Household fairy tales

household Fairy tales are different from fairy tales. They are based on the events of everyday life. There are no miracles and fantastic images here, real heroes act: a husband, a wife, a soldier, a merchant, a gentleman, a priest, etc. These are tales about the marriage of heroes and the exit of heroines a gentleman, a rich owner, a lady deceived by a cunning owner, clever thieves, a cunning and savvy soldier, etc. These are fairy tales on family and everyday topics. They express accusatory orientation; the greed and envy of its representatives are condemned; cruelty, ignorance, rudeness of the bar-serfs.

With sympathy in these tales, an experienced soldier is depicted who knows how to craft and tell tales, cooks soup from an ax, can outwit anyone. He is able to deceive the devil, the master, the stupid old woman. The servant skillfully achieves his goal, despite the absurdity of the situations. And there is irony in this.

Household tales are short. There is usually one episode in the center of the plot, the action develops quickly, there is no repetition of episodes, the events in them can be defined as ridiculous, funny, strange. Comic is widely developed in these tales, which is determined by their satirical, humorous, ironic nature. There are no horrors in them, they are funny, witty, everything is focused on the action and features of the narrative that reveal the images of the characters. “They reflect the way of life of the people, their home life, their moral concepts and this crafty Russian mind, so prone to irony, so simple-hearted in its cunning,” wrote Belinsky.

One of the household tales is a fairy tale"Evidence Wife".

It has all the features of a household fairy tale. It begins with the beginning: "An old man lived with an old woman." The tale tells about ordinary events in the life of peasants. The plot develops quickly. A large place in the tale is given to dialogues (the conversation of an old woman with an old man, an old woman and a master). Her characters are everyday characters. It reflects the family life of the peasants: the characters "hook" (i.e., remove) peas in the field, set up fishing gear ("zaezochek"), fishing tackle in the form of a net ("muzzle"). The heroes are surrounded by everyday things: the old man puts the pike in the "pesterek" (birch basket), etc.

At the same time, human vices are condemned in the tale: the talkativeness of the old man's wife, who, having found the treasure, told everyone about it; the cruelty of the master, who ordered a peasant woman to be whipped with rods.

The fairy tale contains elements of the unusual: a pike in the field, a hare in the water. But they are connected with the real actions of the old man, who in a witty way decided to play a trick on the old woman, teach her a lesson, punish her for her talkativeness. "He (the old man - A.F.) took a pike, instead of it he put a hare in the face, and carried the fish into the field and put it in peas." The old woman believed everything.

When the master began to inquire about the treasure, the old man wanted to keep silent, and his talkative old woman told the master about everything. She argued that the pike was in the peas, the hare got in the face, and the devil tore the skin from the master. It is no coincidence that the tale is called "The Proving Wife". And even when she is punished with rods: "they stretched her, the heart, and began to regale; you know, she says the same thing under the rods." The master spat and drove the old man and the old woman away.

The tale punishes and condemns the talkative and stubborn old woman and treats the old man with sympathy, glorifying resourcefulness, intelligence, and ingenuity. The tale reflects the element of folk speech.

Magic tales. Heroes of Russian fairy tales

IN fairy tale before the listener there is a different, than in fairy tales about animals, a special, mysterious world. Unusual fantastic heroes act in it, goodness and truth defeat darkness, evil and lies.

"This is a world where Ivan Tsarevich rushes through a dark forest on a gray wolf, where the deceived Alyonushka suffers, where Vasilisa the Beautiful brings a scorching fire from Baba Yaga, where a brave hero finds the death of Kashchei the Immortal" .. 1

Some of the fairy tales are closely related to mythological representations. Such images as Frost, Water, Sun, Wind are associated with the elemental forces of nature. The most popular of Russian fairy tales are: "Three Kingdoms", "Magic Ring", "Finist's Feather - Clear Falcon", "The Frog Princess", "Kashchei the Immortal", "Marya Morevna", "The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise", " Sivka-Burka", "Morozko", etc.

The hero of a fairy tale is courageous, fearless. He overcomes all obstacles in his path, wins victories, wins his happiness. And if at the beginning of the tale he can act as Ivan the Fool, Emelya the Fool, then at the end he necessarily turns into a handsome and well done Ivan Tsarevich. A.M. drew attention to this at one time. Bitter:

"The hero of folklore -" fool ", despised even by his father and brothers, always turns out to be smarter than them, always the winner of all worldly hardships." 2

The positive hero is always helped by other fairy-tale characters. So, in the fairy tale "Three Kingdoms" the hero gets out into the world with the help of a wonderful bird. In other fairy tales, Sivka-Burka, the Gray Wolf, and Elena the Beautiful help the heroes. Even such characters as Morozko and Baba Yaga help the heroes for their diligence and good manners. In all this, people's ideas about human morality and morality are expressed.

Always next to the main characters in a fairy tale wonderful helpers: The gray wolf, Sivka-Burka, Obyalilo, Opivalo, Dubynya and Usynya, etc. They possess wonderful means: a flying carpet, walking boots, a self-assembled tablecloth, an invisibility hat. The images of goodies in fairy tales, helpers and wonderful objects express people's dreams.

The images of women-heroines of fairy tales in the popular imagination are unusually beautiful. They say about them: "Neither in a fairy tale to say, nor to describe with a pen." They are wise, possess magical power, possess remarkable intelligence and resourcefulness (Elena the Beautiful, Vasilisa the Wise, Marya Morevna).

Opponents of goodies are dark forces, terrible monsters (Kashchei the Deathless, Baba Yaga, famously one-eyed, Serpent Gorynych). They are cruel, treacherous and greedy. This is how the idea of ​​the people about violence and evil is expressed. Their appearance sets off the image of a positive hero, his feat. The storytellers did not spare colors to emphasize the struggle between light and dark beginnings. In its content and in its form, a fairy tale bears elements of the miraculous, the unusual. The composition of fairy tales is different from the composition of fairy tales about animals. Some fairy tales begin with a saying - a playful joke that is not related to the plot. The purpose of the saying is to grab the attention of the audience. It is followed by the opening that begins the story. It takes listeners to a fairy-tale world, designates the time and place of action, the situation, the characters. The fairy tale ends with an ending. The narrative develops sequentially, the action is given in dynamics. Dramatically tense situations are reproduced in the structure of the tale.

In fairy tales, episodes are repeated three times (Ivan Tsarevich fights with three snakes on the Kalinov Bridge, Ivan saves three beautiful princesses in the underworld). They use traditional artistic means of expression: epithets (good horse, valiant horse, green meadow, silk grass, azure flowers, blue sea, dense forests), comparisons, metaphors, words with diminutive suffixes. These features of fairy tales resonate with epics and emphasize the brightness of the narrative.

An example of such a tale is the tale "Two Ivan - soldiers' sons".

Tales about animals.

One of the oldest types of Russian fairy tales - fairy tales about animals. The world of animals in fairy tales is perceived as an allegorical image of the human. Animals personify the real carriers of human vices in everyday life (greed, stupidity, cowardice, boasting, cheating, cruelty, flattery, hypocrisy, etc.).

The most popular animal tales are those of the fox and the wolf. Image foxes stable. She is portrayed as a deceitful, cunning liar: she deceives a peasant by pretending to be dead ("A fox steals a fish from a sleigh"); deceives the wolf ("The Fox and the Wolf"); deceives the rooster ("Cat, rooster and fox"); kicks a hare out of a bast hut ("The Fox and the Hare"); he changes the goose for a sheep, the sheep for a bull, steals honey ("The Bear and the Fox"). In all fairy tales, she is flattering, vindictive, cunning, prudent.

Another hero that the fox often encounters is wolf. He is stupid, which is expressed in the attitude of the people towards him, devours kids ("Wolf and Goat"), is going to tear a sheep ("Sheep, Fox and Wolf"), fattening a hungry dog ​​to eat it, remains without a tail ("Fox and wolf").

Another hero of fairy tales about animals is bear. He personifies brute force, has power over other animals. In fairy tales, he is often called "everyone's fawn." The bear is also stupid. Persuading the peasant to harvest, each time he is left with nothing ("The Man and the Bear").

Hare, frog, mouse, thrush act in fairy tales as weak. They perform an auxiliary role, often being in the service of "large" animals. Only cat And rooster act as positive characters. They help the offended, are true to friendship.

An allegory is manifested in the characterization of the characters: the depiction of the habits of animals, the peculiarities of their behavior resembles the depiction of human behavior and introduces critical principles into the narrative, which are expressed in the use of various methods of satirical and humorous depiction of reality.

The humor is based on the reproduction of the ridiculous situations that the characters find themselves in (the wolf lowers its tail into the hole and believes that it will catch the fish).

The language of fairy tales is figurative, reproduces everyday speech, some fairy tales consist entirely of dialogues ("The Fox and the Black Grouse", "The Bean Seed"). The dialogue takes precedence over the narrative. The text includes small songs ("Kolobok", "Koza-dereza").

The composition of fairy tales is simple, based on the repetition of situations. The plot of fairy tales unfolds rapidly ("The Bean Seed", "The Beasts in the Pit"). Tales about animals are highly artistic, their images are expressive.

It doesn't necessarily mean thrilling action with magical transformations, where glorious heroes defeat mythical monsters with the help of amazing artifacts. Many of these stories are based on events that could well have taken place in real life. These are household stories. They teach goodness, ridicule human vices: greed, stupidity, cruelty, and others, often contain an ironic basis and social background. What is a household story? This is an instructive story without any special supernatural miracles, useful for children, often making even adults think.

"Turnip"

It is not necessary to look too far in search of an example of such a tale. They can be served by the well-known story about the turnip, which my grandfather planted in the garden. The old man did not expect that she would grow too big, so much so that he could not pull her out of the ground alone. In order to cope with a difficult task, the grandfather called for help from all members of his family. They turned out to be a grandmother, a granddaughter and animals living in the house. Thus, the turnip was stretched out. The idea of ​​a simple plot is easy to understand. When everyone works together, together and unitedly, everything is sure to work out. Even a small mouse - and she took part in the described action.

In this example, it is easy to understand what a household fairy tale is. Of course, the mentioned story contains some fantastic facts. For example, a turnip can't grow that big, and animals aren't smart enough to do that kind of work. However, if we discard these details, the moral of the story is very useful and can be useful in real life.

Heroes of Russian fairy tales

The features of everyday fairy tales are that most often they contain healthy satire. Naive innocence turns out to be wiser than the most sophisticated cunning, and resourcefulness and ingenuity repel arrogance, vanity, arrogance and greed. Here vices are ridiculed, regardless of faces and ranks. In such stories, the stupidity and laziness of almighty kings, the greed of hypocritical priests are mercilessly scourged.

Ivanushka the Fool often turns out to be a wonderful hero of Russian fairy tales. This is a special character who always emerges victorious from all, even the most incredible trials. You can understand what a household fairy tale is by remembering other interesting and vivid characters created by the imagination of the Russian people. They are a cunning man who is able to circle around the finger of all his offenders from among the greedy rich, as well as a soldier whose resourcefulness will delight anyone.

"Porridge from an ax"

Among the examples of everyday fairy tales in which the above-mentioned characters are involved, one can name “Porridge from an ax”. This is a very small but instructive story about how easy and fun it is to overcome life's difficulties and hardships if you treat everything with humor and have an approach to people.

The resourceful soldier, having come to stay with a stingy old woman who pretended to be poor in order not to treat her guest with anything, decided to use a trick to achieve his goal. He volunteered to cook food with an axe. Driven by curiosity, the hostess of the house, without noticing it herself, provided the soldier with all the products necessary for cooking and allowed him to take away the ax, which supposedly had not yet been cooked. Here, the sympathies of all readers and listeners, as a rule, turn out to be on the side of the resourceful serviceman. And interested persons are given a chance to laugh merrily at the greedy old woman. This is what a household fairy tale is at its best.

literary works

Many great writers also worked in fairy tale genres. A striking indicator of this are the works of the nineteenth-century genius Saltykov-Shchedrin. Imitating folk art, the author assigned the characters a certain social status, which conveyed his political ideas to the readers.

Most of his stories should rather be classified as animal tales. They contain allegories, the purpose of which is to reveal social vices. But this does not exhaust the list of works of this writer, consonant with the genres of folk tales. Everyday fairy tales created on a social basis, for example, are reminiscent of "The Tale of How One Man Feeded Two Generals." This peculiar narrative breathes with subtle humor and inimitable satire, and its characters are so reliable that they are relevant for any era.

jokes

Anecdotes are also examples of everyday fairy tales. The attitude to this kind of folklore, of course, is far from clear for everyone. But in this colorful genre, folk identity, the concept of morality and various vicissitudes of social relations are clearly expressed. In addition, this form of creativity is always relevant and constantly evolving.

According to the data of modern folklore, everyday jokes in different areas have their own characteristics and features, which is of interest for scientific study. This also applies to the general patterns of formation and development of this genre, which have become a topic for research and presentation in many scientific works and dissertations. At all times, the anecdote turned out to be a wonderful way for the people to respond to the arbitrariness of the authorities, to phenomena and events that contradict their concepts of justice and ethics.

Other genre forms

It is not difficult to understand how a household fairy tale differs from a fairy tale. Of course, stories about sorcerers and fantastic adventures are always interesting and find their fans. But capacious, witty stories that reveal the full depth of social and human relations simply cannot be irrelevant. Among other varieties of the genre of everyday fairy tales are riddles and ridicule. The first of them is an allegorical description of some object or event and is given in the form of a question. And the second is a clearly satirical short work, which especially gives a reason to have fun over the vices of unworthy people. There are also boring tales. This is a very interesting genre. In such stories, a certain set of words is deliberately repeated, there is no plot as such, because the action essentially develops in a vicious circle. A striking and well-known example of such a story is the Tale of the White Bull.

All of the above works constitute a treasury of folklore, a storehouse of his wisdom, sparkling humor carried through the centuries.

Read in 35 minutes

Wise Answers

A soldier comes home from service after serving twenty-five years. Everyone asks him about the king, but he never saw him in person. A soldier goes to the palace to see the king, and he tests the soldier and asks him various riddles. The soldier answers so intelligently that the king is pleased. The king sends him to prison and says that he will send thirty geese to him, let the soldier not make a mistake and be able to pull out a feather from them. After that, the king calls thirty rich merchants to him and asks them the same riddles as the soldier, but they cannot guess them. The king puts them in prison for this. The soldier teaches the merchants the correct answers to riddles and charges each of them a thousand rubles for this. The tsar again asks the merchants the same questions and, when the merchants answer, he lets them go, and gives the soldier another thousand rubles for ingenuity. The soldier returns home and lives richly and happily.

wise maiden

There are two brothers, one poor, the other rich. The poor have a mare, and the rich have a gelding. They stop for the night. At night, a mare brings a foal, and he rolls under the rich brother's cart. He wakes up in the morning and tells his poor brother that at night his cart gave birth to a foal. The poor brother says that this cannot be, they begin to argue and sue. It comes to the king. The king calls both brothers to him and asks them riddles. The rich man goes to his godfather for advice, and she teaches him how to answer the king. And the poor brother tells about the riddles to his seven-year-old daughter, and she tells him the right answers.

The king listens to both brothers, and he only likes the poor man's answers. When the king finds out that the daughter of a poor brother has solved his riddles, he tests her by giving various tasks, and is more and more surprised by her wisdom. Finally, he invites her to his palace, but sets the condition that she come to him neither on foot, nor on horseback, nor naked, nor dressed, nor with a present, nor without a gift. The seven-year-old girl takes off all her clothes, puts on a net, takes a quail in her hands, sits astride a hare and rides to the palace. The king meets her, and she gives him a quail and says that this is her present, but the king does not have time to take the bird, and she flies away. The tsar talks with the seven-year-old and is again convinced of her wisdom. He orders to give the foal to the poor peasant, and takes his seven-year-old daughter to him. When she grows up, he marries her and she becomes queen.

Popov worker

The priest hires a laborer for himself, sends him on a bitch to plow, and gives him a basket of bread. At the same time, he punishes him so that both he and the bitch are full, and the rug remains intact. The laborer works all day long, and when hunger becomes unbearable, he thinks out what to do to fulfill the order of the priest. He removes the top crust from the rug, pulls out the whole crumb, eats his fill and feeds the bitch, and sticks the crust in place. The priest is pleased that the fellow turned out to be quick-witted, adds to him in excess of the agreed price for ingenuity, and the farm laborer lives happily ever after with the priest.

Shepherd's daughter

The king takes the daughter of a shepherd, a beauty, as his wife, but requires her not to argue with anything, otherwise he will execute her. A son is born to them, but the king tells his wife that it is not good for a peasant's son to take possession of the whole kingdom after his death, and therefore her son must be killed. The wife resignedly obeys, and the king secretly sends the child to his sister. When a daughter is born to them, the king does the same with the girl. The prince and the princess grow up away from their mother and become very handsome.

Many years pass, and the king announces to his wife that he no longer wants to live with her, and sends her back to her father. She does not reproach her husband with a single word and grazes the cattle, as before. The king summons his former wife to the palace, tells her that he is going to marry a young beauty, and orders to clean up the rooms for the arrival of the bride. She arrives, and the king asks his former wife if his bride is good, and the wife humbly replies that if he is well, then she is even more so. Then the king returns her royal attire and admits that the young beauty is her daughter, and the handsome man who came with her is her son. After that, the king stops testing his wife and lives with her without any trick.

Slandered Merchant's Daughter

The merchant and the merchant's wife have a son and a beautiful daughter. Parents die, and the brother says goodbye to his beloved sister and leaves for military service. They exchange their portraits and promise never to forget each other. The merchant's son serves the tsar faithfully, becomes a colonel and befriends the prince himself. He sees a portrait of his sister on the colonel's wall, falls in love with her and dreams of marrying her. All colonels and generals envy the friendship of the merchant's son with the prince and think how to unfriend them.

One envious general goes to the city where the colonel's sister lives, inquires about her and finds out that she is a girl of exemplary behavior and rarely leaves the house, except for church. On the eve of a big holiday, the general waits for the girl to leave for the vigil, and goes to her house. Taking advantage of the fact that the servants take him for the brother of their mistress, he goes into her bedroom, steals a glove and a name ring from her table and hurriedly leaves. The merchant's daughter returns from the church, and the servants tell her that her brother came, did not find her, and also went to church. She is waiting for her brother, notices that the golden ring is missing, and guesses that a thief has been in the house. And the general arrives in the capital, slanders the prince on the colonel's sister, says that he himself could not resist and sinned with her, and shows her ring and glove, which she allegedly gave him as a keepsake.

The prince tells the merchant's son about everything. He takes a vacation and goes to his sister. From her, he learns that her ring and glove have disappeared from her bedroom. The merchant's son guesses that all this is the intrigues of the general, and asks his sister to come to the capital when there is a big divorce in the square. The girl arrives and asks the prince for a trial of the general who has discredited her name. The prince calls the general, but he swears that he sees this girl for the first time. The merchant's daughter shows the general a glove, a pair to the one she supposedly gave the general along with a gold ring, and catches the general in a lie. He confesses to everything, he is tried and sentenced to hanging. And the prince goes to his father, and he allows him to marry a merchant's daughter.

Soldier and king in the forest

The man has two sons. The elder is recruited, and he rises to the rank of general. Then the younger is taken to the soldiers, and he ends up in the very regiment commanded by his brother-general. But the general does not want to recognize his younger brother: he is ashamed that he is a simple soldier, and directly tells him that he does not want to know him. When the soldier tells the general's friends about this, he orders them to give him three hundred sticks. The soldier runs away from the regiment and lives alone in the wild forest, eating roots and berries.

One day a king and his retinue are hunting in this forest. The king is chasing a deer and is lagging behind the rest of the hunters. He wanders in the forest and meets a runaway soldier. The tsar tells the soldier that he is the tsar's servant. They look for lodging for the night and enter the forest hut in which the old woman Ta lives, does not want to feed the uninvited guests, but the soldier finds plenty of food and wine in her and reproaches her for greed. Having eaten and drunk, they go to bed in the attic, but the soldier, just in case, persuades the king to take turns standing on the clock. The king falls asleep twice at his post, and the soldier wakes him up, and on the third time he beats him and sends him to sleep, while he himself guards.

Robbers come to the hut. They go up to the attic one at a time to slaughter the intruders, but the soldier cracks down on them. In the morning, the soldiers with the king descend from the attic and the soldier demands from the old woman all the money that the robbers stole.

The soldier leads the king out of the forest and says goodbye to him, and he invites the servant to the royal palace and promises to intercede for him with the sovereign. The tsar gives an order to all outposts: if they see such and such a soldier, let them salute him in the way it is customary to greet the general. The soldier is surprised, comes to the palace and recognizes the king in his recent comrade. He rewards him with the rank of general, and demotes his older brother into soldiers so that he does not refuse from his family and tribe.

Moroka

The sailor takes time off from the ship to the shore, goes every day to a tavern, revels and pays only in gold. The innkeeper suspects something is wrong and informs the officer, who reports to the general. The general calls the sailor and demands that he explain where he has so much gold. He replies that there is a lot of such good in any garbage pit, and asks the innkeeper to show the gold that he received from him. In the box, instead of gold, there are knuckles. Suddenly, streams of water rush through the windows and doors, and the general has no time for questioning. The sailor offers to climb out through the pipe to the roof. They escape and see that the whole city is flooded. A skiff sails past, a sailor and a general get into it, and on the third day they sail to the thirtieth kingdom.

To earn their bread, they go to the village and are employed as shepherds for the whole summer: the sailor becomes the eldest, and the general becomes the shepherd. In the autumn they are paid money, and the sailor divides it equally, but the general is unhappy that a simple sailor equates him with himself. They quarrel, but then the sailor pushes the general to wake him up. The general comes to his senses and sees that he is in the same room, as if he never left it. He does not want to judge the sailor anymore and lets him go. So the innkeeper is left with nothing.

medicine man

A poor and rotten little man, nicknamed the Bug, steals a canvas from a woman, hides it, and boasts that he knows how to tell fortunes. Baba comes to him to find out where her canvas is. A peasant asks for a pood of flour and a pound of butter for work and tells where the canvas is hidden. After that, having stolen a stallion from the master, he receives one hundred rubles from the master for divination, and the peasant is known as a great healer.

The king loses his wedding ring, and he sends for a healer: if a man finds out where the ring is, he will receive a reward, if not, he will lose his head. The healer is given a special room so that by morning he will know where the ring is. The footman, the coachman and the cook who stole the ring are afraid that the medicine man will find out about them, and agree to take turns listening at the door. The man decided to wait for the third cocks and run away. The footman comes to eavesdrop, and at this time, for the first time, the rooster begins to crow. The man says: one is already there, it remains to wait for two more! The footman thinks that the medicine man recognized him. The same thing happens with the coachman and the cook: the roosters crow, and the peasant counts and says: there are two! and now all three! The thieves beg the healer not to betray them and give him the ring. The peasant throws the ring under the floorboard, and in the morning he tells the king where to look for the loss.

The king generously rewards the healer and goes for a walk in the garden. Seeing the beetle, he hides it in his palm, returns to the palace and asks the peasant to guess what is in his hand. The peasant says to himself: “Well, the tsar has got a bug in his hands!” The king rewards the healer even more and lets him go home.

Blind

In Moscow, at the Kaluga Zastava, a peasant gives a seven-ruble note from the last fifty kopecks to a blind beggar and asks for forty-eight kopecks in change, but the blind man does not seem to hear. The peasant feels sorry for his money, and he, angry at the blind man, slowly takes away one crutch from him, and he himself follows him when he leaves. The blind man comes into his hut, opens the door, and the peasant slinks into the room and hides there. The blind man locks himself from the inside, takes out a barrel of money, pours everything that he has collected during the day into it, and grins, remembering the fellow who gave him his last fifty kopecks. And in the beggar's barrel - five hundred rubles. The blind man, having nothing to do, rolls the barrel on the floor, it hits the wall and rolls back towards him. The man slowly takes the keg from him. The blind man does not understand where the barrel has gone, unlocks the door and calls

Panteley, his neighbor, who lives in a neighboring hut. He comes.

The man sees that Panteley is also blind. Pantelei scolds his friend for stupidity and says that he should not have played with money, but should have done as he, Pantelei: exchange money for banknotes and sew them into an old hat, which is always with him. And in it at Panteley - about five hundred rubles. The man slowly takes off his hat, goes out the door and runs away, taking a keg with him. Pantelei thinks that his neighbor took off his hat and starts to fight him. In the meantime, the blind men are fighting, the peasant returns to his home and lives happily ever after.

Thief

The man has three sons. He takes the elder to the forest, the guy sees a birch and says that if he burned it on coal, he would start a forge and start earning money. The father is pleased that his son is smart. He is taking his middle son to the forest. He sees an oak tree and says that if this oak tree is cut down, then he would start carpentry and earn money. The father is pleased with the middle son. And the younger Vanka, no matter how much he drove through the forest, he is still silent. They leave the forest, the kid sees a cow and tells his father that it would be nice to steal this cow! The father sees that he will be of no use, and drives him away. And Vanka becomes such a clever thief that the townspeople complain about him to the king. He calls Vanka to him and wants to test him: is he as dexterous as they say about him. The king orders him to take the stallion from his stable: if Vanka can steal him, then the king will have mercy on him, but if not, he will execute him.

That same evening, Vanka pretends to be drunk and wanders through the royal court with a barrel of vodka. The grooms take him to the stable, take the barrel from him and get drunk, while Vanka pretends to be asleep. When the grooms fall asleep, the thief takes away the royal stallion. The king forgives Vanka this prank, but demands that the thief leave his kingdom, otherwise he will not do well!

Dead body

The old widow has two smart sons, and the third is a fool. Dying, the mother asks her sons so that when dividing the estate, they do not deprive the fool, but the brothers do not give him anything. And the fool grabs the dead woman from the table, drags her to the attic and shouts from there that his mother was killed. The brothers do not want a scandal and give him a hundred rubles. The fool puts the dead woman in firewood and takes her to the main road. The gentleman gallops towards, but the fool does not turn off the road on purpose. The master runs over the logs, the deceased falls from them, and the fool yells that mother was killed. The master is frightened and gives him a hundred rubles to keep quiet, but the fool takes three hundred from him. Then the fool slowly takes the dead woman to the priest in the yard, drags her into the cellar, puts her on straw, removes the lids from the glass of milk and gives the dead woman a jug and a spoon in her hands. He himself hides behind a tub.

He goes down to the cellar of the priest and sees: some old woman is sitting and collecting sour cream from the flask into a jug. The priest grabs a stick, hits the old woman on the head, she falls, and the fool jumps out from behind the tub and shouts that mother was killed. The priest comes running, gives the fool a hundred rubles and promises to bury the dead woman with his own money, if only the fool would be silent. The fool returns home with money. The brothers ask him where he is doing the deceased, and he replies that he sold it. Those become envious, they kill their wives and take them to the market to sell, and they are seized and exiled to Siberia. The fool becomes the master of the house and lives - does not grieve.

Ivan the Fool

An old man and an old woman have three sons: two are smart, and the third is a fool. His mother sends him to take a pot of dumplings to his brothers in the field. He sees his shadow and thinks that some person is following him and wants to eat dumplings. The fool throws dumplings at him, but he still does not lag behind. That's how the fool comes; to brothers with empty hands. They beat the fool, go to the village to dine, and leave him to feed the sheep. The fool sees that the sheep are scattered across the field, collects them in a heap and gouges out the eyes of all the sheep. The brothers come, they see what the fool has done, and they beat him harder than before.

The old people send Ivanushka to the city for shopping for the holiday. He buys everything that was asked, but due to his stupidity he throws everything out of the cart. The brothers beat him again and go shopping themselves, and Ivanushka is left in the hut. Tom doesn't like that the beer is fermenting in the tub. He does not tell him to wander, but the beer does not obey. The fool gets angry, pours beer on the floor, sits down in a trough and floats around the hut. The brothers return, sew the fool into a sack, carry him to the river and look for an ice-hole to drown him. A gentleman rides by on a troika of horses, and the fool shouts that he, Ivanushka, does not want to be a governor, but he is forced. The master agrees to become a governor instead of a fool and pulls him out of the sack, and Ivanushka puts the master there, sews up the sack, gets into the wagon and leaves. The brothers come, throw a sack into the hole and go home, and Ivanushka rides towards them in a troika.

The fool tells them that when they threw him into the hole, he caught horses under the water, but there was still a glorious horse there. The brothers ask Ivanushka to sew them into a sack and throw them into the hole. He does so, and then goes home to drink beer and commemorate his brothers.

Lutonyushka

Their son Luton lives with an old man and an old woman. One day, the old woman drops the log and begins to lament, and tells her husband that if they married their Luton, and his son would be born, and would sit next to her, then she, dropping the log, would beat him to death. Old people sit and weep bitterly. Lutonya finds out what the matter is and leaves the yard to look for anyone in the world more stupid than his parents. In the village, the peasants want to drag a cow onto the roof of the hut. To Lutoni's question, they answer that a lot of grass has grown there. Lutonya climbs onto the roof, plucks several bundles and throws them to the cow.

The men are surprised at Lutoni's resourcefulness and beg him to live with them, but he refuses. In another village, he sees, in Kale, the peasants have tied a collar to the gate and are driving a horse into it with sticks. Lutonya puts a collar on the horse and goes on. At the inn, the hostess puts salamata on the table, and she herself goes endlessly with a spoon to the cellar for sour cream. Lutonya explains to her that it is easier to bring a jug of sour cream from the cellar and put it on the table. The hostess thanks Lutonya and treats him.

Mena

A man finds an oat grain in the manure, asks his wife to crush it, grind it, boil it into jelly and pour it into a dish, and he will take it to the king: maybe the king will favor something! A man comes to the king with a dish of jelly, and he gives him a golden grouse. The man goes home, meets a shepherd on the way, changes the black hen for a horse and goes on. Then he changes horse for cow, cow for sheep, sheep for pig, pig for goose, goose for duck, duck for stick. He comes home and tells his wife what reward he received from the king and what he exchanged it for. The wife grabs a club and beats her husband.

Ivan the Fool

The old man and the old woman have two sons, married and hardworking, and the third, Ivan the Fool, is single and idles. They send Ivan the Fool into the field, he whips the horse on the side, kills forty horseflies in one fell swoop, and it seems to him that he killed forty heroes. He comes home and demands from his relatives a canopy, a saddle, a horse and a saber. They laugh at him and give away what is worthless, and the fool sits on a thin filly and leaves. He writes a message on a pillar to Ilya Muromets and Fyodor Lyzhnikov so that they come to him, a strong and powerful hero who killed forty heroes in one fell swoop.

Ilya Muromets and Fyodor Lyzhnikov see the message of Ivan, the mighty hero, and join him. The three of them come to a certain state and stop at the royal meadows. Ivan the Fool demands that the tsar give him his daughter as a wife. The angry tsar orders the capture of three heroes, but Ilya Muromets and Fyodor Lyzhnikov disperse the royal army. The king sends for the hero Dobrynya, who lives in his domain. Ilya Muromets and Fyodor Lyzhnikov see that Dobrynya himself is coming towards them, get scared and run away, and Ivan the Fool does not have time to get on his horse. Dobrynya is so tall that he has to bend over in three deaths in order to properly examine Ivan. Without thinking twice, he grabs a saber and cuts off the hero's head. The tsar is frightened and gives his daughter to Ivan.

Tale of the Evil Wife

The wife does not obey her husband and contradicts him in everything. Not life, but flour! The husband goes into the forest for berries and sees a bottomless pit in a currant bush. He comes home and tells his wife not to go into the forest for berries, and she goes to spite him. The husband leads her to a currant bush and tells her not to pick the berries, but she, in spite of him, tears, climbs into the middle of the bush and falls into a hole. The husband rejoices and after a few days he goes to the forest to visit his wife. He lowers a long string into the pit, pulls it out, and on it is an imp! The man gets frightened and wants to throw him back into the pit, but he asks to let him go, promises to repay him with kindness and says that an evil wife came to them and all the devils died from her.

The man and the imp agree that one will kill and the other will heal, and they come to Vologda. The devil kills the merchant's wives and daughters, and they get sick, and the peasant, as soon as he comes to the house where the devil has settled, the unclean one leaves from there. A man is mistaken for a doctor and given a lot of money. Finally, the little devil tells him that now the man has become rich and they are even with him. He warns the peasant not to go to treat the boyar's daughter, into whom he, the unclean one, will soon enter. But the boyar, when his daughter falls ill, persuades the peasant to cure her.

A peasant comes to the boyar and orders all the townspeople to stand in front of the house and shout that the evil wife has come. The imp sees the peasant, gets angry with him and threatens to eat him, but he says that he came out of friendship - to warn the imp that an evil wife has come here. The little devil is frightened, hears everyone on the street shouting about it, and does not know where to go. The man advises him to return to the pit, the devil jumps there and stays there with his evil wife. And the boyar gives his daughter to the peasant and gives her half of his estate.

Arguing Wife

A man lives and suffers, because his wife is a stubborn, quarrelsome and inveterate debater. When someone's cattle wanders into the yard, God forbid you say that the cattle is someone else's, you must say that it is hers! The man does not know how to get rid of such a wife. Once the lordly geese come to their yard. The wife asks her husband whose they are. He answers: lordly. The wife, flaring up with anger, falls to the floor and screams: I'm dying! say, whose geese? The husband again answered her: lordly! My wife really feels bad, she moans and groans, calls the priest, but does not stop asking about the geese. The priest arrives, confesses and communes her, the wife asks her to prepare a coffin, but again asks her husband whose geese. He again tells her that they are lordly. The coffin is taken to the church, a memorial service is served, the husband comes to the coffin to say goodbye, and the wife whispers to him: whose geese? The husband replies that they are the master's, and orders that the coffin be carried to the cemetery. The coffin is lowered into the grave, the husband leans towards his wife, and she whispers again: whose geese? He answers her: lordly! Fill the grave with earth. That's how the master's geese left the woman!

Proof Wife

An old man lives with an old woman, and she is so talkative that the old man gets all the time because of her tongue. An old man goes into the forest for firewood and finds a cauldron full of gold. He is happy with wealth, but does not know how to bring it home: his wife will immediately blab to everyone! He comes up with a trick: he buries the cauldron in the ground, goes to the city, buys a pike and a live hare. He hangs a pike on a tree, and takes a hare to the river and puts it in a net. At home, he tells the old woman about the treasure and goes with her into the forest. On the way, the old woman sees a pike in a tree, and the old man takes it down. Then he goes with the old woman to the river and, with her, takes out a hare from a fishing net. They come to the forest, dig up the treasure and go home. On the way, the old woman tells the old man that she can hear the cows roaring, and he answers her that it is their master the devils are tearing.

They now live richly, but the old woman is completely out of hand: every day she throws feasts, even run out of the house! The old man endures, but then beats her hard. She runs to the master, tells him about the treasure and asks him to take the old man to Siberia. The master gets angry, comes to the old man and demands that he confess everything. But the old man swears to him that he did not find any treasure on the lord's land. The old woman shows where the old man hides the money, but the chest is empty. Then she tells the master how they went to the forest for the treasure, on the way they took the pike from the tree, then they pulled the hare out of the fishing net, and when they returned, they heard the devils tearing him, the master. The master sees that the old woman is out of her mind, and drives her away. Soon she dies, and the old man marries the young one and lives happily ever after.

prophetic oak

A good old man has a young wife, a roguish woman. Almost like her, she doesn’t feed him, and doesn’t do anything around the house. He wants to teach her. He comes from the forest and says that there is an old oak there, which knows everything and predicts the future. The wife hurries to the oak, and the old man comes before her and hides in the hollow. The wife asks the oak for advice on how she can blind her old and unloved husband. And the old man from the hollow answers her that it is necessary to feed him better, and he will go blind. The wife tries to feed the old man sweeter, and after a while he pretends to be blind. The wife rejoices, calls the guests, they have a feast by the mountain. There is not enough wine, and the wife leaves the hut to bring more wine. The old man sees that the guests are drunk, and one by one kills them, and stuffs pancakes in their mouths, as if they were choking. The wife comes, sees that all her friends are dead, and henceforth she promises to convene guests. A fool walks by, his wife gives him gold, and he pulls out the dead: whom he throws into the hole, whom he covers with mud.

Dear skin

There are two brothers. Danilo is rich, but envious, and poor Gavrila has only an estate that one cow Danilo comes to his brother and says that now cows in the city are cheap, six rubles each, and they give twenty-five for a skin. Tavrilo, believing him, slaughters the cow, eats the meat, and takes the skin to the market. But no one gives him more than two and a half. Finally, Tavrilo gives up the skin to one merchant and asks him to treat him to vodka. The merchant gives him his handkerchief and tells him to go to his house, give the handkerchief to the hostess and tell her to bring a glass of wine.

Tavrilo comes to the merchant, and she has a lover. The merchant's wife treats Gavrila with wine, but he still does not leave and asks for more. The merchant returns, the wife hurries to hide her lover, and Tavrilo hides in a trap with him. The owner brings guests with him, they begin to drink and sing songs. Gavrila also wants to sing, but the merchant's lover dissuades him and gives him first a hundred rubles, then another two hundred. The merchant's wife hears how they are whispering in a trap, and brings Gavrila another five hundred rubles, if only he would be silent. Tavrilo finds a pillow and a cask of tar, orders the merchant's lover to undress, douses him with tar, dumps him in feathers, mounts him, and falls out of the trap with a cry. The guests think they are devils and run away. The merchant's wife tells her husband that she has long noticed that evil spirits are naughty in their house, he believes her and sells the house for nothing. And Tavrilo returns home and sends his eldest son for Uncle Danil to help him count the money. He wonders where the poor brother has so much money, and Tavrilo says that he got twenty-five rubles for a cow skin, bought more cows with this money, tore off their skins, and sold them again, and again put the money into circulation.

Greedy and envious Danilo slaughters all his cattle and takes the skins to the market, but no one gives him more than two and a half. Danilo remains at a loss and now lives poorer than his brother, while Tavrilo is making great wealth.

How a husband weaned his wife from fairy tales

The janitor's wife loves fairy tales so much that she does not let those who do not know how to tell them to wait. And her husband is a loss from this, he thinks: how to wean her from fairy tales! A peasant asks to spend the night on a cold night and promises to tell fairy tales all night, if only they let him into the warmth, but he himself does not know a single one. The husband tells his wife that the man will speak with one condition: that she does not interrupt him. The peasant begins: an owl flew past the garden, sat on a deck, drank water ... Yes, that's all he keeps saying. The wife is bored listening to the same thing, she gets angry and interrupts the peasant, and the husband just needs it. He jumps up from the bench and starts beating his wife for interrupting the narrator and not letting the tale finish. And so she gets from him that since then she refuses to listen to fairy tales.

Miser

A rich but stingy merchant Marco sees how a poor man takes pity on the beggar and gives him a penny. The merchant becomes ashamed, he asks the peasant for a kopeck loan and tells him that he has no small money, but he also wants to give to the beggar. He gives Marco a penny and comes for a debt, but the merchant sends him every time: they say, there is no small money! When he comes again for a penny, Marco asks his wife to tell the peasant that her husband is dead, and he strips naked, covers himself with a sheet and lies down under the icon. And the peasant offers the merchant's wife to wash the dead man, takes cast iron with hot water and let's water the merchant. He endures.

Having washed Marco, the poor man puts him in a coffin and goes with the deceased to the church, to read the psalter over him. At night, robbers climb into the church, and the peasant hides behind the altar. The robbers begin to divide the booty, but they can’t divide the golden saber among themselves: everyone wants to take it for themselves. The poor man runs out from behind the altar and shouts that the saber will go to the one who cuts off the dead man's head. Marco jumps up, and the thieves drop their prey and scatter in fear.

Marco and the peasant share all the money equally, and when the peasant asks about his penny, Marco tells him that again he has no small ones with him. So he does not give a penny.

* * *

The peasant has a big family, and from the good - one goose. When there is absolutely nothing to eat, a peasant fries a goose, but there is nothing to eat it with: there is neither bread nor salt. A man consults with his wife and takes the goose to the master for a bow to ask him for bread. He asks the peasant to divide the goose, so much so that everyone in the family has enough. And the master has a wife, two sons and two daughters. The peasant divides the goose in such a way that he gets most of it. The master likes the peasant's ingenuity, and he treats the peasant with wine and gives bread. The rich and envious peasant finds out about this and also goes to the master, roasting five geese. The master asks him to share equally among everyone, but he cannot. The master sends for the poor peasant to divide the geese. He gives one goose to the master and the lady, one to their sons, one to their daughters, and takes two geese for himself. The master praises the peasant for his resourcefulness, rewards him with money, and kicks the rich peasant out.

* * *

A soldier comes to the apartment of the hostess and asks for food, but the hostess is stingy and says that she has nothing. Then the soldier tells her that he will cook porridge from one ax. He takes an ax from the woman, boils it, then asks to add cereals, butter - the porridge is ready.

They eat porridge, and the woman asks the soldier when they will eat the ax, and the soldier replies that the ax has not yet been cooked and he will cook it somewhere on the road and have breakfast. The soldier hides the ax and leaves well-fed and satisfied.

* * *

An old man and an old woman are sitting on the stove, she says that if they had children, then the son would plow the field and sow bread, and the daughter would poke him, and she herself, the old woman, would brew beer and call all her relatives, and the old man's relatives would not be called. The older one demands that she call his relatives, but not call her own. They quarrel, and the old man drags the old woman by the scythe and pushes her off the stove. When he goes to the forest to get firewood, the old woman is about to run away from home. She bakes pies, puts them in a big bag and goes to say goodbye to her neighbor.

The old man learns that the old woman is about to run away from him, takes pies out of the bag and climbs into it himself. The old woman takes the bag and goes. After walking a little, she wants to stop and says that it would be nice to sit on a stump and eat a pie now, and the old man from the bag shouts that he sees and hears everything. The old woman is afraid that he will catch up with her, and sets off again. So the old man does not give the old woman a rest. When she can no longer walk and unties the sack to refresh herself, she sees that the old man is sitting in the sack. She asks to forgive her and promises not to run away from him again. The old man forgives her and they return home together.

* * *

Ivan sends his wife Arina to the field to harvest rye. And she reaps just enough to have somewhere to lie down, and falls asleep. At home, she tells her husband that she squeezed out one place, and he thinks that the whole strip is over. And so it repeats every time. Finally, Ivan goes to the field for sheaves, sees that the rye is all uncompressed, only a few places are squeezed out.

In one such place Arina lies and sleeps. Ivan thinks to teach his wife a lesson: he takes scissors, cuts her head off, smears her head with molasses and showers it with fluff, and then goes home. Arina wakes up, touches her head with her hand and does not understand in any way: either she is not Arina, or the head is not hers. She comes to her hut and asks under the window if Arina is at home. And the husband replies that the wife is at home. The dog does not recognize the mistress and rushes at her, she runs away and wanders around the field for a whole day without eating. Finally, Ivan forgives her and brings her home. Since then, Arina is no longer lazy, does not cheat and works conscientiously.

* * *

A man plows in the field, finds a semi-precious stone and carries it to the king. A peasant comes to the palace and asks the general to bring him to the king. For the service, he demands from the peasant half of what the king will reward him with. The peasant agrees, and the general brings him to the king. The tsar is pleased with the stone and gives the peasant two thousand rubles, but he does not want money and asks for fifty lashes. The king takes pity on the peasant and orders that he be whipped, but quite lightly. Mrkik counts the blows and, having counted twenty-five, tells the king that the second half is the one who brought him here. The tsar summons the general, and he receives in full what is due to him. And the tsar gives the peasant three thousand rubles.

retold

Krestnikova Marina
Russian folk household tales, their role in the development of preschool children

RUSSIAN FOLK HOUSEHOLD TALES

children's letter

INTRODUCTION

folk tale enters the child's life very early and remains with him throughout childhood, and therefore it is difficult to overestimate its influence on developing personality. The popularity of this genre children explained by its characteristic features.

Firstly, fairy taleinvites you to travel to a fictional world: this is how they perceive everything that happens in fairy tale and storyteller, and the listener. This means that in everything is possible in a fairy tale what is impossible in reality - miraculous events, magical transformations, unexpected reincarnations. That's why fairy tale responds to the child's inclination to fantasy and belief in miracles.

But the greatest value fairy tales- this is an indispensable triumph of goodness and justice in the finale. World fairy tales are a perfect world, the image of which lives in the soul of not only a child, but also an adult. However, as already noted, the child tends to see reality in bright colors, and therefore fairy his view of the world is unusually close to him.

Household fairy tale is simply a storehouse of knowledge, because first of all it contains a description folk life where its name comes from. Since these works are created for children, That everyday folk tales contain a lot of humor and exciting adventures. Hero everyday fairy tales - this is not a hero, but an ordinary person, for example, a soldier, a peasant or a blacksmith. He does not perform feats of arms and does not have magical talents, however, he overcomes all difficulties with the help of his ingenuity and dexterity. Also, often the main motive is a love theme - a wedding, a wedding or life after marriage.

This variety fairy tales appeared not so long ago. Household fairy tales children are best at aged 2 to 7 years, so it is worth reading them more often during this period. You should also pay attention to the fact that for a certain age suitable for certain types fairy tales.

1. Views fairy tales

It should be noted that household tales may be the result of folk art and individual authors. So, for example, Charles Perrault or Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote a lot fairy tales in everyday life.

Fairy tales have a division into 3 subgroups, which allow you to more accurately determine what is everyday fairy tale:

social and household("The Talkative Old Woman", "Shemyakin Court",

satirical everyday("The Man and the Pop", "The Master and the Man",

magical household("Frost", "Cinderella").

However, it is worth noting that fairy tales can be divided only conditionally, because the same work can contain different elements: and satire, and magic, and just life.

What is taught household tales?

Household fairy tales were told and are told to children in order to to point them in the right direction in life, to teach them to make the right choice. After all, what is everyday fairy tale if not teaching and admonition to future generations? She teaches us the kindest and best, because good always triumphs over evil, people who are ready to help do not get lost in trouble, and our heroes are always ready to defend their homeland. Household fairy tales usually carry the idea that one must be industrious and skillful. Such people succeed in everything. And the inept and lazy in these fairy tales are usually ridiculed and they are left with nothing. Yes, in everyday fairy tales with a negative attitude towards gentlemen and priests. They are usually presented as greedy and lazy, and these qualities are always unpleasant to people. Moreover, it can be said that everyday fairy tales the social inequality of the heroes is clearly visible. Moreover, people of the lower classes have much more nobility and kindness than the richer ones. The role of everyday fairy tales is to denounce lies and show exactly the social difficulties and problems that exist in society.

Fairy taleasserted with all its content: whoever works, he must have wealth. It is interesting that, having become rich, man never stops working: fairy tale does not represent his hero outside of work.

ridiculed in social fairy tales, how in " Tale of Ersh Ershovich"," Crow ", was subjected to the legal proceedings of medieval Rus' and even the tsar himself. unreasonableness; unfairness of court decisions people explained by the stupidity of judges, bribery, but in fairy tales he seemed to restore justice. The poor man leaves the Shemyaka court unpunished (“Shemyakin Court”, thanks to the ingenuity of his daughter, a peasant fights off the unjust court of the voivode, guessing riddles better than his narrow-minded, but rich brother (“Sevenletka”, etc.).

In all this people's optimism, his belief in the possibility of peace and harmony in society and the family, his dreams of a happy future. Been tied for a long time people affirmation of justice on earth with the name of the king. It was believed that the tsar was surrounded by dishonest, conceited, stupid boyars and close associates. IN fairy tales they are ridiculed, ridiculed evil and sharp (for example, in fairy tales "The Gorshenya", "Spruce Cones", the king is depicted as a wise man, punishing fools and rewarding a smart man. But in fairy tale "The Tsar and the tailor"The king is shown already the same, like his associates: despising the common man, stupid and funny.

2. System of images everyday fairy tales

So called everyday fairy tales are fairy tales, which reflect folk life and everyday life, reality, without any miracles, without any magic.

Household fairy tales- these are the real satirical folk art.

Satire consists in a pronounced mockery of the greed, stinginess, stupidity of people, mostly the rich.

These qualities are ridiculed by a gentleman, a merchant, a priest, they do not even spare the king himself.

Since childhood, everyone knows the hero household tales Ivanushka the Fool.

Even in the names of many fairy tales featured this name: "Tale of Ivan the Fool"," Ivan the Fool "," Ivan - a peasant son and a miracle Yudo "," How Ivan the Fool guarded the door.

Usually this hero is despised by everyone, or rather say, is despised by those who consider him stupid, unreasonable among them, "reasonable". But in fact, this simple-minded fool turns out to be almost the only rational being.

He is not stupid at all, but simply naive, good-natured, disinterested. Around him, people deceive each other, are cunning, greedy, want to amass wealth by all means, amuse their pride, and Ivanushka lies on his stove, dreams, he is happy with a little - a red shirt and a kind word. And happiness - then comes to him, and not to those who aspired to wealth, to a high rank. The fool marries some beautiful princess, he himself becomes a handsome hand-written.

IN everyday fairy tales selflessness takes precedence over greed, stinginess, intelligence and ingenuity - over stupidity, real honor - over arrogance.

And this is the deep meaning of such fairy tales.

Of course, the heroes of such fairy tales besides Ivanushka, there are ordinary peasants, an old man with an old woman, brothers, a worker, a peasant, a soldier.

For example, tales of a servant: "Porridge from an ax", "Soldier's overcoat", "Soldier and the devil", "Soldier's school".

At Russian people have a lot of fairy tales, collections were published more than once Russian fairy tales.

Give the whole list even just household there is no possibility.

Many people from childhood remember such fairy tales,For example: "Hot Pot", "Lutonyushka", "Woe", "Salt", "What Doesn't Happen in the World", "Good Pop", "Turnip", "Hidden Treasure", "Wise Servant".

In all fairy tales funny joke, an ironic joke is intertwined, interspersed with serious assessments of human affairs.

3. Genre features fairy tales

Children's consciousness, which goes through the first stages of its formation precisely due to the perception of realistic stories much more sensitive than an adult. And despite the fact that the very concept fairy tales exists for several hundred years, kids receive their first knowledge in this life, like many centuries ago, thanks to such stories.

The most common Russian folk household tales teach kids to correctly perceive life values, and also teach to believe, love. Fairy tales give insight into that good is always there, and miracles can happen to us every day and in the real world.

Often in stories everyday fairy tales of different peoples There are both good and evil characters. Of course, good always wins, despite all the vicissitudes of the fate of the heroes. And this pattern is not accidental. Indeed, it is this perception development of the fabulous The plot helps the child strive for the best, and do good deeds in real life.

And here are the life tests that fate throws at the characters everyday fairy tales teach kids humility and patience. But at the same time it is very important that the title and plot fairy tales were able to convey to the mind of the child that a happy ending will definitely come, you just have to try a little.

Certainly, household tales far from the fantasy genre, but they also have magic. After all, when the situation that the characters find themselves in turns out to be hopeless, its solution necessarily appears. Such miracles give the baby not only a subconscious sense of security, but also stimulate his curiosity and independent development.

household(satirical) fairy tale closest to everyday life and, not even necessarily, includes miracles. Approval or condemnation is always given in it openly, the assessment is clearly expressed: what is immoral, what is worthy of ridicule, etc. Even when it seems that the characters are just fooling around, amusing the listeners, their every word, every action is filled with significant meaning, connected with important aspects of a person's life.

Constant heroes of satirical fairy tales are"simple" poor people. However, they invariably prevail over "difficult"- a rich or noble person. Unlike the heroes of the magical fairy tales here the poor achieve the triumph of justice without the help of wonderful helpers - only thanks to the mind, dexterity, resourcefulness, and even fortunate circumstances.

Household satirical tale for centuries absorbed the characteristic features of life people and his relationship to those in power, in particular to judges and officials.

IN everyday fairy tales sometimes animal characters appear, and perhaps the appearance of such abstract characters as Truth and Krivda, Woe-Misfortune. The main thing here is not the selection of characters, but a satirical condemnation of human vices and shortcomings.

Sometimes in fairy tale such a specific element of children's folklore as a changeling is introduced. In this case, a shift in the real meaning arises, prompting the child to the correct arrangement of objects and phenomena. IN fairy tale the changeling is enlarged, grows up to an episode, is already part of the content. Displacement and exaggeration, hyperbolization of phenomena give the baby the opportunity to both laugh and think.

CONCLUSION

Fairy tale- one of the most interesting genres of oral creativity. The struggle of good against evil, faith in the triumph of justice, a bright future - all this is reflected in folk household tales.

Household tales are short. In the center of the plot is usually one episode, action develops rapidly, there are no repetitions of episodes, the events in them can be defined as ridiculous, funny and strange. In these fairy tales are widely developed comic, which is determined by their satirical, humorous, ironic nature. Also, there are no horrors in them, they are funny, witty, everything is focused on the action and features of the narrative that reveal the images of the characters.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Anikin V.P. Russian folk tale/V. P. Anikin - M. : Enlightenment, 1977 - 430s.

2. Children's literature. Textbook for pedagogical schools. Ed. E. E. Zubareva - M. : Enlightenment, 1989 -398s.

3. Nikiforov A. I. Fairy tale, her existence and carriers/A. I. Nikiforov - M. : Enlightenment, 1930 - 105s.

4. Pasternak N. Fairy tales a child needs like air / Preschool education. - No. 8-2008. -23-35s.

5. Propp V. Ya. Russian fairy tale / V. J. Propp - L. : Lenizdat, 1984 -263s.

6. Propp V. Ya. Historical roots of magic fairy tales / V. I.

7. Propp - L. : Lenizdat, 1986 - 415s.

8. Yudin Yu. Fool, jester, thief and devil (historical roots everyday fairy tale) . Ed. : Labyrinth-K, 2006-336s

The most favorite children's activity is to listen to fairy tales. They can be read or told from memory, but it is necessary to explain the meaning to the child. The fact is that fairy tales contain the wisdom of generations of ancestors. Perhaps it is well hidden in some works, but it is always present. There are several different kinds of fairy tales. This article will focus on household items.

What is a household story?

Everyday fairy tale is just a storehouse of knowledge, because first of all it contains a description of folk life, from where its name came from. Since these works are created for children, everyday folk tales contain a lot of humor and exciting adventures. The hero of a household tale is not a hero, but an ordinary person, for example, a soldier, a peasant or a blacksmith. He does not perform feats of arms and does not have magical talents, however, he overcomes all difficulties with the help of his ingenuity and dexterity. Also, often the main motive is a love theme - a wedding, a wedding or life after marriage.

This kind of fairy tales appeared not so long ago. Everyday fairy tales are best perceived by children between the ages of 2 and 7, so it is worth reading them more often during this period. You should also pay attention to the fact that certain types of fairy tales are suitable for a certain age.

What are the types of fairy tales?

It should be noted that everyday fairy tales can be the result of both folk art and individual authors. So, for example, Charles Perrault or Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote many fairy tales in the everyday genre.

Fairy tales are divided into 3 subgroups, which allow you to more accurately determine what a household fairy tale is:

• social and household ("Chatty old woman", "Shemyakin court"),
• satirical-household ("The Man and the Pope", "The Master and the Man"),
• magic-household ("Morozko", "Cinderella").

However, it is worth noting that fairy tales can only be divided conditionally, because the same work can contain different elements: satire, magic, and just everyday life.

What do fairy tales teach?

Everyday fairy tales were told and are told to children in order to point them in the right direction in life, to teach them to make the right choice. After all, what is a household fairy tale, if not a lesson and instruction for future generations? She teaches us the kindest and best, because good always triumphs over evil, people who are ready to help do not get lost in trouble, and our heroes are always ready to defend their homeland.

Everyday fairy tales usually carry the idea that one must be industrious and skillful. Such people succeed in everything. And the inept and lazy in these tales are usually ridiculed, and they are left with nothing. So, in everyday fairy tales, gentlemen and priests are treated negatively. They are usually presented as greedy and lazy, and these qualities are always unpleasant to people. Moreover, we can say that heroes are clearly visible in everyday fairy tales. Moreover, people of the lower classes have much more nobility and kindness than the richer ones. The role of the everyday fairy tale is to expose lies and show exactly the social difficulties and problems that exist in society.

Magic household tales

Often the genres of fairy tales can be mixed, as, for example, in magical fairy tales. They usually contain 2 worlds, one of which is real, and the second is fictional. So, the famous beginning "In a certain kingdom ..." is the main indicator of a fairy tale. Also, in addition to the fantasy world, there are also those endowed with special powers, such as Koschey or Baba Yaga.

Magical everyday tales can tell about heroes ("Vasilisa the Beautiful"), lost children ("Twelve Months"), or about people with certain abilities ("Mary the Artisan"). They always begin with the elders leaving the younger, or the strong leaving the weak alone, who, in turn, violate a strictly established prohibition. This form of presentation is the most memorable for children.

In such fairy tales, there is always a kind magical helper or object, with the help of which the victory over the villain is won.

Perhaps fairy tales about animals about animals are very interesting for children. In Russian fairy tales, villains often have pets, for example, Baba Yaga. Usually these are cats that help good characters escape. It is not surprising, because the owners practically do not feed the animals, and even more so they do not caress.

Household fairy tales about animals

Among other varieties of fairy tales, there are fairy tales about animals. They can tell both about simple creatures that live in the forest ("Wolf and seven kids", "Fox and Hare" and others), and about the magical "Humpbacked Horse"). A household tale about animals necessarily implies the ability of these creatures to talk and think like people. In household tales about animals, they often have quite human problems and emotions, as well as living conditions. Basically, it's about people.

A distinctive feature of Russian fairy tales about animals is that all animals are endowed with special, characteristic features in them. So, everyone knows from childhood that the fox is cunning, the hare is hardworking, and the wolf is cruel.

Household fairy tales of the peoples of Russia

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of everyday fairy tales. So, every nation, not only of our great Russia, but of the whole world, knows what a household fairy tale is, and tells it to children. Each nation has its own tales, but their plot is often repeated. However, thanks to them, we can learn more about the culture of another people and better understand it. This is very important in such as Russia. When children listen to the tales of their people at an early age, they perceive them much better than foreign works.

The Tale of the Bogatyr Naznay

The genres of fairy tales are very diverse, so sometimes a household fairy tale can be perfect for describing a hero. Bogatyr Recognize and his actions refer to just such a case.

In this tale, we are talking about a hero who himself did not know how to do anything, but was able to become a king. The fact is that he was very lucky, and he dealt with his enemies simply by chance. The hero was so unlucky that his But he guessed to write on the sword that he killed 500 people with one blow (although in fact he killed only 500 flies). The king found out about this, invited the hero and married him to his daughter. In fact, the hero did not perform feats, but he was very lucky, and he dealt with enemies. So, he killed a snake simply by falling on it from a tree in a dream, and he defeated three evil heroes by quarreling them: they themselves killed each other.

At the end of the tale, frightened and starting to undress, Naznay frightened the army of the attackers, because they thought that in front of them, thanks to the victory, he became king. In fact, we have before us a household fairy tale, since there is no heroism in it, only luck. The hero copes with difficulties thanks to her and his ingenuity.