH CHPPVMBDBMY YIDEY OBUIMSHUFCHEOOPZP RETEKHUFTPKUFCHB PVEEUFCHB. rTPRPchedSH UP'YDBOYS UNEOYMBUSH RTPRPchedSH TBTHYEOOS.
h DELBVTE 1825 ZPDB CH uBOLF-REFETVHTZE RTPYIPYEM NSFETS ABOUT UEOBFULPC RMPEBDI. rPDOEE TECHPMAGYPOETPCH-BTYUFPLTBFPCH UNEOYMY TECHPMAGYPOETSH-TBOPYUOGSH, B OB OINY - NBTLUYUFSHCH, RPUFBCHYYE FETTPPT, OBUYMYE, UPOBFEMSHOPE TBTHYE OYE PVEEUFCH B ABOUT OBKHYUOKHA PUOPCHH Y UDEMBCHYE LFP UCHPEK RTPZHEUUYEK. uFTBOB, ULPCHBOOBS LTERPUFOSHN RTBCHPN, PFSZPEEOOBS BVUPMAFOPK CHMBUFSHA GBTS, DHIPCHOSCHN UPZMSDBFBKUFChPN uYOPDB, OE NPZMB UCHPVPDOP TBCHYCHBFSHUS. MYYEOOOBS CHPNPTSOPUFY CHSHCHVPTB, POB DCHYOKHMBUSH RP RKHFY OBUYMYS, VEKHNOSHCHI Y LTPCHBCHSHCHI LTEUFSHSOULYI VHOFPC, ЪBZПЧПТПЧ И FETTPTB.

rPUME nBOYZHEUFB 1905 ZPDB fPMSHLP RPUME PLFSVTSHULPZP NBOYZHEUFB 1905 ZPDB CHOPCHSH RPSCHYMBUSH CHPNPTSOPUFSH UCHPVPDOP PVAEDYOSFSHUS, UPDBCHBFSH BUUPGYBGYY. 1906 YLPZP chPUFPLB zhTBOGYY ABOUT UPDBOYE CH tPUUYY TKHUULYI MPTs. vShchMY PFLTSCHFSH MPTSY "chPTPTsDEOYE" CH NPULCHY YUHFSH RPЪDOEE - "UECHETOBS ъCHEDB" CH UBOLF-REFETVHTZE. ch 1908 ZPDH "UECHETOBS ъCHEDB" RPMKHYUIMB RTBCHP UBNPUFPSFEMSHOP PFLTSCHCHBFSH OPCHSHCHE MPTSY VE LPOUKHMSHFBGYK U UPCHEFPN CHEMYLPZP chPUFPLB, B Ch 1910 ZPDH TKHUULYE MPTSY ZhPT NBMSHOP PFDEMYMYUSH PF ZHTBOGKHULYI, OBYUBCH UBNPUFPSFEMSHOKHA DESFEMSHOPUFSH.
pDOBLP PVUFBOPCHLB, CH LPFPTPK DEKUFCHPCHBMY OPCHSHCHE TKHUULYE MPTSY, EDCHB MY NPTsOP VSHMP OBCHBFSH VMBZPRTYSFOPK. CHUE SING OBIPDIMYUSH RPD OBJPTPN RPMYGYY, RPPFPNH OE NPZMY CHEUFY RTPFPLPMSCH UPVTBOYK Y DTKHZYE EBRYUY, MPTSY VSHMY NBMPYUMEOOSCHNY, UCHSY NETSDH OYNY OE RPDDETS YCHBMYUSH - YUMEOSH PDOPK MPTSY OE NPZMY OBFSH DBCE OBCHBOYS DTHZPK.
h FBLPK UYFKHBGYYY TEYUY VSHFSH OE NPZMP P OPTNBMSHOPK, URPLPKOPK TBVPFE. YuHCHUFCHHS RPUFPSOOSCHK RTYZMSD PITBOLL, PEHEBS RPUFPSOOHA KHZTPЪKH UFBFSH PTHDYEN CH RPMYFYUEULPK YZTE, CHPURTYOINBS LFP LBL TEBMSHOKHA KHZTPЪKH UEVE Y UCHPENH DCHYTSEOY A, NBUPOSCH OEYYVETSOP UFBMY RPMYFYYTPCHBFSHUS. rPUME PFDEMEOYS PF ZHTBOGKHULPZP CHEMYLPZP chPUFPLB POY PYUEOSH VSHUFTP PFPYMY PF UPVMADEOOYS PUOPCHPRPMBZBAEYI RTBCHYM (UTEDY LPFPTSCHI - BVUPMAFOSHCHK ЪBRTEF PVUKHTsDBFSH CHPRPTUSCH RPMYFYLYY TEMYZYY), VSHMY PFNEOOOSCH GETENOYY, TYFKHBMSHCH. OChPE TKHUULPE NBUPOUFChP RP UHFY DEMB RTECHTBFYMPUSH CH UELTEFOSHCHK RPMYFYUEULYK LMHV, FEUOP UCHSBOOSHCHK U LBDEFULPK RBTFYEK, IPFS UBN MYDET LBDEFPCH r.NYMALPCH L NBUPOUF CHH OE YNEM OILBLLPZP PFOPEYOYS.
OE UMKHYUBKOP TKHUULYE NBUPOSH FPZP CHTENEY UCHSBMY UEVS U LBDEFULPK RBTFJEK. ee YDEMPZYYUEULYE RPUFKHMBFSCH - LPOUFYFHGYPOOPE RTBCHMEOYE Y CHMBUFSH ЪBLPOB - CH OBYVPMSHYEK UFEREOY RPDIDYMY NBUPOBN, NEYUFBCHYYN P ZBTNPOYUOPN, TBGYPOBMSHOPN KHUFTKUFCHE P VEEUFCHB.
dPVTPN LFP, LPOYUOP, OE LPOYUMPUSH. ъBOSCHIYEUS RPMYFYLPK NBUPOSCH CHUE VPMSHYE Y VPMSHYE RPIPDIMY ABOUT ЪБЗПЧПЭЛПЧ; KHUIMEOYE YPCHYOYNB ABOUT ZHPOE OEHDBYU tPUUYY CH TKHUULP-SRPOULPK CHPKOE Y OBTECHBCHYEK RETCHPK NYTPCHPK CHPKOSH DPVBCHMSMP YN PRESSES "YYNEOOYLPCH OBGYPOBMSHOPK IDEE". lBDEFULBS RBTFYS, OUUPNOOOOP, UYMSHOP CHSHYZTBMB PF VMYJPUFY L NBUPOBN, LPFPTSHCHE OBYUYFEMSHOP PVPZBFYMY YDEMPZYA LPOUFYFHGYPOOSCHI DENPLTBFPCH. CHEDSH OE UMKHYUBKOP CH RETCHPN UPUFBCHE chTENEOOPZP RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB VSHMP DEUSFSH NBUPOPCH. pDOBLP LFP HCE OYUEZP OE NPZMP YJNEOIFSH - KHNBNY CHMBDEMY IDEY OBUYMSHUFCHEOOPZP RETEDEMB PVEEUFCHB, OPUYFEMSNY LPFPTSCHI VSHMY UFTENIFEMSHOP OBVYTBCHYE UYMKH VPMSHYECHYYY OBYUYFEMSHOBS YUBUFSH UETPCH.
h PLFSVTE 1917 ZPDB CHMBUFSH RETEYMB CH THLY VPMSHYECHYLPCH. h RPDBCHMSAEN VPMSHYYOUFCHE NBUPOBN RTYYMPUSH RPLYOKHFSH TPUUYA, PDOBLP UBNP NBUPOUFCHP KHZBUMP OE UTBH. pOP RTPDPMTSBMP UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH YUETE NBTFYOYUFPCH, DESFEMSHOPUFSH v.z.buFTPNPCHB, LPFPTPNKH DBCE KHDBMPUSH UPDBFSH CH 1922 ZPDH "ZEOETBMSHOHA mPTsKH BUFTES". h 1925 ZPDH ON CH PVNEO FETRYNPUFSH CHMBUFEK RTEDMPTSYM UCHPY HUMKHZY zrkh, YuFP OE URBUMP, DB OE NPZMP URBUFY OH EZP UBNPZP, OH EZP PTZBOYBGYA. ch 1926 ZPDKH Y ON UBN, Y CHUE YUMEOSH MPTSY (21 YUEMPCHEL) VShchMY BTEUFPCHBOSH Y PFRTBCHMEOSCH H MBZETS, YUFP CH FP CHTENS VSHMP CHRPMOE ЪBLPOPNETOP - H BFNPUZHETE NBUUPCHPZP FETTPTB Y YDEPMP ZYUEULPK GEOKHTSCH NBUPOSCH, CHUEZDB CHSHCHUFKHRBCHYE ЪB UCHPVPDOPE TBCHYFYE MYUOPUFY, UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH RTPUFP OE NPZMY .

tPUUYKULYE NBUPOSH UEZPDOS OB LFPN, PDOBLP, YUFPTYS NBUPOUFCHB CH TPUUYY OE ЪBLPOYUMBUSH. edChB KHUREMY RBUFSH YDEMPZYUEULYE PLCHSH VPMSHYECHYNB, CHPMSHOSHE LBNEOOEYLY CHOPCHSH OBYUBMY UCHPY TBVPFSCH. h BRTEME 1991 ZPDB CHEMILINE chPUFPLPN ZhTBOGYY, CH OBYUYFEMSHOPK UFEREOY UPITBOYCHYN DHI TKHUULPZP NBUPOUFCHB, VSHMB KHYUTETSDEOB RETCHBS CH OPChPK tPUUYY MPCB. UEZPDOS CHPMSHOSHE LBNEOOEYLY UPVITBAFUS ABOUT UCHPY TBVPFSHCH NPULCHE, uBOLF-REFETVHTZE, chPTPOETSE, bTIBOZEMSHULE. h FYYY UCHPYI YNRTPCHYYTPCHBOOSCHI ITBNPCH POY RTDPDPMTSBAF YJDTECHME EBRPCHEDBOOSCHK YN FTHD DHIPCHOPZP ЪPDYUEFCHB.