The soils of the Non-Chernozem zone of the RSFSR are poor soils. To sharply increase their fertility, to strengthen the microbiological activity of the soil allows the introduction of organic fertilizers. And every year there are more and more of them. Therefore, the gardener himself must find reserves for creating composts. In Latin, compost means "composite". It includes various organic residues and mixtures with peat, soil, feces, phosphate rock and other constituents. In terms of efficiency, compost is equivalent to manure.
During the year on a garden plot of 600 sq. m can be obtained from plant residues, last year's leaves, household waste, toilet waste 120 kg of finished compost. This amount is enough to fertilize 50% of the garden area.
The presence of compost heaps in the garden testifies to the high agronomic and sanitary culture of the gardener, his prudence, because without any special material costs he provides his garden, vegetable garden and flower garden with rich organic fertilizer.
Compost types
Several types of composts are known: peat-dung, peat-faecal, peat-ash, peat-phosphorite, peat-garbage, peat-garbage-garbage, garden prefabricated, peat-turf, etc. Depending on the type of compost, it becomes ready for use within 6-12 months, except for peat-faecal, which matures by the end of the second year.
Components of all composts
The main component of all composts is ventilated peat. If it is not available, use the soil of the upper horizon. Ready compost is used at the rate of 4 kg per 1 sq. m of a 20 cm layer of soil. Peat-fecal compost is used for all fruit, berry and ornamental crops, except for strawberries, potatoes, root crops. Other types of composts are used for all crops.
Composting
For the annual preparation of any kind of compost in the backyard garden of 600 sq. m should have 1 ton of peat. The largest amount of plant residues, last year's leaves, vegetable waste is observed in May, June and September. All this waste is put into compost.
Under the compost site, choose the most shaded place in the garden, away from the garden house - both your own and your neighbor's. It is best to place the compost heap near the utility block.
It is rational to have two compost heaps in the garden: one - bookmarks of the current year, the other - of the past, with already ripe and usable compost.
Under the compost pile, they dig a pit 1.5 - 1.25 wide and 0.5 m deep. Its length depends on the amount of plant residues. The height of the heap is brought to 1.5 m. The soil taken out of the pit can be used instead of peat. If the site is wet, then the pit is not made.
An asbestos-cement pipe is laid in the middle of the compost heap, the ends of which are open to air access, which helps to accelerate the maturation of the compost due to the vital activity of aerobic microorganisms. At the bottom of the compost heap, dry, ventilated peat is poured with a layer of 10-15 cm or sod is laid 15-20 cm.
Compost consisting of carbon-containing layers (last year's leaves, pine or spruce needles, sawdust, wood chips, shavings, bark, paper, hay, straw, rotten wood) and nitrogen-containing substances (green weeds with aerial and root systems, fresh grass, turf, vegetable waste, potato and tomato tops, garbage, fermented sludge, manure, droppings, urine, slop, we flax water, etc.), has the highest nutritional value.
The compost is laid in layers. The first layer of 40 cm is placed from carbon-containing substances, then a layer of 10 cm of nitrogen-containing substances, etc. If there is little waste of this type, then any nitrogen mineral fertilizer is applied at the rate of 2-3 kg of nitrogen fertilizers per 100 kg of leaves. To neutralize the excess acidity of the compost per 100 kg of mass (about 7-8 buckets), add 2-3 kg of lime, or 4-5 wood ash, or 5-6 kg of peat ash, or 2-3 kg of oven soot. To increase the nutritional value of compost per 100 kg of mass, add 2–3 kg of superphosphate or 2–4 kg of phosphate rock.
The compost is mixed monthly with a pitchfork. If there are dry components in the compost, then they are moistened with water, urine, slurry.
To keep the heat in the compost and reduce the volatilization of ammonia, the stack is covered with peat, earth, turf or old film.
Gardeners who are just starting to develop the site should remember that for several years they will need a lot of fertile soil for vegetable, fruit, berry and ornamental crops. Such soil is the surface layer, or, as it is called, sod. They cut the sod from the construction sites of the future garden house, the utility block and from the paths.
B.Popov
Conflict as a multidimensional phenomenon has its own structure. However, as in the issue of defining the concept of conflict, there is no single point of view on the problem of conflict structuring.
From a psychological point of view, the following components of the conflict are distinguished:
- 1) parties (participants) of the conflict;
- 2) the conditions of the conflict;
- 3) the subject of the conflict;
- 4) actions of the participants in the conflict;
- 5) the outcome (result) of the conflict.
Grishina calls these elements of conflict the structural characteristics of the conflict.
Consider the structure of the conflict proposed by the authors A.Ya. Antsupov and A.I. Shipilov, which seems to us the most effective.
AND I. Antsupov, A.I. Shipilov distinguishes objective and psychological components of the conflict in the structure of the conflict. They define the structure of the conflict as a set of stable links of the conflict, ensuring its integrity, identity to itself, difference from other phenomena of social life, without which it cannot exist as a dynamically interconnected integral system and process [Antsupov, p.230]. This structure of the conflict is applicable to the conflict situation. Consider the main components of the conflict according to this point of view.
The objective components of the conflict include: the participants in the conflict, the subject of the conflict, the object of the conflict, the micro- and macroenvironment.
Conflict participants are people who can act in the conflict as individuals (for example, in a family conflict), as officials (vertical conflict) or as legal entities (representatives of institutions or organizations). In addition, they can form various groupings and social groups up to such entities as states.
The degree of participation in the conflict can be different: from direct opposition to indirect influence on the course of the conflict. Based on this, they distinguish: the main participants in the conflict; support groups; other participants.
The main participants in the conflict are the parties, the opposing forces. These are the subjects of the conflict that directly perform active (offensive or defensive) actions against each other. The opposing sides are the key link in any conflict. When one of the parties withdraws from the conflict, it ends. If in an interpersonal conflict one of the participants is replaced by a new one, then the conflict changes, a new conflict begins. This is because the interests and goals of the parties in an interpersonal conflict are individualized.
In an intergroup or interstate conflict, the departure or arrival of a new participant does not affect the conflict. In such a conflict, irreplaceability refers not to the individual, but to the group or state.
Support groups can be represented by friends, subjects associated with opponents by some obligations, colleagues at work. The support group may include leaders or subordinates of opponents. In intergroup and interstate conflicts, these are states, various interstate associations, public organizations, and the media.
Other participants are actors that have an episodic influence on the course and outcome of the conflict. These are the instigators and organizers. An instigator is a person, organization or state that pushes another participant into a conflict. The instigator himself may then not participate in this conflict. Its task is to provoke, unleash the conflict and its development, providing for. Organizer - a person or group planning a conflict and its development, providing for various ways of providing and protecting participants, etc.
The subject of the conflict is an objectively existing or imaginary problem that serves as the basis of the conflict. This is the contradiction, because of which and for the sake of the resolution of which the parties enter into confrontation.
The object of conflict is not always easy to determine. The object of the conflict can be a material (resource), social (power) or spiritual (idea, norm, principle) value, which both opponents strive to possess or use.
To become an object of conflict, an element of the material, social or spiritual sphere must be at the intersection of personal, group, public or state interests of subjects who seek to control it. It is important to be able to identify the object of the conflict in order to constructively resolve it. The loss of the object of the conflict, the erroneous selection of a false object significantly complicates the process of solving the problem.
The micro and macro environment are the conditions in which the participants in the conflict are and act. The social environment as a complex of conditions is understood quite broadly. It includes not only the immediate environment of the individual, but also social groups, of which this individual is a representative. Accounting for this environment at the level of microenvironment and macroenvironment allows us to understand the content side of the goals, motives of the parties, as well as their dependence on this environment.
The psychological components of the conflict include the motives of the parties, conflict behavior, information models of the conflict situation,
Motives in a conflict are incentives to enter into a conflict associated with meeting the needs of the opponent, a set of external and internal conditions that cause the subject's conflict activity. In a conflict, it is often difficult to reveal the true motives of opponents, since in most cases they hide them, presenting in their positions and declared goals the motivation for participating in the conflict, which differs from the primary motives. The motives of the opposing parties are specified in their goals. Target - this is a conscious image of the anticipated result, to achieve which the actions of a person are aimed. The goal of the subject in the conflict is his idea of the final result of the conflict, its anticipated useful (from the point of view of the individual or social, group significance) result. In a conflict, one can single out the strategic and tactical goals of the opponents. The main goal of the opponent is to master the object of the conflict.
Conflict behavior - consists of oppositely directed actions of the participants in the conflict. These actions implement processes hidden from external perception in the mental, emotional and volitional spheres of opponents. The alternation of mutual reactions aimed at realizing the interests of each side and limiting the interests of the opponent constitutes the visible social reality of the conflict.
Strategies in conflict are implemented through various tactics. Tactics - this is a set of methods of influencing the opponent, a means of implementing the strategy. The same tactic can be used in different strategies. Thus, threat or pressure, considered as destructive actions, can be used in case of unwillingness or inability of one of the parties to yield beyond certain limits. The following types of tactics in conflict are distinguished: tactics of capturing and holding the object of conflict, tactics of physical violence (damage), tactics of psychological violence (damage), tactics of pressure, tactics of demonstrative actions, sanctions, coalition tactics, tactics of fixing one's position, tactics of friendliness, tactics of transactions.
Information models of a conflict situation - in another way, this subjective component of a conflict situation is called the perception of the conflict by the opponents. It is extremely important for understanding the emergence and development of the conflict.
So, in this chapter we have considered the structure of the conflict. In our opinion, the description of the constituent components of the conflict, proposed by A.Yu. Antsupov and A.I. Shipilov, is the most optimal.
Whatever point of view on the problem of structuring and highlighting the main elements of the conflict, we do not single out, the main components will remain the participants in the conflict, its subject and object. The selection of the constituent components helps to better understand the causes of the conflict, to find the most appropriate solutions.
Thus, in the theoretical part of our work, we examined the main points of view on the problem of conflict and its place in modern society. Conflict is a social phenomenon, it is a certain type of relationship between people. Conflictology as a science is a relatively young science, which leads to the lack of a consensus on the nature of the conflict, its definition and place in society. However, all researchers agree that it is necessary to study conflicts. The future of our planet depends on this, because the bitter experience of previous centuries shows us the consequences of conflicts at various levels.
Depending on the type of conflict, there are different ways to resolve them. The structure of the conflict, no matter what the conflict is - intrapersonal, interpersonal, interstate - will always contain participants, subject, object, social environment, as well as various psychological components of the conflict.
FOR THE HEALTH OF THE POPULATION.
Topic: ATMOSPHERIC AIR, ITS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPONENTS.
AIR POLLUTION; THEIR IMPACT
The gaseous envelope of the earth is called the atmosphere. The total weight of the earth's atmosphere is 5.13 × 10 15 tons.
The air that forms the atmosphere is a mixture of various gases. The main ones are:
Oxygen 20.95
Carbon dioxide 0.03
Inert gases approx. 1%
Ozone 0.000001
Radon 6.10 -18
Let us dwell on the characteristics of the individual components of air.
The main component of the atmosphere is nitrogen. Nitrogen is an inert gas. It does not support breathing and combustion. In a nitrogen atmosphere, life is impossible.
Nitrogen plays an important biological role. Air nitrogen is absorbed by some types of bacteria and algae, which form organic compounds from it.
Under the influence of atmospheric electricity, a small amount of nitrogen ions is formed, which are washed out of the atmosphere by precipitation and enrich the soil with salts of nitrous and nitric acid. Salts of nitrous acid under the influence of soil bacteria turn into nitrites. Nitrites and ammonia salts are absorbed by plants and serve for the synthesis of proteins.
Thus, the transformation of the inert nitrogen of the atmosphere into the living matter of the organic world is carried out.
The biological significance of nitrogen is not limited to its participation in the cycle of nitrogenous substances. It plays an important role as a diluent of atmospheric oxygen, since life is impossible in pure oxygen.
An increase in the nitrogen content in the air causes hypoxia and asphyxia due to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen.
With an increase in partial pressure, nitrogen exhibits narcotic properties (for example, diving, caisson work).
The most important component of the atmosphere is gaseous oxygen (O 2).
The biological role of oxygen is extremely high. Life is impossible without oxygen. The earth's atmosphere contains 1.18 × 10 15 tons of oxygen.
In nature, the processes of oxygen consumption are continuously going on: the respiration of humans and animals, the processes of combustion, oxidation. At the same time, the processes of restoring the oxygen content in the air (photosynthesis) are continuously going on. Plants absorb carbon dioxide, break it down, absorb carbon, and release oxygen into the atmosphere. Plants emit 0.5 × 10 5 million tons of oxygen into the atmosphere. This is enough to cover the natural loss of oxygen. Therefore, its content in the air is constant and amounts to 20.95%.
The continuous flow of air masses mixes the troposphere, which is why there is no difference in the oxygen content in cities and rural areas. The oxygen concentration fluctuates within a few tenths of a percent.
With a drop in the partial pressure of oxygen in humans and animals, oxygen starvation phenomena are observed. Significant changes in the partial pressure of oxygen occur when rising above sea level. The phenomena of oxygen deficiency can be observed when climbing mountains (mountaineering, tourism), during air travel. Climbing to a height of 3000m can cause altitude sickness or altitude sickness.
With long-term living in highlands, people develop an addiction to a lack of oxygen and acclimatization occurs.
A high partial pressure of oxygen is unfavorable for humans. At a partial pressure of more than 600 mm, the vital capacity of the lungs decreases. Inhalation of pure oxygen (partial pressure 760 mm) causes pulmonary edema, pneumonia, convulsions.
Ozone is an integral part of the atmosphere. Its mass is 3.5 billion tons. The ozone content in the atmosphere varies with the seasons of the year: in spring it is high, in autumn it is low. The ozone content depends on the latitude of the area: the closer to the equator, the lower it is.
The ozone concentration is unevenly distributed along the height. Its highest content is observed at an altitude of 20-30 km.
Ozone is continuously produced in the stratosphere. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation from the sun, oxygen molecules dissociate (break down) to form atomic oxygen. Oxygen atoms recombine (combine) with oxygen molecules and form ozone (O 3). At altitudes above and below 20-30 km, the processes of photosynthesis (formation) of ozone slow down.
The presence of an ozone layer in the atmosphere is of great importance for the existence of life on Earth.
Ozone delays the short-wave part of the solar radiation spectrum, does not transmit waves shorter than 290 nm (nanometers). In the absence of ozone, life on earth would be impossible, due to the destructive effect of short ultraviolet radiation on all living things.
An increase in ozone in the air is observed during a thunderstorm as a result of discharges of atmospheric electricity.
Ozone is one of the toxic substances. A significant increase in its concentration in the air leads to photochemical oxidation of organic substances that enter the atmosphere with vehicle exhaust gases and industrial emissions. Ozone has an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, throat at a concentration of 0.2-1 mg/m 3 .
Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is found in the atmosphere at a concentration of 0.03%. Its total amount is 2330 billion tons. A large amount of carbon dioxide is found in dissolved form in the water of the seas and oceans. In a bound form, it is a part of dolomites and limestones. The atmosphere is constantly replenished with carbon dioxide as a result of the vital processes of living organisms, the processes of combustion, decay, and fermentation. A person emits 580 liters of carbon dioxide per day. A large amount of carbon dioxide is released during the decomposition of limestone.
Despite the presence of numerous sources of formation, there is no significant accumulation of carbon dioxide in the air. Carbon dioxide is constantly assimilated (assimilated) by plants during photosynthesis.
In addition to plants, the seas and oceans are the regulator of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. When the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the air rises, it dissolves in water, and when it decreases, it is released into the atmosphere.
In the surface atmosphere, small fluctuations in the concentration of carbon dioxide are observed: it is lower over the ocean than over land; higher in the forest than in the field; higher in cities than outside the city.
Carbon dioxide plays an important role in the life of animals and humans. It stimulates the respiratory center.
An increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the air has an adverse effect on the human body, causes increased breathing, irritation of the mucous membranes. In the air of residential and public buildings, the content of carbon dioxide is normalized. The maximum allowable concentration (MAC) is 0.1%. There is some amount in the air inert gases: argon, neon, helium, krypton and xenon. These gases belong to the zero group of the periodic table, do not react with other elements, and are inert in the chemical sense.
In addition to the constituent parts of the atmosphere, it contains various impurities of natural origin and pollution introduced as a result of human activities. This atmospheric pollution.
Artificial sources of atmospheric pollution are divided into 4 groups:
1. transport;
2. industry;
3. thermal power engineering;
4. garbage burning.
Let's take a look at their brief description.
The current situation is characterized by the fact that the volume of road transport emissions exceeds the volume of emissions from industrial enterprises.
One car releases more than 200 chemical compounds into the air. Each car consumes an average of 2 tons of fuel and 30 tons of air per year, and emits 700 kg of carbon monoxide (CO), 230 kg of unburned hydrocarbons, 40 kg of nitrogen oxides (NO 2) and 2-5 kg of solids into the atmosphere.
Industrial enterprises are second only to transport in terms of environmental damage.
The enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, petrochemical and coke-chemical industries, as well as enterprises for the production of building materials pollute the atmospheric air most intensively. They emit tens of tons of soot, dust, metals and their compounds (copper, zinc, lead, nickel, tin, etc.) into the atmosphere.
Entering the atmosphere, metals pollute the soil, accumulate in it, penetrate into the water of reservoirs.
In areas where industrial enterprises are located, the population is at risk of adverse effects of atmospheric pollution.
In addition to solid particles, industry emits various gases into the air: sulfuric anhydride, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons, radioactive gases.
Pollutants can stay in the environment for a long time and have a harmful effect on the human body.
Massive air pollution is observed during the combustion of solid and liquid fuels at thermal power plants. They are the main sources of air pollution with sulfur and nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, soot and dust. These sources are characterized by massive air pollution.
Currently, many facts are known about the adverse effects of atmospheric pollution on human health. Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on the human body.
Examples of the acute impact of atmospheric pollution on public health are toxic mists. Concentrations of toxic substances in the air increased under unfavorable meteorological conditions.
The chronic effect is manifested in an increase in the general morbidity of the population due to atmospheric pollution. As a result of exposure to atmospheric pollution in industrial centers, an increase is observed:
The overall mortality rate from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases;
Acute nonspecific morbidity of the upper respiratory tract;
Chronic bronchitis;
Bronchial asthma;
Emphysema of the lungs;
lung cancer;
Decrease in life expectancy and creative activity.
The respiratory organs, the digestive system and the skin are the “entrance gates” for toxic substances and serve as targets for their direct and indirect action.
The impact of atmospheric pollution on living conditions is regarded as indirect (indirect) impact atmospheric pollution on public health.
It includes:
Decrease in general illumination;
Decrease in ultraviolet radiation of the sun;
Changing climatic conditions;
Deterioration of living conditions;
Negative impact on green spaces;
negative impact on animals.
Substances that pollute the atmosphere also cause great damage to buildings, structures, building materials.
All of the above indicates that the protection of atmospheric air from pollution is a problem of extreme importance and the object of close attention of specialists in all countries of the world.
All measures for the protection of atmospheric air should be carried out comprehensively in several areas:
1. Legislative measures. These are laws adopted by the government of the country aimed at protecting the air environment;
2. Rational placement of industrial and residential areas;
3. Technological measures aimed at reducing emissions into the atmosphere;
4. Sanitary and technical measures;
5. Development of hygienic standards for atmospheric air;
6. Control over the purity of atmospheric air;
7. Control over the work of industrial enterprises;
8. Improvement of populated areas, landscaping, watering, creation of protective gaps between industrial enterprises and residential complexes.
Iron - plastic metal of silver-white color with low hardness (HB 80). Melting point - 1539°C, density 7.83 g/cm 3 . It has polymorphic modifications. With carbon, iron forms a chemical compound and solid solutions.
ferrite is called a solid solution of carbon in a-iron. The carbon content in ferrite is very low - the maximum is 0.02% at a temperature of 727°C. Due to such a low carbon content, the properties of ferrite coincide with those of iron (low hardness and high ductility). A solid solution of carbon in the high-temperature modification Feα (i.e., in Feδ) is often referred to as δ-ferrite or high-temperature ferrite.
Rice. 8.1. Ferrite
austenite is a solid solution of carbon in γ-iron. The maximum carbon content in austenite is 2.14% (at a temperature of 1147°C). It has a hardness of HB 220. Fig. 1. 8.2. austenite
Rice. 8.2. austenite
Cementite - this is a chemical compound of iron with carbon (iron carbide) Fe 3 C. It contains 6.67% carbon (by mass). It has a complex rhombic crystal lattice. It is characterized by very high hardness (HB 800), extremely low ductility and brittleness.
Rice. 8.3. Lamellar perlite
Rice. 8.4. Granular perlite
Perlite is a mechanical mixture of ferrite with cementite. Contains 0.8% carbon, formed from austenite at a temperature of 727°C. It has a lamellar structure, i.e. its grains consist of alternating plates of ferrite and cementite. Perlite is a eutectoid.
eutectoid - This is a mechanical mixture of two phases, formed from a solid solution (and not from a liquid alloy, like a eutectic).
ledeburite is a eutectic mixture of austenite and cementite. Contains 4.3% carbon, formed from a liquid alloy at a temperature of 1147°C. At a temperature of 727°C, austenite, which is part of ledeburite, turns into pearlite, and below this temperature, ledeburite is a mechanical mixture of pearlite and cementite.
The cementite phase has five structural forms: primary cementite formed from a liquid alloy; secondary cementite, formed from austenite; tertiary cementite, formed from ferrite; ledeburite cementite; perlite cementite.
Fe-Fe 3 C diagram. On fig. 8.5 shows a diagram of the state of iron alloys with cementite. On the horizontal axis of concentrations, the carbon content is plotted from 0 to 6.67%. The left vertical axis corresponds to 100% iron content. It plots the melting temperature of iron and the temperatures of its polymorphic transformations. The right vertical axis (6.67% carbon) corresponds to 100% cementite content. The letter designation of the diagram points is accepted according to the international standard and is not subject to change.
| Dot | Heating temperature, °C | Limit concentration of carbon, % | Point characteristic |
| A | melting point of iron | ||
| IN | 0,51 | The composition of the liquid phase in the peritectic reaction | |
| WITH | 4,3 | The composition of the eutectic - ledeburite | |
| D | 6,67 | Melting point of cementite | |
| E | 2,14 | Limiting solubility of carbon in γ-iron | |
| J | 0,16 | Composition of austenite in peritectic reaction | |
| H | 0,1 | Composition of ferrite in peritectic reaction | |
| N | Transformation of δ - iron into γ - iron | ||
| G | Transformation of α - iron into γ - iron | ||
| S | 0,8 | The composition of the eutectoid is pearlite | |
| P | 0,025 | Limiting solubility of carbon in α - iron | |
| Q | 0,01 | Minimum solubility of carbon in α - iron |
Rice. 8.5. Iron-carbon state diagram.
Iron-carbon alloys, depending on the carbon content, are divided into technical iron (up to 0.02% C), steel (from 0.02 to 2.14% C) and cast iron (from 2.14 to 6.67% C). Steel containing up to 0.8% C is called hypereutectoid, 0.8% C - eutectoid and more than 0.8% C - hypereutectoid. Cast iron containing from 2.14 to 4.3% C is called hypoeutectic, exactly 4.3% - eutectic and from 4.3 to 6.67% C - hypereutectic.
The structure of technical iron is ferrite grains or ferrite with a small amount of tertiary cementite. Perlite is an essential structural component of steel. The structure of hypoeutectoid steel consists of evenly distributed grains of ferrite and pearlite. Eutectoid steel is made up of only pearlite. The structure of hypereutectoid steel is pearlite grains surrounded by a continuous or discontinuous mesh of secondary cementite. Cast iron is characterized by the presence of ledeburite in the structure. The structure of hypoeutectic cast iron consists of pearlite, secondary cementite and ledeburite, eutectic - from ledeburite and hypereutectic - from ledeburite and primary cementite.
The significance of the iron-cementite diagram is that it allows one to explain the dependence of the structure and, accordingly, the properties of steels and cast irons on the carbon content and to determine the heat treatment modes for changing the properties of steels.
Questions for self-control.
1. Name the components, phases and structural components of the diagram.
2. What is ferrite, austenite, perlite, ledeburite and cementite?
3.Tell the properties of the microstructure of the phases and the structural components of the diagram.
4. Write the transformation reactions on the diagram.
5. What are the liquidus and solidus lines of the diagram?
6. Tell the process of crystallization of alloys with different carbon content (<0,025; 0,16;0,51; 0,8; 1,5; 2,5 и 4,3%).
Lesson 9. Practical work No. 1 "Study of the state diagram "Iron-cementite".
Goal of the work:
The study of phases and structural components, as well as phase transformations of the diagram.
Material equipment:
To carry out the work, you must have: a poster of the Fe-Fe 3 C state diagram, an album of phase microstructures and structural components of the diagram.
Healthy lifestyle - A healthy lifestyle and its components help a person maintain optimal health. It actively influences our whole life.
What components of a healthy lifestyle are important for a long life of a person? Today we will try to understand this issue.
Almost everyone has heard the words about a healthy lifestyle, that a healthy lifestyle will help you live long. For many years, it makes it possible to look young and well-groomed.
But why do people neglect this and do not strive to fulfill the basic elements of a healthy lifestyle? Maybe because they don't know what it is.
Components of a healthy lifestyle
A healthy lifestyle is a lifestyle that is aimed at preventing diseases, strengthening the human body with the help of simple components: proper nutrition, exercise, giving up bad habits and a calm life that does not cause nervous shocks.
Thinking about a healthy lifestyle of a person causes a deterioration in his health. This is influenced by: the environment, stressful work, crime news, bad habits, etc.
But you can try to solve these problems if:
develop the habit of leading a healthy lifestyle from early childhood;
be aware that the environment does not always benefit the human body;
remember that cigarettes, alcohol and drugs cause irreparable damage to health;
proper nutrition improves health, reduces the risk of diseases of the cardiovascular system, improves the condition of the skin, hair and nails, and also contributes to better digestion;
playing sports makes it possible to feel cheerful throughout life;
adjust the emotional, psychological and spiritual well-being.
Let's look at how the elements of a healthy lifestyle affect a person and what needs to be done to improve life. To understand why to lead a healthy lifestyle, remember what a person looks like who does not.
Life without a healthy lifestyle
A person who leads a healthy lifestyle stands out in any team. But why can't everyone constantly improve their well-being? Usually, it depends on the people who surround the person. For example, if the family does not like to play sports, then the child will refuse morning exercises. If all friends eat at fast food cafes, then not every person will be able to resist this. This situation has developed in the United States, when all the inhabitants of the country began to be called the "fast food nation".
What happens if pregnant women stop taking care of their health? This situation can lead to the birth of a whole generation of unhealthy children. In addition, it is worth remembering about genetic inheritance. Many years of research by scientists have proven that bad habits on the paternal side are transmitted not only to children, but to grandchildren and great-grandchildren. This means that generations of people with bad habits and poor health will grow in the family.
For many young people, sedentary office work is added to this, which, by a certain age, makes itself felt with various diseases, obesity, and disorders of the musculoskeletal system. Stressful situations in transport, at home and at work lead to disruption of the nervous and cardiovascular systems.
Ecology and healthy lifestyle
Any person can deal with such factors on their own. The main thing in your life is to find a place to lead a healthy lifestyle. But there are moments that are difficult to influence, and they have a negative impact on the human body. Such moments include the ecological state of the environment. Polluted water bodies, exhaust gases, increased background radiation and much more, which reduces a person's life for decades.
Alcohol is no less harmful than smoking. But the worst thing is that its excessive use leads a person to degradation. Alcohol does a lot of harm to the heart. The muscles of the heart become flabby, and contractions become sluggish. When alcohol is consumed, metabolism worsens, the walls of blood vessels become thin, blood clotting increases, as a result, a heart attack occurs and atherosclerosis develops.
