slide 2
plantation economy
A plantation economy is a large landowning economy in the capitalist countries, in which technical and food crops are grown predominantly of tropical and subtropical agriculture (sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, tea, rice, bananas, pineapples, tobacco, cotton, rubber plants, indigo and many others). It arose in the era of the primitive accumulation of capital in the colonies captured by the European capitalist countries. The first plantations were established by the Spaniards in the early 16th century in the West Indies on the island of Hispaniola (modern Haiti). Having established itself on the islands of the Caribbean Sea, the plantation system spread in the 16-18 centuries in Brazil, Mexico, in the southern group of the Atlantic colonies of England in North America, and also in Indonesia (on the island of Java). At this stage, the plantation economy was slave-owning and characterized by predatory methods of exploitation, based on the forced labor of enslaved Indians, and then black slaves brought from Africa, and primitive tools. The development of the plantation economy was accompanied by the rapid growth of the slave trade. Now in a number of developing countries the plantation economy has been preserved.
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Plantation products
Tea (India, Sri Lanka, Kenya), rubber (Malaysia, Indonesia), bananas (Ecuador, Colombia and other countries of Latin America), sugarcane (Cuba), coffee (Brazil, Colombia), cocoa (Ghana), oil palm (Malaysia, Indonesia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone). Production was located in separate centers in areas most favorable in terms of nature for a particular crop and conveniently located for exporting products, although such factors as the possibility of providing the newly created farms with cheap labor and supplying them with food affected. With the emergence of the plantation sector of the economy, many colonial and dependent countries in the past acquired a monocultural agrarian specialization. Their exports often consist of more than half of the products of one or a few plantation crops, for example, in Ecuador - these are bananas, cocoa, coffee, in Colombia - only coffee, in Ghana - cocoa.
slide 4
In recent decades, the world market has been saturated with many products of tropical origin. In this regard, producing countries are forced to impose restrictions on their production and seek to expand the sectoral structure of their agriculture and the composition of exports.
The geography of the plantation economy was affected by the general orientation towards the concentration of industrial crops in the most advantageous geo-ecological situation, which, by virtue of their mass distribution, cereals cannot count on. Agricultural plants of both these groups are most often independent of each other from an agronomic standpoint, but the need for their combination is dictated by the objective needs of a particular country, the level of employment of the village, the landscape mosaic of the territory, and many other factors that are far from always closed by the agrarian sphere itself.
slide 5
Sri Lanka
The British colonialists, using the favorable natural conditions of Ceylon and the cheap labor of agricultural workers, turned the island into an "unglazed greenhouse" for the production of export plantation crops.
Modern Sri Lanka is an agrarian country with a developed plantation economy. More than half of the economically active population is employed in agriculture. It creates almost 30% of the gross national product. The share of industry, although its importance in the economy is increasing, accounts for less than 20%. The main part of the gross national product is created in the non-productive sector (trade, services).
Sri Lanka is the kingdom of tea bushes. The tea bush is a heat-loving and moisture-loving plant that needs loose, well-permeable soils for water and air. Tea plantations are located on the western slopes of the Central Highlands at an altitude of 600 to 1800 m above sea level. The higher, the better the quality of the grown tea.
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Costa Rica
Coffee and Costa Rica are almost synonymous. In 1808, the first seedlings of coffee trees were brought to Costa Rica from Cuba, and soon this culture became widespread. Coffee became a source of prosperity for the country, and to this day remains an export item. True, it does not withstand competition with large manufacturers, because. on many plantations, only manual harvesting of coffee beans still exists, due to the fact that the plantations are located on mountain slopes.
Slide 7
Ecuador
The Latin American country has held the title of No. 1 banana supplier for many years. The main condition for growing bananas is the humid tropics. Ecuador has no problems with this: the country is located on the equator, and therefore the humidity and temperature in some areas are kept at the same mark almost all year round.
Slide 8
Cuba
The cultivation of sugar cane in Cuba is facilitated by its natural conditions: climate, the predominance of flat terrain, tropical red-brown soils formed under savannahs and tropical forests. Currently, they are set aside for plantations of sugar cane and other crops. Constantly hot climate with a large amount of precipitation (1500-2000 mm per year), the regime of which contributes to the development of reeds and the accumulation of sugar.
1. Using the text and figure 11 of the textbook, determine which countries belong to the cultural and historical region of Latin America.
Traditionally, Latin America refers to all of South America, part of the North American mainland, located south of the Rio Grande, including Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean.
2. Fill in the gaps in the sentences:
A distinctive feature of the geographical position of Latin America is its position between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
The Panama Canal is of strategic importance.
Most of the Latin American states are former colonies of Spain and Portugal.
In terms of water resources, Latin America ranks first in the world.
The bowels of Latin America are rich in oil, iron ore, and bauxite.
The largest forest areas in the world are concentrated here, which occupy 50% of the entire territory of the region.
The population of Latin America is over 470 million people. Here, a 2nd type of population reproduction has developed, which is characterized by its increase.
Indigenous population - numerous Indian peoples.
Creoles are purebred descendants of Spaniards.
mestizos - descendants of marriages of the white population and Indians,
mulattoes - descendants of marriages of the white population and blacks,
sambo - descendants of marriages of Indians and blacks.
3. Read the fragment of § 6 "Economics" in the textbook. Highlight the main features of the economy of Latin America.
The mining industry predominates, but manufacturing and agriculture are actively developing.
5. What are the features that characterize the backwardness of Latin American countries.
These features include: 1. Diversified nature of the economies of developing countries. 2. Low level of development of productive forces, backwardness of industry, agriculture and social infrastructure (with the exception of the countries of the first group). 3. Dependent position in the system of the world economy. The peripheral character of capitalism
6. On the contour map of Latin America, put: a) On the contour map of Latin America, put: a) the state borders of the countries of the region; b) capitals of states; c) boundaries of subregions and their names.
7. Where does the bulk of the population of Latin America live? How do you explain this population distribution in the region? To answer, use the maps of the atlas, having previously determined which ones you will need.
The average population density of Latin America is about 30 people. km/sq. at the same time, the most populated areas of Latin American countries occupy a relatively small part of their area. In Mexico, Central America, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia, the bulk of the population is concentrated in mountainous areas, above 1000 m above sea level. In general, South America is the only continent where the average habitat height is higher than the average height of the territory (respectively 644 and 580 m above sea level). Intermountain basins are usually distinguished by the highest population density, often exceeding 100 people. km/sq. This is due to more favorable living conditions for people in the climatic conditions of the "temperate land" in comparison with the conditions of the "hot land" on the coasts of the oceans. It was in the plateau and mountainous regions that the main centers of agriculture and the development of mineral raw materials arose here. However, in most countries with an internal type of settlement, the coasts have also been developed to one degree or another.
Argentina, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama - Panama Highway. Brazil, Peru - Trans-Amazon Highway. These roads are the only land links between these countries.
10. Using various sources of information, find evidence that one of the countries in Latin America (of your choice) has achieved success in its economic development. Try to predict the development of this country in the next decade. Justify the answer.
Brazil is an example of a successful country from Latin America. Brazil has the eighth largest economy in the world in terms of nominal GDP and the seventh largest in terms of GDP calculated at purchasing power parity. Economic reforms brought the country international recognition. Brazil is a member of such international organizations as the UN, G20, Mercosur and the Union of South American Nations, and is also one of the BRICS countries. The authority of this country on the world stage is steadily increasing.
11. What explains the increase in the share of industry in the economies of Latin America?
Latin America has all the prerequisites for the development of industry, namely, cheap electricity generated by hydroelectric power plants, it is provided with the necessary minerals and cheap labor.
12. Is the remoteness from other parts of the world a plus or a minus for the development of the Latin American economy? Express your opinions and justify them.
In many ways, the remoteness of Latin America from other parts of the world is a minus, since it makes it difficult to establish partnerships with European countries with a developed economy, but on the other hand, remoteness is a plus, making it difficult for the assimilation of European culture, giving the countries of Latin America their unique identity.
13. Using various sources of information, find out what Latin American culture has given the world.
Latin American culture gave the world such architectural monuments as the Nazca geoglyphs, ancient Indian cities, an example of Machu Picchu, the Atzek pyramids.
14. Which of the great Latin Americans (artists, writers, musicians, artists, scientists, etc.) do you know? Who did you learn about while gathering information?
Many famous athletes, such as Maradanna, Pele, Leonel Messi, Fabrizio Werdum. Politicians - Hugo Chavez, Augusto Penochet, Simon Bolivar. Writers Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Paulo Coelho.
15. Arrange the largest agglomerations of Latin America in descending order of population:
1) Buenos Aires; 2) Mexico City; 3) Sao Paulo; 4) Rio de Janeiro.
Answer 2.3, 1, 4
16. Match: Country
1) Mexico;
4) Brazil.
Natural resources
A) copper ore; B) oil; B) iron ore; D) bauxites.
Answer 1B, 2A, 3D, 4C.
17. The industrial image of Latin America is determined by:
1) Brazil, Mexico;
2) Colombia, Peru.
18. Match:
1) Brazil;
2) Ecuador;
4) Mexico;
A) sugar cane; B) coffee; B) bananas; D) cotton; D) corn.
Answer 1B, 2C, 3A, 4D, 5D.
19. Plantation agriculture is characterized by:
1) orientation towards the cultivation of consumer crops in small peasant farms;
2) orientation to the world market.
20. Match: Country
2) Bolivia;
3) Brazil;
5) Argentina;
Capital A) Brazilia; B) Lima; B) Santiago; D) La Paz; D) Havana; E) Buenos Aires.
Answer 1B, 2D, 3A, 4C, 5E, 6D.
21. Choose the correct statement:
1. In terms of population, Brazil is not among the top five countries in the world.
2. The Caribbean region is attractive for world tourism.
3. The main livestock region of Brazil is the Amazon.
4. Latin America is a major importer of commodities to the world market.
3.2.4. Small country dependent plantation economy. These include 5 republics of Central America - Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, as well as Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. In the Eastern Hemisphere, this type of country includes Sri Lanka. The small human and resource potential of these countries, the ineffectiveness of the bourgeois-democratic movements due to the constant direct interference of the United States (and England in Sri Lanka) have, as it were, mothballed their agrarian specialization. At the same time, the programming of production for certain very large markets, the early penetration of foreign penetration into agriculture, the combination of foreign plantations with local latifundia, hired workers with a mass of mini-fundists, carrying out subsistence farming. The lion's share of all products is produced or bought up and exported directly by banana, sugar, coffee, cotton, cattle breeding and other companies in the USA and tea companies in England in Sri Lanka. Among all developing countries, these stand out for the highest share of exports, agricultural products and the food and flavor industry. Recently, both the countries of this type and their "guardians" - TNCs - have been persistently searching for ways to increase employment and industrialization. Labor-intensive parts of production began to be transferred here for the re-export processing of imported semi-finished products (the so-called "industriaz maquiladoras"). For example, in Haiti, large enterprises have been created to sew uniforms for the US armed forces from American cut, the Dominican Republic produces bags, suitcases and simple electrical equipment from semi-finished products for the USA. The development of industry and re-export of Sri Lanka is also going in the same direction.
3.2.5. Small countries of "concession development" - Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Gabon, Botswana, Papua New Guinea. These former colonies have only recently gained independence. But the disproportionately large reserves of bauxite, oil, and copper discovered in their bowels attracted solid injections of capital from the metropolises and led to the accelerated development of capitalism. At the same time, the concessions of the largest mining corporations became the centers and main factors in the development of these former purely plantation backward territories. They not only deployed the appropriate booty, but everything else in these small countries was subordinated to their interests. As Trinidad's oil reserves began to dry up and production began to decline, the oil companies that settled there built large refineries to distill their oil from Venezuela and the Middle East and then re-export it. The Dutch aluminum company, in order to avoid unnecessary costs in the metropolis, went to build a large aluminum plant in Suriname. At present, the economies of these countries are completely dependent on the world market conditions.
3.2.6. The smallest and smallest countries are “landlords”. There are more than a dozen such countries. All of them are islands or coastal countries located at crossroads. Some of them, until very recently, were or still remain colonies or dependent territories - Hong Kong, Macau (Aomyn), Bermuda, Grand Cayman, the Virgin Islands, New Caledonia. In fact, in these countries, as well as in all others, TNCs are sovereign owners, which, by deducting some amounts to nominal local owners, use their territories at their own discretion as “free economic zones”. Some are simply “hotel countries” that attract foreign tourism (Malta, Cyprus), others, along with this, are used to place powerful international banking centers and corporate headquarters (Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Big Cayman, Bahrain, Panama), while others, at the same time, avoiding taxes and various kinds of inspections for the same purpose, are used as “flag of convenience” countries for registering huge fleets of metropolitan countries (Panama, Bahamas, Liberia, Singapore). Some of the mini-states are used to host large environmentally hazardous industries, such as the world's largest oil refineries and cement plants in the Bahamas, which also host transshipment bases for crude oil from deep-sea supertankers to regular US East Coast ports. There are also such mini-countries, on whose territory, along with the functions of "free economic zones", accredited external tenants are engaged in the processing of large mineral wealth for the external market. Such, for example, is New Caledonia, which produces nickel, chromium, cobalt, alloys and products made of them for export. The largest and "diversified" "profit houses" are the most populated "city-countries" - Hong Kong (more than 5 million inhabitants) and Singapore (2.5 million), in which TNCs not only combine almost all of the listed functions, but also use them as large extraterritorial "industrial platforms". Both the local population and the cleverly managed influx of immigrants from the inexhaustible sources of neighboring countries provide ultra-cheap labor for the mass-produced mass-standardized production of consumer goods, as well as machines, ships, equipment. TNCs import their semi-finished products duty-free, profits are realized abroad, countries get only wages and deductions. The characteristic features of countries of this type are: extreme liberalism of economic legislation (“tax haven”), political stability and non-interference in the affairs of foreign capital, security and the presence of a powerful military base of the United States and England, high development of infrastructure (especially international communications, ports. airports), free circulation of US dollars instead of and together with national currencies, bilingualism. This type of country is one of the most adapted of all the RSs to the modern processes of globalization and has a clear upward trend. Nowadays, quite a few small dependent territories are striving to get a seat and a voice in the UN, accounts in world banks and acquire rich "tenants".
3.2.8. Large low-income countries are Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Vietnam. In terms of population, it is included in the first dozen states of the world - significantly exceeding or approaching (Vietnam) the 100 million mark. The most developed regions of these countries are already fully covered by the market, large national capital has been formed here, and TNCs are gradually occupying stronger positions, aimed at ultra-cheap labor and the future consumer market.
This is the largest and most diverse group of countries. For the most part, these are former colonial and dependent countries, which, having gained political independence, fell into economic dependence on the countries that were previously their mother countries.
There are many things that unite the countries of this group, including development problems, as well as internal and external difficulties associated with the low level of economic and social development, lack of financial resources, lack of experience in running a capitalist commodity economy, lack of qualified personnel, strong economic dependence, huge external debt, etc. The situation is aggravated by civil wars and interethnic conflicts. In the international division of labor, they occupy far from the best positions, being mainly suppliers of raw materials and agricultural products to economically developed countries.
In addition, in all countries of this type, due to the rapid growth of the population, the social situation of large masses of residents is deteriorating, an excess of labor resources is manifesting, demographic, food and other global problems are especially acute.
But, despite the common features, the countries of this group are very different from each other (and there are only about 150 of them). Therefore, the following subtypes are distinguished:
3.1. Key countries: Brazil, Mexico, India (countries with the largest resource, human and economic potential among developing countries and the most diversified economy).
3.2. Countries with relatively mature capitalism. This group includes a wide range of countries - from the states of Latin America to the Arab countries, where the dominance of capitalist relations has been established only in recent decades. Here are the following subtypes:
3.2.1. The resettlement countries of the early development of dependent capitalism: Argentina and Uruguay (in the international division of labor they still act as agrarian countries). In these states, the standard of living of the population is quite high. In recent years, there have been very significant changes in the Argentine economy.
3.2.2. Countries of large enclave development of capitalism:
Venezuela, Chile, Iran, Iraq, Algeria (developed with a massive invasion of foreign capital associated with the export exploitation of large mineral deposits on the territory of these states).
3.2.3. Countries with an outwardly oriented opportunistic development of capitalism (they are characterized by an export orientation of the industry and an import-substituting economy). In Latin America, these are Bolivia, Colombia, Paraguay, Peru, Ecuador; in Asia: Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Philippines, Republic of Korea; in North Africa: Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia.
3.2.4. Small countries with a dependent plantation economy (they are distinguished by a preserved agricultural specialization of the economy and a high share in the export of agricultural products): Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, the Dominican Republic, Haiti.
3.2.5. Small countries of “concession development” of capitalism (the economy of these countries is very much dependent on world market prices - the factors for the development of these territories are the concessions of the largest mining corporations): Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, Papua New Guinea, Gabon, Botswana.
3.2.6. Small “landlord countries” (islands or coastal countries located at the crossroads of trade routes; tax haven countries, hotel countries, flag of convenience countries): Malta, Cyprus, Panama, Liberia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Singapore etc.
TNCs use these countries to develop tourism on their territory, register ships under the so-called “cheap flags”, etc.
3.3. Young Liberated States (transitional type). What their future will be depends on specific socio-economic and political conditions. This group includes about 60 countries from such large ones as Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria to small ones - Gambia, Gabon, etc.
A peculiar type of countries is formed in this subgroup from a number of oil-exporting countries with high incomes from oil trade. These are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Qatar, Libya, Brunei.
Note that the states of the world included in the first and second groups of the above typology are the industrialized countries of the world. The third group included all developing countries.
This typology was created when the world was bipolar (divided into capitalist and socialist), and characterized only the non-socialist countries of the world.
Now, when the world is turning from a bipolar world into a unipolar one, new typologies of the countries of the world are being created or the old ones are being supplemented and modified (as is the typology of Moscow State University scientists presented to readers).
As noted earlier, other typologies have also been created. As a generalizing, synthetic indicator, they often use the indicator of gross domestic or national product (GDP or GNP) per capita. Such, for example, is the well-known typological classification of developing countries and territories (authors: B.M. Bolotin, V.L. Sheinis), distinguishing “echelons” (upper, intermediate and lower) and seven groups of countries (from countries of medium developed capitalism to the least developed ).
Scientists of the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University (A.S. Fetisov, V.S. Tikunov) have developed a slightly different approach to the classification of non-socialist countries of the world - evaluative-typological. They performed a multivariate statistical analysis of data for 120 countries on the basis of many indicators that reflect the level of socio-economic and political development of society. They identified seven groups of countries with a level of development from very high (USA, Canada, Sweden, Japan) to very low (Somalia, Ethiopia, Chad, Niger, Mali, Afghanistan, Haiti and others).
The famous geographer Ya.G. Mashbitz singled out types of countries in the "developing world" based on industrialization trends. The first group in his classification included countries where a large and relatively diverse industrial production is developed (Brazil, Mexico, India, etc.); to the second - industrial countries of medium potential with a significant development of raw materials and processing industries (Venezuela, Peru, Indonesia, Egypt, Malaysia, etc.); to the third - small states and territories that use the benefits of their economic and geographical position (Singapore, Panama, the Bahamas, etc.); to the fourth - oil-exporting countries (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, etc.). And the fifth group included the least industrialized countries with limited development prospects (ie, the least developed countries: Haiti, Mali, Chad, Mozambique, Nepal, Bhutan, Djibouti, Somalia, etc.).
In some economic and geographical typologies among countries in the developing world allocate a group of "new industrialized countries" (NIS). These most often include Singapore, Taiwan, the Republic of Korea. In recent years, “NIS of the second wave” has been added to this group - Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and some other countries. The economies of these countries are characterized by high rates of industrialization, export orientation of industrial production (especially science-intensive industries), and their active participation in the international division of labor.
Attempts to typologically differentiate the countries of the world were made by geographers, economists, and other specialists. Learn more about the characteristics of various typologies of states in further courses of economic geography.
In similar natural conditions (also primarily in the humid tropics) develops plantation economy. The rapidly growing demand in Europe during the industrial revolution for "colonial" goods was not satisfied by small-scale native production, and the capital of the metropolitan countries took matters into its own hands. Against the backdrop of a boundless sea of small farms in developing countries, plantations stand out for their large size, specialization in one, less often two or three crops, and mass output of products completely intended for the market. The plantations employ a large army of hired workers, who in the recent past were very poorly paid. Cultivation preference is given to perennial crops, which provide a relatively uniform workforce throughout the year.
Tea (India, Sri Lanka, Kenya), rubber (Malaysia, Indonesia), bananas (Ecuador, Colombia and other countries of Latin America), sugarcane (Cuba), coffee (Brazil, Colombia), cocoa (Ghana), oil palm (Malaysia, Indonesia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone). Production was located in separate centers in areas most favorable in terms of nature for a particular crop and conveniently located for exporting products, although such factors as the possibility of providing the newly created farms with cheap labor and supplying them with food affected. With the emergence of the plantation sector of the economy, many colonial and dependent countries in the past acquired a monocultural agrarian specialization. Their exports often consist of more than half of the products of one or a few plantation crops, for example, in Ecuador - these are bananas, cocoa, coffee, in Colombia - only coffee, in Ghana - cocoa.
In recent decades, the world market has been saturated with many products of tropical origin. In this regard, producing countries are forced to impose restrictions on their production and seek to expand the sectoral structure of their agriculture and the composition of exports.
The geography of the plantation economy was affected by the general orientation towards the concentration of industrial crops in the most advantageous geo-ecological situation, which, by virtue of their mass distribution, cereals cannot count on. Agricultural plants of both these groups are most often independent of each other from an agronomic standpoint, but the need for their combination is dictated by the objective needs of a particular country, the level of employment of the village, the landscape mosaic of the territory, and many other factors that are far from always closed by the agrarian sphere itself.
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