Methods for obtaining iron chemistry. Chemical and physical properties of iron

Iron is an element of a side subgroup of the eighth group of the fourth period of the periodic system of chemical elements of D. I. Mendeleev with atomic number 26. It is designated by the symbol Fe (lat. Ferrum). One of the most common metals in the earth's crust (second place after aluminum). Medium activity metal, reducing agent.

Main oxidation states - +2, +3

A simple substance iron is a malleable silver-white metal with a high chemical reactivity: iron quickly corrodes at high temperatures or high humidity in the air. In pure oxygen, iron burns, and in a finely dispersed state, it ignites spontaneously in air.

Chemical properties of a simple substance - iron:

Rusting and burning in oxygen

1) In air, iron is easily oxidized in the presence of moisture (rusting):

4Fe + 3O 2 + 6H 2 O → 4Fe(OH) 3

A heated iron wire burns in oxygen, forming scale - iron oxide (II, III):

3Fe + 2O 2 → Fe 3 O 4

3Fe + 2O 2 → (Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 (160 ° С)

2) At high temperatures (700–900°C), iron reacts with water vapor:

3Fe + 4H 2 O - t ° → Fe 3 O 4 + 4H 2

3) Iron reacts with non-metals when heated:

2Fe+3Cl 2 →2FeCl 3 (200 °C)

Fe + S – t° → FeS (600 °С)

Fe + 2S → Fe +2 (S 2 -1) (700 ° С)

4) In a series of voltages, it is to the left of hydrogen, reacts with dilute acids Hcl and H 2 SO 4, while iron (II) salts are formed and hydrogen is released:

Fe + 2HCl → FeCl 2 + H 2 (reactions are carried out without air access, otherwise Fe +2 is gradually converted by oxygen into Fe +3)

Fe + H 2 SO 4 (diff.) → FeSO 4 + H 2

In concentrated oxidizing acids, iron dissolves only when heated, it immediately passes into the Fe 3+ cation:

2Fe + 6H 2 SO 4 (conc.) – t° → Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3SO 2 + 6H 2 O

Fe + 6HNO 3 (conc.) – t° → Fe(NO 3) 3 + 3NO 2 + 3H 2 O

(in the cold, concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids passivate

An iron nail immersed in a bluish solution of copper sulphate is gradually covered with a coating of red metallic copper.

5) Iron displaces metals to the right of it in solutions of their salts.

Fe + CuSO 4 → FeSO 4 + Cu

Amphotericity of iron is manifested only in concentrated alkalis during boiling:

Fe + 2NaOH (50%) + 2H 2 O \u003d Na 2 ↓ + H 2

and a precipitate of sodium tetrahydroxoferrate(II) is formed.

Technical iron- alloys of iron with carbon: cast iron contains 2.06-6.67% C, steel 0.02-2.06% C, other natural impurities (S, P, Si) and artificially introduced special additives (Mn, Ni, Cr) are often present, which gives iron alloys technically useful properties - hardness, thermal and corrosion resistance, malleability, etc. .

Blast furnace iron production process

The blast-furnace process of iron production consists of the following stages:

a) preparation (roasting) of sulfide and carbonate ores - conversion to oxide ore:

FeS 2 → Fe 2 O 3 (O 2, 800 ° С, -SO 2) FeCO 3 → Fe 2 O 3 (O 2, 500-600 ° С, -CO 2)

b) burning coke with hot blast:

C (coke) + O 2 (air) → CO 2 (600-700 ° C) CO 2 + C (coke) ⇌ 2CO (700-1000 ° C)

c) reduction of oxide ore with carbon monoxide CO in succession:

Fe2O3 →(CO)(Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 →(CO) FeO →(CO) Fe

d) carburization of iron (up to 6.67% C) and melting of cast iron:

Fe (t ) →(C(coke)900-1200°С) Fe (g) (cast iron, t pl 1145°C)

In cast iron, cementite Fe 2 C and graphite are always present in the form of grains.

Steel production

The redistribution of cast iron into steel is carried out in special furnaces (converter, open-hearth, electric), which differ in the method of heating; process temperature 1700-2000 °C. Blowing oxygen-enriched air burns out excess carbon from cast iron, as well as sulfur, phosphorus and silicon in the form of oxides. In this case, oxides are either captured in the form of exhaust gases (CO 2, SO 2), or are bound into an easily separated slag - a mixture of Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 and CaSiO 3. To obtain special steels, alloying additives of other metals are introduced into the furnace.

Receipt pure iron in industry - electrolysis of a solution of iron salts, for example:

FeCl 2 → Fe↓ + Cl 2 (90°C) (electrolysis)

(there are other special methods, including the reduction of iron oxides with hydrogen).

Pure iron is used in the production of special alloys, in the manufacture of cores of electromagnets and transformers, cast iron is used in the production of castings and steel, steel is used as structural and tool materials, including wear-, heat- and corrosion-resistant materials.

Iron(II) oxide F EO . Amphoteric oxide with a large predominance of basic properties. Black, has an ionic structure of Fe 2+ O 2-. When heated, it first decomposes, then re-forms. It is not formed during the combustion of iron in air. Does not react with water. Decomposed by acids, fused with alkalis. Slowly oxidizes in moist air. Recovered by hydrogen, coke. Participates in the blast-furnace process of iron smelting. It is used as a component of ceramics and mineral paints. Equations of the most important reactions:

4FeO ⇌ (Fe II Fe 2 III) + Fe (560-700 ° С, 900-1000 ° С)

FeO + 2HC1 (razb.) \u003d FeC1 2 + H 2 O

FeO + 4HNO 3 (conc.) \u003d Fe (NO 3) 3 + NO 2 + 2H 2 O

FeO + 4NaOH \u003d 2H 2 O + Na 4FeO3(red.) trioxoferrate(II)(400-500 °С)

FeO + H 2 \u003d H 2 O + Fe (high purity) (350 ° C)

FeO + C (coke) \u003d Fe + CO (above 1000 ° C)

FeO + CO \u003d Fe + CO 2 (900 ° C)

4FeO + 2H 2 O (moisture) + O 2 (air) → 4FeO (OH) (t)

6FeO + O 2 \u003d 2 (Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 (300-500 ° С)

Receipt V laboratories: thermal decomposition of iron (II) compounds without air access:

Fe (OH) 2 \u003d FeO + H 2 O (150-200 ° C)

FeSOz \u003d FeO + CO 2 (490-550 ° С)

Diiron oxide (III) - iron ( II ) ( Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 . Double oxide. Black, has the ionic structure of Fe 2+ (Fe 3+) 2 (O 2-) 4. Thermally stable up to high temperatures. Does not react with water. Decomposed by acids. It is reduced by hydrogen, red-hot iron. Participates in the blast-furnace process of iron production. It is used as a component of mineral paints ( minium iron), ceramics, colored cement. The product of special oxidation of the surface of steel products ( blackening, bluing). The composition corresponds to brown rust and dark scale on iron. The use of the Fe 3 O 4 formula is not recommended. Equations of the most important reactions:

2 (Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 \u003d 6FeO + O 2 (above 1538 ° С)

(Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 + 8HC1 (diff.) \u003d FeC1 2 + 2FeC1 3 + 4H 2 O

(Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 + 10HNO 3 (conc.) \u003d 3 Fe (NO 3) 3 + NO 2 + 5H 2 O

(Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 + O 2 (air) \u003d 6Fe 2 O 3 (450-600 ° С)

(Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 + 4H 2 \u003d 4H 2 O + 3Fe (high purity, 1000 ° C)

(Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 + CO \u003d 3 FeO + CO 2 (500-800 ° C)

(Fe II Fe 2 III) O4 + Fe ⇌4 FeO (900-1000 ° С, 560-700 ° С)

Receipt: combustion of iron (see) in air.

magnetite.

Iron(III) oxide F e 2 O 3 . Amphoteric oxide with a predominance of basic properties. Red-brown, has an ionic structure (Fe 3+) 2 (O 2-) 3. Thermally stable up to high temperatures. It is not formed during the combustion of iron in air. Does not react with water, a brown amorphous hydrate Fe 2 O 3 nH 2 O precipitates from the solution. Slowly reacts with acids and alkalis. It is reduced by carbon monoxide, molten iron. Alloys with oxides of other metals and forms double oxides - spinels(technical products are called ferrites). It is used as a raw material in iron smelting in the blast furnace process, as a catalyst in the production of ammonia, as a component of ceramics, colored cements and mineral paints, in thermite welding of steel structures, as a sound and image carrier on magnetic tapes, as a polishing agent for steel and glass.

Equations of the most important reactions:

6Fe 2 O 3 \u003d 4 (Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 + O 2 (1200-1300 ° С)

Fe 2 O 3 + 6HC1 (razb.) → 2FeC1 3 + ZH 2 O (t) (600 ° C, p)

Fe 2 O 3 + 2NaOH (conc.) → H 2 O+ 2 NAFeO 2 (red)dioxoferrate(III)

Fe 2 O 3 + MO \u003d (M II Fe 2 II I) O 4 (M \u003d Cu, Mn, Fe, Ni, Zn)

Fe 2 O 3 + ZN 2 \u003d ZN 2 O + 2Fe (highly pure, 1050-1100 ° С)

Fe 2 O 3 + Fe \u003d ZFeO (900 ° C)

3Fe 2 O 3 + CO \u003d 2 (Fe II Fe 2 III) O 4 + CO 2 (400-600 ° С)

Receipt in the laboratory - thermal decomposition of iron (III) salts in air:

Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 \u003d Fe 2 O 3 + 3SO 3 (500-700 ° С)

4 (Fe (NO 3) 3 9 H 2 O) \u003d 2 Fe a O 3 + 12NO 2 + 3O 2 + 36H 2 O (600-700 ° С)

In nature - iron oxide ores hematite Fe 2 O 3 and limonite Fe 2 O 3 nH 2 O

Iron(II) hydroxide F e(OH) 2 . Amphoteric hydroxide with a predominance of basic properties. White (sometimes with a greenish tinge), Fe-OH bonds are predominantly covalent. Thermally unstable. Easily oxidizes in air, especially when wet (darkens). Insoluble in water. Reacts with dilute acids, concentrated alkalis. Typical restorer. An intermediate product in the rusting of iron. It is used in the manufacture of the active mass of iron-nickel batteries.

Equations of the most important reactions:

Fe (OH) 2 \u003d FeO + H 2 O (150-200 ° C, in atm.N 2)

Fe (OH) 2 + 2HC1 (razb.) \u003d FeC1 2 + 2H 2 O

Fe (OH) 2 + 2NaOH (> 50%) \u003d Na 2 ↓ (blue-green) (boiling)

4Fe(OH) 2 (suspension) + O 2 (air) → 4FeO(OH)↓ + 2H 2 O (t)

2Fe (OH) 2 (suspension) + H 2 O 2 (razb.) \u003d 2FeO (OH) ↓ + 2H 2 O

Fe (OH) 2 + KNO 3 (conc.) \u003d FeO (OH) ↓ + NO + KOH (60 ° С)

Receipt: precipitation from solution with alkalis or ammonia hydrate in an inert atmosphere:

Fe 2+ + 2OH (razb.) = Fe(OH) 2 ↓

Fe 2+ + 2 (NH 3 H 2 O) = Fe(OH) 2 ↓+ 2NH4

Iron metahydroxide F eO(OH). Amphoteric hydroxide with a predominance of basic properties. Light brown, Fe-O and Fe-OH bonds are predominantly covalent. When heated, it decomposes without melting. Insoluble in water. It precipitates from solution in the form of a brown amorphous polyhydrate Fe 2 O 3 nH 2 O, which, when kept under a dilute alkaline solution or when dried, turns into FeO (OH). Reacts with acids, solid alkalis. Weak oxidizing and reducing agent. Sintered with Fe(OH) 2 . An intermediate product in the rusting of iron. It is used as a base for yellow mineral paints and enamels, as an exhaust gas absorber, as a catalyst in organic synthesis.

Connection composition Fe(OH) 3 is not known (not received).

Equations of the most important reactions:

Fe 2 O 3 . nH 2 O→( 200-250 °С, —H 2 O) FeO(OH)→( 560-700°C in air, -H2O)→Fe 2 O 3

FeO (OH) + ZNS1 (razb.) \u003d FeC1 3 + 2H 2 O

FeO(OH)→ Fe 2 O 3 . nH 2 O-colloid(NaOH (conc.))

FeO(OH)→ Na 3 [Fe(OH) 6 ]white, Na 5 and K 4, respectively; in both cases, a blue product of the same composition and structure, KFe III, precipitates. In the laboratory, this precipitate is called Prussian blue, or turnbull blue:

Fe 2+ + K + + 3- = KFe III ↓

Fe 3+ + K + + 4- = KFe III ↓

Chemical names of initial reagents and reaction product:

K 3 Fe III - potassium hexacyanoferrate (III)

K 4 Fe III - potassium hexacyanoferrate (II)

KFe III - hexacyanoferrate (II) iron (III) potassium

In addition, the thiocyanate ion NCS - is a good reagent for Fe 3+ ions, iron (III) combines with it, and a bright red (“bloody”) color appears:

Fe 3+ + 6NCS - = 3-

With this reagent (for example, in the form of KNCS salt), even traces of iron (III) can be detected in tap water if it passes through iron pipes covered with rust from the inside.

Getting well. from ores was invented in zap. parts of Asia in the 2nd millennium BC. e.; thereafter the application of widespread in Babylon, Egypt, Greece; to replace the bronzes, c. iron came in. According to the content in the lithosphere (4.65 wt.%) Well. occupies the 2nd place among metals (on the 1st aluminum) and forms approx. 300 minerals (oxides, sulfides, silicates, carbonates, etc.).
Zh. can exist in the form of three allo-ropich. modifications: a-Fe with bcc, y-Fe with fcc and 8-Fe with bcc crystalline. gratings; a-Fe is ferromagnetic up to 769 "C (Curie point). Modifications y ~ Fe and b-Fe are paramagnetic. Polymorphic transformations of oil and steel during heating and cooling were discovered in 1868 by D.K. Chernov. g. (when the content of impurities< 0,01 мае %) 7,874 г/ /см3, /т=1539"С, /КИЛ*3200«С.
Zh. - the most important metal of modern technology. In its pure form due to low strength. practical not used Main massage. It is used in the form of alloys that are very different in composition and St. you. For the share of alloys accounts for ~ 95% of all metal. products.
Pure Fe is obtained in relatively small quantities by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of its salts or by reduction with hydrogen. Enough. clean receive direct restoration. non-intermediate from ore concentrates (bypassing the domain, furnace), hydrogen, nature, gas or coal at low temp-pax (spongy Fe, iron powder, metallized pellets):

Sponge iron - a porous mass with a high iron content, get. reduction of oxides at /< /пл. Сырье - ж. руда, окатыши, железорудный концентрат и прокатная окалина , а восстановитель -углерод (некоксующийся уголь , антрацит , торф, сажа), газы (водород, конверторов., природ, и др. горючие газы) или их сочетание. Г. ж. для выплавки качеств, стали в электропечах, должно иметь степень металлизации рем/реобш ^ 85 % (желат. 92-95 %) и пустой породы < 4-5 %. Содержание углерода зависит от способа произ-ва г. ж. В процессах FIOR, SL-RN и HIB получают г. ж. с 0,2-0,7 % С, в процессе Midrex 0,8-2,5 % С. При газ. восстановлении содерж. 0,01-0,015 % S. Фосфор присутствует в виде оксидов и после расплавления переходит в шлак. Из г. ж., получаемого способами H-Iron, Heganes и Сулинского мет. з-да с 97-99 % FeM механич. измельчением с последующим отжигом изготовляют жел. порошок. Общая пористость г. ж. из руды - 45- 50 %, из окатышей 45-70 %. Насыпная масса - 1,6-2,1 т/м3. Для г. ж. характерна большая уд. поверхность , к-рая, включая внутр. пов-ть открытых пор, сост. 0,2-1 М3/г. Г. ж. имеет по-выш. склонность к вторичному окислению. При темп-pax в печи ниже 550-575 °С охлажд. металлизов. продукт пирофорен (самовозгорается на воздухе при комн. темп-ре). В совр. процессах г. ж. получают при / >700 °C, which reduces its activity and allows storage in air (in the absence of moisture) without a noticeable decrease in the degree of metallization. G. Zh., produced by high-temperature technology - at /> 850 ° C, has a low tendency to secondary oxidation when moistened, which ensures. its safe transportation in open wagons, transportation by sea (river) transport, storage in open piles;

Iron of direct production - iron obtained chemically, electrochemically. or chemo-thermal. ways directly. from ore, bypassing the domain, furnace, in the form of powder, sponge. iron (metallization. pellets), crackers or liquid metal. Naib, the production of sponges has received development. iron at 700-1150 ° C by gas methods. recovery of ore (pellets) in shaft furnaces and with the help of TV. fuel in rotation ovens. L.p.p. with 88-93% FeM is used as a charge for steelmaking, and with a higher content (98-99%) for the production of iron. powder;

Carbonyl iron - iron powder obtained by thermal. decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl; is of high purity;
native iron - f., found in nature in the form of minerals. Distinguish according to the conditions of finding telluric. or terrestrial (nickel-iron) and meteorite (cosmic) s. and. Telluric. iron - a rare mineral - a-Fe modification, occurs in the form of otd. flakes, grains, spongy masses and clusters. Composition - tv. solution of Fe and Ni (up to 30% Ni). Meteoritic s. and. formed in the processes of formation of cosmic. bodies and falls to Earth in the form of meteorites; contains up to 25% Ni. Color steel gray to black, metallic. glitter, opaque, tv. points 4-5 for mineralogical. scale, y = 7.3-8.2 g/cm3 (depending on the Ni content). Strongly magnetic, well forged;

Electrolytic iron - f., obtained by electrolytic. refining; has a high purity of impurities (<0,02 % С; 0,01 % О2);
electrical iron - steel used in electrical engineering (or so-called technical pure iron) with a total content. impurities up to 0.08-0.10%, including up to 0.05% S. E.zh. has a small beat. electric resistance, has a boost. eddy current losses, and therefore its use is limited in the main. post magnetic circuits, magnetic flux (pole pieces, magnetic circuits, relays, etc.);

A-iron - low-temperature modification of iron with a bcc lattice (at 20 ° C a \u003d 286.645 pm), stable< 910 °С; a-Fe ферромагнитно при t < 769 °С (точка Кюри);

U-iron - high-temperature modification of iron with an fcc lattice (a = 364 pm), stable at 910-1400 ° C; paramagnetic;
5-iron is a high-temperature modification of iron with a bcc lattice (a = 294 pm), stable from 1400 °C to tm, paramagnetic.

• Designation - Fe (Iron);
• Period - IV;
• Group - 8 (VIII);
• Atomic mass - 55.845;
• Atomic number - 26;
• Radius of an atom = 126 pm;
• Covalent radius = 117 pm;
• Electron distribution - 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 6 4s 2 ;
• t melting = 1535°C;
• boiling point = 2750°C;
• Electronegativity (according to Pauling / according to Alpred and Rochov) = 1.83 / 1.64;
• Oxidation state: +8, +6, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0;
• Density (n.a.) \u003d 7.874 g / cm 3;
• Molar volume = 7.1 cm 3 / mol.

Iron compounds:

Iron is the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust (5.1% by mass) after aluminium.

On Earth, iron in a free state is found in small quantities in the form of nuggets, as well as in fallen meteorites.

Industrially, iron is mined at iron ore deposits, from iron-containing minerals: magnetic, red, brown iron ore.

It should be said that iron is a part of many natural minerals, causing their natural color. The color of minerals depends on the concentration and ratio of iron ions Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ , as well as on the atoms surrounding these ions. For example, the presence of impurities of iron ions affects the color of many precious and semi-precious stones: topaz (from pale yellow to red), sapphires (from blue to dark blue), aquamarines (from light blue to greenish blue) and so on.

Iron is found in the tissues of animals and plants, for example, about 5 g of iron is present in the body of an adult. Iron is a vital element, it is part of the protein hemoglobin, participating in the transport of oxygen from the lungs to tissues and cells. With a lack of iron in the human body, anemia (iron deficiency anemia) develops.

Rice. The structure of the iron atom.

The electronic configuration of an iron atom is 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 6 4s 2 (see Electronic structure of atoms). In the formation of chemical bonds with other elements, 2 electrons located on the outer 4s level + 6 electrons of the 3d sublevel (8 electrons in total) can participate, therefore, in compounds, iron can take oxidation states +8, +6, +4, +3, +2, +1, (the most common are +3, +2). Iron has an average chemical activity.

Rice. Iron oxidation states: +2, +3.

Physical properties of iron:

• silver-white metal;
• in its pure form is quite soft and plastic;
• has good thermal and electrical conductivity.

Iron exists in the form of four modifications (they differ in the structure of the crystal lattice): α-iron; β-iron; γ-iron; δ-iron.

Chemical properties of iron

• reacts with oxygen, depending on the temperature and oxygen concentration, various products or a mixture of iron oxidation products (FeO, Fe 2 O 3, Fe 3 O 4) can be formed:
  3Fe + 2O 2 \u003d Fe 3 O 4;
• iron oxidation at low temperatures:
  4Fe + 3O 2 \u003d 2Fe 2 O 3;
• reacts with water vapor:
  3Fe + 4H 2 O \u003d Fe 3 O 4 + 4H 2;
• finely crushed iron reacts when heated with sulfur and chlorine (iron sulfide and chloride):
  Fe + S = FeS; 2Fe + 3Cl 2 \u003d 2FeCl 3;
• reacts with silicon, carbon, phosphorus at high temperatures:
  3Fe + C = Fe 3 C;
• with other metals and with non-metals, iron can form alloys;
• iron displaces less active metals from their salts:
  Fe + CuCl 2 = FeCl 2 + Cu;
• with dilute acids, iron acts as a reducing agent, forming salts:
  Fe + 2HCl \u003d FeCl 2 + H 2;
• with dilute nitric acid, iron forms various acid reduction products, depending on its concentration (N 2, N 2 O, NO 2).

Obtaining and using iron

Industrial iron is obtained smelting cast iron and steel.

Cast iron is an alloy of iron with impurities of silicon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus, carbon. The carbon content in cast iron exceeds 2% (in steel, less than 2%).

Pure iron is obtained:

• in oxygen converters made of cast iron;
• reduction of iron oxides with hydrogen and divalent carbon monoxide;
• electrolysis of the corresponding salts.

Cast iron is obtained from iron ores by the reduction of iron oxides. Pig iron is smelted in blast furnaces. Coke is used as a heat source in a blast furnace.

The blast furnace is a very complex technical structure several tens of meters high. It is laid out from refractory bricks and is protected by an external steel casing. As of 2013, the largest blast furnace was built in South Korea by the POSCO steel company at a metallurgical plant in the city of Kwangyang (the volume of the furnace after modernization was 6,000 cubic meters with an annual capacity of 5,700,000 tons).

Rice. Blast furnace.

The process of iron smelting in a blast furnace goes on continuously for several decades, until the furnace reaches its end of life.

Rice. Iron smelting process in a blast furnace.

• enriched ores (magnetic, red, brown iron ore) and coke are poured through the top located at the very top of the blast furnace;
• the processes of iron recovery from ore under the action of carbon monoxide (II) proceed in the middle part of the blast furnace (shaft) at a temperature of 450-1100 ° C (iron oxides are reduced to metal):
  • 450-500°C - 3Fe 2 O 3 + CO = 2Fe 3 O 4 + CO 2;
  • 600°C - Fe 3 O 4 + CO = 3FeO + CO 2;
  • 800°C - FeO + CO = Fe + CO 2 ;
  • part of the ferrous oxide is reduced by coke: FeO + C = Fe + CO.
• in parallel, there is a process of reduction of oxides of silicon and manganese (included in iron ore in the form of impurities), silicon and manganese are part of the smelting pig iron:
  • SiO 2 + 2C \u003d Si + 2CO;
  • Mn 2 O 3 + 3C \u003d 2Mn + 3CO.
• during thermal decomposition of limestone (introduced into a blast furnace), calcium oxide is formed, which reacts with oxides of silicon and aluminum contained in the ore:
  • CaCO 3 \u003d CaO + CO 2;
  • CaO + SiO 2 \u003d CaSiO 3;
  • CaO + Al 2 O 3 \u003d Ca (AlO 2) 2.
• at 1100°C, the process of iron reduction stops;
• below the shaft there is a steam room, the widest part of the blast furnace, below which there is a shoulder, in which coke burns out and liquid smelting products are formed - cast iron and slag, which accumulate at the very bottom of the furnace - the hearth;
• in the upper part of the hearth at a temperature of 1500°C, intensive combustion of coke occurs in the jet of blown air: C + O 2 = CO 2 ;
• passing through hot coke, carbon monoxide (IV) turns into carbon monoxide (II), which is a reducing agent of iron (see above): CO 2 + C \u003d 2CO;
• slags formed by calcium silicates and aluminosilicates are located above the cast iron, protecting it from the action of oxygen;
• through special openings located at different levels of the hearth, cast iron and slag are released outside;
• Most of the pig iron goes to further processing - steel smelting.

Steel is smelted from cast iron and scrap metal by the converter method (open-hearth is already outdated, although it is still used) or by electric smelting (in electric furnaces, induction furnaces). The essence of the process (iron processing) is to reduce the concentration of carbon and other impurities by oxidation with oxygen.

As mentioned above, the concentration of carbon in steel does not exceed 2%. Due to this, steel, unlike cast iron, is quite easy to forge and roll, which makes it possible to manufacture various products from it with high hardness and strength.

The hardness of steel depends on the carbon content (the more carbon, the harder the steel) in a particular steel grade and heat treatment conditions. During tempering (slow cooling), the steel becomes soft; when quenched (rapidly cooled), the steel becomes very hard.

To give steel the desired specific properties, alloying additives are added to it: chromium, nickel, silicon, molybdenum, vanadium, manganese, and so on.

Cast iron and steel are the most important structural materials in the vast majority of sectors of the national economy.

The biological role of iron:

• the body of an adult contains about 5 g of iron;
• iron plays an important role in the work of hematopoietic organs;
• iron is part of many complex protein complexes (hemoglobin, myoglobin, various enzymes).

Iron is a well-known chemical element. It belongs to the metals with average reactivity. We will consider the properties and use of iron in this article.

Prevalence in nature

There is a fairly large number of minerals that include ferrum. First of all, it is magnetite. It is seventy-two percent iron. Its chemical formula is Fe 3 O 4 . This mineral is also called magnetic iron ore. It has a light gray color, sometimes with dark gray, up to black, with a metallic sheen. Its largest deposit among the CIS countries is located in the Urals.

The next mineral with a high iron content is hematite - it consists of seventy percent of this element. Its chemical formula is Fe 2 O 3 . It is also called red iron ore. It has a color from red-brown to red-gray. The largest deposit in the territory of the CIS countries is located in Krivoy Rog.

The third mineral in terms of ferrum content is limonite. Here, iron is sixty percent of the total mass. It is a crystalline hydrate, that is, water molecules are woven into its crystal lattice, its chemical formula is Fe 2 O 3 .H 2 O. As the name implies, this mineral has a yellow-brownish color, occasionally brown. It is one of the main components of natural ocher and is used as a pigment. It is also called brown ironstone. The largest occurrences are the Crimea, the Urals.

In siderite, the so-called spar iron ore, forty-eight percent of ferrum. Its chemical formula is FeCO 3 . Its structure is heterogeneous and consists of crystals of different colors connected together: gray, pale green, gray-yellow, brown-yellow, etc.

The last naturally occurring mineral with a high ferrum content is pyrite. It has the following chemical formula FeS 2 . Iron in it is forty-six percent of the total mass. Due to the sulfur atoms, this mineral has a golden yellow color.

Many of the minerals considered are used to obtain pure iron. In addition, hematite is used in the manufacture of jewelry from natural stones. Pyrite inclusions can be found in lapis lazuli jewelry. In addition, iron is found in nature in the composition of living organisms - it is one of the most important components of the cell. This trace element must be supplied to the human body in sufficient quantities. The healing properties of iron are largely due to the fact that this chemical element is the basis of hemoglobin. Therefore, the use of ferrum has a good effect on the state of the blood, and therefore the whole organism as a whole.

Iron: physical and chemical properties

Let's take a look at these two major sections in order. iron is its appearance, density, melting point, etc. That is, all the distinctive features of a substance that are associated with physics. The chemical properties of iron are its ability to react with other compounds. Let's start with the first.

Physical properties of iron

In its pure form under normal conditions, it is a solid. It has a silvery-gray color and a pronounced metallic sheen. The mechanical properties of iron include a hardness level of She equals four (medium). Iron has good electrical and thermal conductivity. The last feature can be felt by touching an iron object in a cold room. Because this material conducts heat quickly, it takes a lot of it out of your skin in a short amount of time, which is why you feel cold.

Touching, for example, a tree, it can be noted that its thermal conductivity is much lower. The physical properties of iron are its melting and boiling points. The first is 1539 degrees Celsius, the second is 2860 degrees Celsius. It can be concluded that the characteristic properties of iron are good ductility and fusibility. But that's not all.

The physical properties of iron also include its ferromagnetism. What it is? Iron, whose magnetic properties we can observe in practical examples every day, is the only metal that has such a unique distinguishing feature. This is due to the fact that this material is able to be magnetized under the influence of a magnetic field. And after the termination of the action of the latter, iron, the magnetic properties of which have just been formed, remains a magnet for a long time. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that in the structure of this metal there are many free electrons that are able to move.

In terms of chemistry

This element belongs to the metals of medium activity. But the chemical properties of iron are typical for all other metals (except those that are to the right of hydrogen in the electrochemical series). It is capable of reacting with many classes of substances.

Let's start simple

Ferrum interacts with oxygen, nitrogen, halogens (iodine, bromine, chlorine, fluorine), phosphorus, carbon. The first thing to consider is reactions with oxygen. When ferrum is burned, its oxides are formed. Depending on the conditions of the reaction and the proportions between the two participants, they can be varied. As an example of such interactions, the following reaction equations can be given: 2Fe + O 2 = 2FeO; 4Fe + 3O 2 \u003d 2Fe 2 O 3; 3Fe + 2O 2 \u003d Fe 3 O 4. And the properties of iron oxide (both physical and chemical) can be varied, depending on its variety. These reactions take place at high temperatures.

The next is the interaction with nitrogen. It can also occur only under the condition of heating. If we take six moles of iron and one mole of nitrogen, we get two moles of iron nitride. The reaction equation will look like this: 6Fe + N 2 = 2Fe 3 N.

When interacting with phosphorus, a phosphide is formed. To carry out the reaction, the following components are necessary: ​​for three moles of ferrum - one mole of phosphorus, as a result, one mole of phosphide is formed. The equation can be written as follows: 3Fe + P = Fe 3 P.

In addition, among reactions with simple substances, interaction with sulfur can also be distinguished. In this case, sulfide can be obtained. The principle by which the process of formation of this substance occurs is similar to those described above. Namely, an addition reaction occurs. All chemical interactions of this kind require special conditions, mainly high temperatures, less often catalysts.

Also common in the chemical industry are reactions between iron and halogens. These are chlorination, bromination, iodination, fluorination. As is clear from the names of the reactions themselves, this is the process of adding chlorine / bromine / iodine / fluorine atoms to ferrum atoms to form chloride / bromide / iodide / fluoride, respectively. These substances are widely used in various industries. In addition, ferrum is able to combine with silicon at high temperatures. Due to the fact that the chemical properties of iron are diverse, it is often used in the chemical industry.

Ferrum and complex substances

From simple substances, let's move on to those whose molecules consist of two or more different chemical elements. The first thing to mention is the reaction of ferrum with water. Here are the main properties of iron. When water is heated together with iron, it is formed (it is called so because, when interacting with the same water, it forms a hydroxide, in other words, a base). So, if you take one mole of both components, substances such as ferrum dioxide and hydrogen are formed in the form of a gas with a pungent odor - also in molar proportions of one to one. The equation for this kind of reaction can be written as follows: Fe + H 2 O \u003d FeO + H 2. Depending on the proportions in which these two components are mixed, iron di- or trioxide can be obtained. Both of these substances are very common in the chemical industry and are also used in many other industries.

With acids and salts

Since ferrum is located to the left of hydrogen in the electrochemical series of metal activity, it is able to displace this element from compounds. An example of this is the substitution reaction that can be observed when iron is added to an acid. For example, if you mix iron and sulphate acid (aka sulfuric acid) of medium concentration in the same molar proportions, the result will be ferrous sulfate (II) and hydrogen in the same molar proportions. The equation for such a reaction will look like this: Fe + H 2 SO 4 \u003d FeSO 4 + H 2.

When interacting with salts, the reducing properties of iron are manifested. That is, with the help of it, a less active metal can be isolated from salt. For example, if you take one mole and the same amount of ferrum, then you can get iron sulfate (II) and pure copper in the same molar proportions.

Significance for the body

One of the most common chemical elements in the earth's crust is iron. we have already considered, now we will approach it from a biological point of view. Ferrum performs very important functions both at the cellular level and at the level of the whole organism. First of all, iron is the basis of such a protein as hemoglobin. It is necessary for the transport of oxygen through the blood from the lungs to all tissues, organs, to every cell of the body, primarily to the neurons of the brain. Therefore, the beneficial properties of iron cannot be overestimated.

In addition to the fact that it affects blood formation, ferrum is also important for the full functioning of the thyroid gland (this requires not only iodine, as some believe). Iron also takes part in intracellular metabolism, regulates immunity. Ferrum is also found in especially large quantities in liver cells, as it helps to neutralize harmful substances. It is also one of the main components of many types of enzymes in our body. The daily diet of a person should contain from ten to twenty milligrams of this trace element.

Foods rich in iron

There are many. They are of both plant and animal origin. The first are cereals, legumes, cereals (especially buckwheat), apples, mushrooms (ceps), dried fruits, rose hips, pears, peaches, avocados, pumpkins, almonds, dates, tomatoes, broccoli, cabbage, blueberries, blackberries, celery, etc. The second are liver, meat. The use of foods high in iron is especially important during pregnancy, as the body of the developing fetus requires a large amount of this trace element for proper growth and development.

Signs of iron deficiency in the body

Symptoms of too little ferrum entering the body are fatigue, constant freezing of hands and feet, depression, brittle hair and nails, decreased intellectual activity, digestive disorders, low performance, and thyroid disorders. If you notice more than one of these symptoms, you may want to increase the amount of iron-rich foods in your diet or buy vitamins or supplements containing ferrum. Also, be sure to consult a doctor if any of these symptoms you feel too acute.

The use of ferrum in industry

The uses and properties of iron are closely related. Due to its ferromagnetism, it is used to make magnets - both weaker for domestic purposes (souvenir fridge magnets, etc.), and stronger - for industrial purposes. Due to the fact that the metal in question has high strength and hardness, it has been used since ancient times for the manufacture of weapons, armor and other military and household tools. By the way, even in ancient Egypt meteorite iron was known, the properties of which are superior to those of ordinary metal. Also, such a special iron was used in ancient Rome. They made elite weapons from it. Only a very rich and noble person could have a shield or sword made of meteorite metal.

In general, the metal that we are considering in this article is the most versatile among all the substances in this group. First of all, steel and cast iron are made from it, which are used to produce all kinds of products necessary both in industry and in everyday life.

Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon, in which the second is present from 1.7 to 4.5 percent. If the second is less than 1.7 percent, then this kind of alloy is called steel. If about 0.02 percent of carbon is present in the composition, then this is already ordinary technical iron. The presence of carbon in the alloy is necessary to give it greater strength, thermal stability, and rust resistance.

In addition, steel can contain many other chemical elements as impurities. This is manganese, and phosphorus, and silicon. Also, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, tungsten and many other chemical elements can be added to this kind of alloy to give it certain qualities. Types of steel in which a large amount of silicon is present (about four percent) are used as transformer steels. Those containing a lot of manganese (up to twelve to fourteen percent) find their use in the manufacture of parts for railways, mills, crushers and other tools, parts of which are subject to rapid abrasion.

Molybdenum is introduced into the composition of the alloy to make it more thermally stable - such steels are used as tool steels. In addition, in order to obtain well-known and often used stainless steels in everyday life in the form of knives and other household tools, it is necessary to add chromium, nickel and titanium to the alloy. And in order to get shock-resistant, high-strength, ductile steel, it is enough to add vanadium to it. When introduced into the composition of niobium, it is possible to achieve high resistance to corrosion and the effects of chemically aggressive substances.

The mineral magnetite, which was mentioned at the beginning of the article, is needed for the manufacture of hard drives, memory cards and other devices of this type. Due to its magnetic properties, iron can be found in the construction of transformers, motors, electronic products, etc. In addition, ferrum can be added to other metal alloys to give them greater strength and mechanical stability. The sulfate of this element is used in horticulture for pest control (along with copper sulfate).

They are indispensable in water purification. In addition, magnetite powder is used in black and white printers. The main use of pyrite is to obtain sulfuric acid from it. This process occurs in the laboratory in three stages. In the first stage, ferrum pyrite is burned to produce iron oxide and sulfur dioxide. At the second stage, the conversion of sulfur dioxide into its trioxide occurs with the participation of oxygen. And at the final stage, the resulting substance is passed through in the presence of catalysts, thereby obtaining sulfuric acid.

Getting iron

This metal is mainly mined from its two main minerals: magnetite and hematite. This is done by reducing iron from its compounds with carbon in the form of coke. This is done in blast furnaces, the temperature in which reaches two thousand degrees Celsius. In addition, there is a way to reduce the ferrum with hydrogen. This does not require a blast furnace. To implement this method, special clay is taken, mixed with crushed ore and treated with hydrogen in a shaft furnace.

Conclusion

The properties and uses of iron are varied. This is perhaps the most important metal in our lives. Having become known to mankind, he took the place of bronze, which at that time was the main material for the manufacture of all tools, as well as weapons. Steel and cast iron are in many ways superior to the alloy of copper and tin in terms of their physical properties, resistance to mechanical stress.

In addition, iron is more common on our planet than many other metals. it in the earth's crust is almost five percent. It is the fourth most abundant chemical element in nature. Also, this chemical element is very important for the normal functioning of the organism of animals and plants, primarily because hemoglobin is built on its basis. Iron is an essential trace element, the use of which is important for maintaining health and normal functioning of organs. In addition to the above, it is the only metal that has unique magnetic properties. Without ferrum it is impossible to imagine our life.

Feroxide catalysts for raspberry powder, igniter composition, caramel fuel.

Method 1. Obtaining iron oxide Fe 2 O 3 from iron sulfate

Iron oxides are very often used as catalysts in pyrotechnic compounds. Previously, they could be purchased in stores. For example, iron oxide monohydrate FeOOH has been encountered as a pigment "iron oxide yellow pigment". Iron oxide Fe 2 O 3 was sold in the form of minium iron. At present, it is not easy to buy all this, as it turned out. I had to take care of getting it at home. I am no chemist, but life forced me. Check out recommendations on the net. Alas, normal, i.e. simple and safe, a recipe for home conditions was not easy to find. Only one recipe seemed to fit, but I couldn't find it again. The list of admissible components in a head was postponed. I decided to go my own way. Oddly enough, the result was very acceptable. The compound turned out with clear signs of iron oxide is very homogeneous and finely dispersed. Its use in raspberry powder and secondary igniter fully confirmed that what was needed was obtained.

So, we buy in a gardening store ferrous sulfate FeSO 4, in the pharmacy we buy pills hydroperita, three packs, and stock up in the kitchen drinking soda NaHCO 3. We have all the ingredients, let's start cooking. Instead of hydroperite tablets, you can use a solution hydrogen peroxide H 2 0 2, also happens in pharmacies.

In a glass dish with a volume of 0.5 liters, we dissolve about 80 g (one third of a pack) of ferrous sulfate in hot water. Add baking soda in small portions while stirring. Some kind of rubbish of a very nasty color is formed, which foams a lot.

FeSO 4 + 2NaHCO 3 \u003d FeCO 3 + Na 2 SO 4 + H 2 O + CO 2

Therefore, everything must be done in the sink. Add baking soda until foaming almost stops. Having slightly settled the mixture, we begin to slowly pour in the crushed tablets of hydroperite. The reaction again proceeds quite vigorously with the formation of foam. The mixture takes on a characteristic color and a familiar rusty smell.

2FeCO 3 + H 2 O 2 \u003d 2FeOOH + 2CO 2

We continue backfilling hydroperite again until the foaming, that is, the reaction, almost completely stops.

We leave our chemical vessel alone and see how a red precipitate falls out - this is our oxide, more precisely FeOOH oxide monohydrate, or hydroxide. It remains to neutralize the connection. We defend the sediment and drain the excess liquid. Then add clean water, defend and drain again. So we repeat 3-4 times. In the end, we dump the sediment on a paper towel and dry it. The resulting powder is an excellent catalyst and can already be used in the manufacture of stopins and secondary igniter composition, "raspberry" gunpowder and for catalyzing caramel rocket fuels. /25.01.2008, kia-soft/

However, the original recipe for "crimson" gunpowder prescribed the use of pure red oxide Fe 2 O 3. As experiments with caramel catalysis have shown, Fe 2 O 3 is indeed a somewhat more active catalyst than FeOOH. To obtain ferric oxide, it is enough to ignite the resulting hydroxide on a hot iron sheet, or simply in a tin can. The result is a red powder Fe 2 O 3 .

After making the muffle furnace, I carry out calcination in it for 1-1.5 hours at a temperature of 300-350°C. Very comfortably. /kia-soft 06.12.2007/

P.S.
Independent studies by the vega rocket scientist have shown that the catalyst obtained by this method has an increased activity compared to industrial feroxides, which is especially noticeable in the sugar caramel fuel obtained by evaporation.

Method 2. Obtaining iron oxide Fe 2 O 3 from ferric chloride

There is information about this possibility on the net, for example, oxide was obtained using bicarbonate on the forum of Bulgarian rocket scientists, this method was mentioned on the forum of chemists, but I did not pay much attention, since I did not have ferric chloride. Recently, a guest of my RubberBigPepper website reminded me of this option. Very timely, as I was actively engaged in electronics and stocked up on chloride. I decided to test this option for obtaining iron hydroxide. The method is financially somewhat more expensive, and the main component of ferric chloride is more difficult to obtain, but in terms of preparation it is easier.

So we need ferric chloride FeCl 3 And drinking soda NaHCO 3. Ferric chloride is commonly used for etching printed circuit boards and is sold in radio shops.

Pour two teaspoons of FeCl3 powder into a glass of hot water and stir until dissolved. Now slowly add soda with constant stirring. The reaction proceeds vividly with bubbling and foaming, so there is no need to rush.

FeCl 3 + 3NaHCO 3 \u003d FeOOH + 3NaCl + 3CO 2 + H 2 O

Rash until the bubbling stops. We defend and get the same FeOOH hydroxide in the sediment. Next, we neutralize the compound, as in the first method, by several drains of the solution, topping up with water and settling. Finally, the precipitate is dried and used as a catalyst or to obtain iron oxide Fe 2 O 3 by calcination (see method 1).

Here's an easy way. The yield is very good, from two teaspoons (~15 g) of chloride, 10 g of hydroxide is obtained. Catalysts obtained by this method have been tested and are in good agreement. /kia-soft 11.03.2010/

P.S.
I cannot guarantee the 100% accuracy of the equations of chemical reactions, but in fact they correspond to ongoing chemical processes. Especially dark is the case with Fe(III) hydroxide. According to all the canons, Fe (OH) 3 should precipitate. But in the presence of peroxide (method 1) and at elevated temperature (method 2), in theory, the trihydroxide is dehydrated to FeOOH monohydrate. On the surface, this is exactly what is happening. The resulting hydroxide powder looks like concrete rust, and the main component of rust is FeOOH. ***