The film "Admiral" went with us with a bang! The name of Admiral Kolchak in the media sounded loud and noisy. He is a handsome man, he is a talent, and an innovator, and a war hero, and an enviable lover ... Yes, there was a polar explorer admiral, there was an admiral - an innovator in the mine business, but there was also a failed commander of the Black Sea Fleet, an admiral - a punisher in the expanses of Siberia, a shameful hireling The Entente and the puppet in their hands. But the creators of the books, the film and the multi-part television movie are silent about this, as if they don’t know. Why did Kolchak turn from an enemy of the Bolsheviks into almost a hero of Russia?
In the spring of 1917, Vice-Admiral Alexander Kolchak, commander of the Black Sea Fleet, threw off his tsarist-era shoulder straps and put on a new uniform that had just been established by the Russian Provisional Government. But this did not save him from the decision of the Sevastopol Soviet of Deputies to remove him from office. On June 6 of the same year, he was out of work, in July he left for America, from there to Japan.
Kolchak in the service of Britain
There he decided on the issue of admission to the service in the British Navy and in early January 1918 he went to the Mesopotamian front. But already from Singapore he was returned by the Intelligence Department of the British General Staff, he was sent to the exclusion zone of the Chinese Eastern Railway. The administration of the road was located there, the failed government of autonomous Siberia, the Cossacks of atamans Semyonov and Kalmykov, numerous White Guard officer detachments, who did not obey anyone and did not recognize anyone, fled there.
Kolchak was introduced to the board of the CER, appointed head of the security guards, and his task was to unite the disparate military formations and rush into Russia "occupied" by the Bolsheviks. As before, he sewed on the shoulder straps of the admiral, but he walked in boots, riding breeches and an army-cut jacket.
Nothing worked for Alexander Vasilievich, he did not complete the task. In early July 1918, with his beloved Anna Timiryova, he left for Japan, allegedly for negotiations with the Chief of the Japanese General Staff on joint actions. Kolchak lived in a small town, "corrected his health" in a resort town. But not for long.
Kolchak's life in Siberia
He was found by the English General A. Knox, who headed the Russian Department of the British War Office. Their meeting ended with Kolchak agreeing, with the help of England, to "recreate the Russian army in Siberia." The general happily reported to London: "... there is no doubt that Kolchak is the best Russian for the implementation of our goals in the Far East." Pay attention, reader, not to the goals of the Russian state, not to its people, but to their goals, English ones! Entente!
In mid-September, Kolchak, accompanied by General A. Knox and the French ambassador Regno, arrived in Vladivostok. By that time, Soviet power from the Volga to the Pacific Ocean had been overthrown by the Czechoslovak corps and local White Guard formations.
On October 14, Alexander Kolchak arrived in Omsk, he was immediately introduced into the government of P.V. Vologodsky as a military and naval minister.
On November 8, accompanied by an English battalion under the command of Colonel J. Ward, he went to the front, visited Yekaterinburg, near Ufa. On November 17, Kolchak returned to Omsk, and on the night of November 18, the military overthrew the power of the Directory, while, as the Socialist-Revolutionary D. Rakov wrote in his Parisian memoirs, a terrible orgy broke out on the banks of the Irtysh - the deputies were beaten with rifle butts, stabbed with bayonets, chopped with checkers.
Kolchak supreme ruler of Russia
Alexander Kolchak was proclaimed the Supreme Ruler of Russia and the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, on the same day he was awarded the rank of Admiral. For a year and a half, this is the fourth time he changed his uniform!
Having overthrown the Soviet power, the white army unleashed unprecedented terror and mockery of the population. The people did not know the courts.
White dictatorship and obscurantism
The White Guards executed hundreds of people in Barnaul, they shot 50 people in the village of Karabinka in the Biysk district, 24 peasants in the village of Shadrino, 13 front-line soldiers in the village of Kornilovo ... , which could turn the victim's body into a piece of broken meat in a few blows.
Lieutenant Goldovich and Ataman Bessmertny, who were operating in Kamensky Uyezd, forced their victims to kneel before being shot to sing their own funeral, and girls and women were raped. The obstinate and recalcitrant were buried alive in the ground. Lieutenant Noskovsky was known for being able to kill several people with one shot.
Drunken “their nobles” took the leaders of the first Soviet government M.K. Tsaplin, I.V. Prisyagin, M.K. Their bodies were never found, most likely they were chopped up with swords and thrown from the railway bridge to the Ob. 
The brutal and senseless reprisals against people increased manifold with the coming to power of Kolchak, with the establishment of a military dictatorship by him. Only for the first half of 1919:
- more than 25 thousand people were shot in the Yekaterinburg province,
- in the Yenisei province, on the orders of General S.N. Rozanov, about 10 thousand people were shot,
- 14 thousand people were flogged with whips, 12 thousand peasant farms were burned and plundered.
- in two days - July 31 and August 1, 1919 - over 300 people were shot in the city of Kamen, even earlier - 48 people in the arrest house of the same city.
They created the police, but to establish order over what?
At the beginning of 1919, the government of Admiral Kolchak decided to create special police units in the provinces and regions of Siberia. The companies of the Altai detachment, together with the companies of the Blue Lancers regiment and the 3rd Barnaul regiment, scoured the entire province with punitive functions. They spared neither women nor the elderly, they knew neither pity nor compassion.
From me:
Mannerheim in Leningrad, for his participation in the BLOCKADE was immortalized with a board. A monument to Kolchak was erected where he destroyed the most people. And after the rehabilitation of Vlasov, will they take up the rehabilitation of Hitler?
Blind Leaders of the Blind Documentary:
How and why did A. V. Kolchak come to Russia - a British officer since December 1917
Not everyone knows about this. It is not customary to talk about this now for the same reason that in the mention of the legendary A.A. Brusilov will never be mentioned that he became a red general. Sometimes in disputes about Kolchak they are asked to show a document with a contract. I don't have it. He is not needed. Kolchak himself told everything, everything was recorded on paper. Everything is confirmed by his telegrams to his mistress Timireva.
A very important important question is what brought the British officer to Russia. Especially in light of the fact that some senators and zealots of Kolchak's memory are in favor of erecting monuments to him :
“There must be places of worship, monuments to the heroes of the Russian Army, who laid down their lives, well-being in the name of Russia, the Tsar and the Fatherland. A monument to Alexander Kolchak should appear in Omsk!”— © Senator Mizulina.
We will show that:
a) Kolchak really entered the service of the British crown;
b) Kolchak ended up in Russia on the orders of his new superiors. (At the same time, he did not aspire to Russia himself. Maybe he even hoped to avoid a visit.)
* * *
From the minutes of the meetings of the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry.
“... Having considered this question, I came to the conclusion that there is only one thing left for me - to continue the war all the same, as a representative of the former Russian government, which gave a certain obligation to the allies, I held an official position, enjoyed its confidence, it waged this war, and I must continue this war. Then I went to the English envoy in Tokyo, Sir Green, and expressed to him my point of view on the situation, declaring that I did not recognize this government. (remember these words -arctus) and I consider it my duty, as one of the representatives of the former government, to fulfill the promise to the allies; that the obligations that Russia assumed towards the allies are also my obligations as a representative of the Russian command, and that therefore I consider it necessary to fulfill these obligations to the end and wish to participate in the war, even if Russia makes peace under the Bolsheviks. Therefore, I asked him to inform the British government that I ask to be accepted into the British army on any conditions. I do not set any conditions, but only ask you to give me the opportunity to wage an active struggle.
Sir Green listened to me and said:
“I fully understand you, I understand your position; I will report this to my government and ask you to wait for a response from the British government.
Nevertheless, he had the opportunity to remain in the Russian Navy, there are many examples of naval senior officers, and the investigator draws attention to this:
Alekseevsky. At the time when you made such a difficult decision to enter the service of another state, even if it was an allied or former allied state, you should have had the idea that there is a whole group of officers who quite consciously remain in the service of the new government in the Navy, and that among them there are certain large figures ... large officers in the Navy who deliberately went for it, such as Altvater* . How did you treat them?
Kolchak. Altvater's behavior surprised me, because if the question was raised earlier about what political convictions Altfater had, then I would say that he was more of a monarchist. … And even more so I was surprised by his repainting in this form. In general, before it was difficult to say what political convictions an officer had, since such a question simply did not exist before the war. If one of the officers had asked then:
"Which party do you belong to?" - then, probably, he would have answered: "I do not belong to any party and do not engage in politics." (and now let us recall the words noted above about the non-recognition of the Bolshevik government, and carefully read the following -arctus )
Each of us looked in such a way that the government can be anything, but that Russia can exist under any form of government. You understand a monarchist as a person who believes that only this form of government can exist. As I think, we had few such people, and rather Altvater belonged to this type of people. For me personally, there was not even such a question - can Russia exist under a different form of government. Of course, I thought that it could exist.
Alekseevsky. Then among the military, if not expressed, there was still an idea that Russia could exist under any government. Nevertheless, when the new government was created, did it already seem to you that the country could not exist under this form of government?
<…>
Two weeks later, a reply came from the British War Office. I was first informed that the British government was willing to accept my proposal for enlistment in the army and asked me where I would prefer to serve. I replied that in applying to them to accept me for service in the English army, I did not put any conditions on it, and suggested that they use me in any way they found possible. As to why I expressed a desire to join the army and not the Navy, I knew the English Navy well, I knew that the English Navy, of course, did not need our help.
<…>
A.V. Kolchak - A. Timireva :
... Finally, very late, the answer came that the British government offered me to go to Bombay and report to the headquarters of the Indian army, where I would receive instructions about my appointment to the Mesopotamian front.
For me, although I did not ask for it, it was quite acceptable, since it was near the Cheriy Sea, where actions against the Turks took place and where I fought at sea. I therefore gladly accepted the offer, and begged Sir C. Greene to give me the opportunity to travel by boat to Bombay.
A.V. Kolchak - A. Timireva :
Singapore, 16 March. (1918) Met by order of the British government return immediately to China for work in Manchuria and Siberia. It found to use me there in the views of allies and Russia, preferably over Mesopotamia.
... In the end, on the 20th of January, after a long wait, I managed to leave Yokohama by boat for Shanghai, where I arrived at the end of January. In Shanghai, I went to our Consul General Gross and the English Consul, to whom I handed over a paper defining my position, asking his assistance to arrange me on a steamer and deliver me to Bombay to the headquarters of the Mesopotamian army. On his part, an appropriate order was made, but he had to wait a long time for the ship. …
When meeting with the first "whites" in Shanghai who came for weapons, Kolchak refuses to help, referring to his already new status and the obligations associated with it:
Then, back in Shanghai, I first met with one of the representatives of the Semyonov armed detachment. It was the Cossack centurion Zhevchenko, who traveled through Beijing, visited our envoy, then went to Shanghai and Japan with a request for weapons for the Semenov detachment. At the hotel where I was staying, he met with me and said that there had been an uprising against Soviet power in the exclusion zone, that Semyonov was at the head of the rebels, that he had formed a detachment of 2,000 people, and that they had no weapons and uniforms, - and so he was sent to Cathay and Japan to ask for the opportunity and funds to purchase weapons for the detachments.
He asked me how I felt about it. I replied that no matter how I feel about it, but at the moment I am bound by certain obligations and cannot change my decision. He said that it would be very important if I came to Semyonov to talk, since I needed to be in this business. I said:
"I fully sympathize, but I made a commitment, received an invitation from the British government and I'm going to the Mesopotamian front."
From my point of view, I considered it indifferent whether I would work with Semenov, or in Mesopotamia - I would do my duty towards the motherland.
How did Kolchak end up in Russia? What kind of wind "blowed"?
I left Shanghai by boat for Singapore. In Singapore, the commander of the troops, General Ridout, came to greet me, handed me an urgent telegram sent to Singapore from the director of the Intelligence Department of the intelligence department of the military general staff in England.
This telegram read as follows: the British government accepted my proposal, nevertheless, due to the changed situation on the Mesopotamian front (later I found out what the situation was, but earlier I could not foresee this), he considers in view of the request addressed to him by our envoy, Prince. Kudashev, useful for the common allied cause, so that I return to Russia, that I am recommended to go to the Far East to start my activities there, and it is more profitable from their point of view than my stay on the Mesopotamian front, especially since the situation there has completely changed.
Let us pay attention to one more evidence that what Kolchak sought:
« I ask you to accept me into the English army on any terms you like. happened.
I've already made more than half the way. This put me in an extremely difficult situation, primarily financial - after all, we traveled all the time and lived on our own money, not receiving a penny from the British government, so our funds were coming to an end and we could not afford such walks. I then sent another telegram with a request: is this an order or just advice that I can not fulfill. An urgent telegram was received to this with a rather vague answer: the British government insists that it is better for me to go to the Far East, and recommends that I go to Peking at the disposal of our envoy, Prince. Kudashev. Then I saw that the issue had been resolved. After waiting for the first steamer, I left for Shanghai, and from Shanghai by rail to Beijing. This was in March or April 1918.
<…>
That is, Kolchak obeyed the order, and not at the call of the soul went to Russia.
And as for material difficulties, well, really, the question is logical, only strong romantics and enthusiasts can work without a salary.
* Vasily Mikhailovich Altvater - Rear Admiral of the Russian Imperial Fleet, first commander of the RKKF of the RSFSR
About Kolchak and the Kolchakites
As part of the propaganda of the "white" movement and the distortion of history, many artistic works. One of these works is the film "Admiral".
A white officer, an admiral, a patriot, a hero... Such a handsome Khabensky Kolchak cannot be bad. Can't be wrong. Wrong, then, the Bolsheviks.- It is this chain of reasoning that the authors of this article offer us. artistic movie.
But this is not true!
The truth is that the historical Kolchak bears very little resemblance to the artistic one.
1918 In November, Kolchak, with the blessing of the British and French, declared himself dictator of Siberia. The admiral is an irritable little man, about whom one of his colleagues wrote:
"a sick child ... certainly a neurasthenic ... forever under the influence of others," he settled in Omsk and began to call himself "the supreme ruler of Russia."
The former tsarist minister Sazonov, who called Kolchak "Russian Washington", immediately became his official representative in France. He was lavished with praise in London and Paris. Sir Samuel Hoare again declared publicly that Kolchak was a "gentleman." Winston Churchill claimed that Kolchak was "honest", "incorruptible", "intelligent" and "patriot". The New York Times saw him as "a strong and honest man" backed by "a solid and more or less representative government."
Kolchak with foreign allies
The allies, and especially the British, generously supplied Kolchak with ammunition, weapons and money.
“We sent to Siberia,” proudly reported the commander of the British troops in Siberia, General Knox, “hundreds of thousands of rifles, hundreds of millions of cartridges, hundreds of thousands of sets of uniforms and machine-gun belts, etc. Each bullet fired by Russian soldiers at the Bolsheviks during this year , was made in England, by English workers, from English raw materials and delivered to Vladivostok in English holds.
In Russia at that time they sang a song:
English uniform,
French epaulette,
Japanese tobacco,
Ruler of Omsk!
The commander of the American expeditionary forces in Siberia, General Grevs, who can hardly be suspected of sympathy for the Bolsheviks, did not share the allies' enthusiasm for Admiral Kolchak. Every day his intelligence officers supplied him with new information about the reign of terror that Kolchak had established. The admiral's army had 100,000 soldiers, and new thousands of people were recruited into it under threat of execution. Prisons and concentration camps were packed to capacity. Hundreds of Russians who dared to disobey the new dictator hung from trees and telegraph poles along the Siberian railway. Many rested in mass graves, which they were ordered to dig before Kolchak's executioners destroyed them with machine-gun fire. Murders and robberies have become a daily occurrence.
One of Kolchak's assistants, a former tsarist officer named Rozanov, issued the following order:
1. Occupying villages previously occupied by bandits (Soviet partisans), demand the issuance of leaders of the movement, and where leaders cannot be found, but there is enough evidence of their presence, shoot every tenth inhabitant.
2. If, during the passage of troops through the city, the population does not inform the troops of the presence of the enemy, to collect a monetary contribution without any mercy.
3. Villages, the population of which provides armed resistance to our troops, should be burned, and all adult men should be shot; property, houses, carts, etc. confiscate for the needs of the army.
Telling General Graves about the officer who issued this order, General Knox said:
“Well done this Rozanov, by God!”
The bodies of workers and peasants shot by Kolchak
Along with the troops of Kolchak, the country was ravaged by gangs of bandits who received financial support from Japan. Their main leaders were Ataman Grigory Semyonov and Kalmykov.
Colonel Morrow, who commanded American troops in the Trans-Baikal sector, reported that in one in the village occupied by the Semyonovites, all men, women and children were villainously killed. Some were shot "like rabbits" when they tried to flee their homes. Others were burned alive.
"Soldiers Semenov and Kalmykov, says General Graves, using the patronage of the Japanese troops, they roamed the country like wild animals, robbing and killing civilians ... Anyone who asked questions about these brutal murders was told that the dead were Bolsheviks, and, apparently, such an explanation satisfied everyone.
General Grevs did not hide the disgust that the atrocities of the anti-Soviet troops in Siberia aroused in him, which earned him a hostile attitude from the White Guard, British, French and Japanese commands.
The American ambassador to Japan, Morris, during his stay in Siberia informed General Greves that he had received a telegram from the State Department about the need to support Kolchak in connection with American policy in Siberia.
"You see, General, Morris said, you will have to support Kolchak.
Grevs replied that the military department had not given him any instructions about supporting Kolchak.
“It's not in the military, it's in the State Department,” Morris said.
“The State Department doesn't know me,” Graves answered.
Kolchak's agents began harassing Grevs in order to undermine his prestige and force him to be recalled from Siberia. Rumors and fictions began to spread that Grevs had "become a Bolshevik", and that his troops were helping the "communists". This propaganda was also anti-Semitic in nature. Here is a typical example:
“American soldiers are infected with Bolshevism. For the most part, they are Jews from the New York East Side, who constantly start riots.
The English Colonel John Ward, a member of parliament who was a political adviser under Kolchak, publicly stated that when he visited the headquarters of the American Expeditionary Force, he discovered that "out of sixty liaison officers and translators, more than fifty were Russian Jews."
The same kind of rumors were spread by some of Grevs' compatriots.
"American Consul in Vladivostok, Graves recalls, day after day, without any comment, telegraphed to the State Department the slanderous, false, obscene articles about American troops that appeared in the Vladivostok newspapers. These articles, as well as the slanders of the American troops that were spreading in the United States, were based on the accusation of Bolshevism. The actions of the American soldiers did not give rise to such an accusation ... but it was repeated by Kolchak's supporters (including Consul General Harris) in relation to everyone who did not support Kolchak.
At the very height of the slanderous campaign, a messenger from General Ivanov-Rynov, who commanded the Kolchak units in Eastern Siberia, appeared at the headquarters of General Grevs. He informed Grevs that if he pledged to give Kolchak's army $20,000 a month, General Ivanov-Rynov would see to it that the agitation against Grevs and his troops ceased.
This Ivanov-Rynov, even among the generals of Kolchak, stood out as a monster and a sadist. In Eastern Siberia, his soldiers exterminated the entire male population in the villages, where, according to their suspicions, "Bolsheviks" were hiding. Women were raped and beaten with ramrods. Killed indiscriminately - the elderly, women, children.
Kolchak's victims in Novosibirsk, 1919
Excavations of the grave in which the victims of the Kolchak repressions of March 1919 were buried, Tomsk, 1920
Tomsk residents carry the bodies of the spread participants of the anti-Kolchak uprising
The funeral of the Red Guard brutally murdered by Kolchak
Novosobornaya Square on the day of the reburial of the victims of Kolchak on January 22, 1920
One young American officer sent to investigate the atrocities of Ivanov-Rynov was so shocked that, after finishing his report to Grevs, he exclaimed:
“For God's sake, General, don't send me on such orders again! Just a little more - and I would have tore off my uniform and would begin to save these unfortunate ones.
When Ivanov-Rynov faced the threat of popular indignation, the English commissioner, Sir Charles Elliot, hurried to Greves to express his concern for the fate of the Kolchak general.
– As for me, - General Grevs answered him fiercely, - let them bring this Ivanov-Rynov here and hang him on that telephone pole in front of my headquarters - not a single American will lift a finger to save him!
Ask yourself why during the Civil War the Red Army was able to defeat the well-armed and sponsored by the Western Powers White Army and troops 14 !! states that invaded Soviet Russia during the intervention?
But because the MOST of the Russian people, seeing the cruelty, baseness and venality of such “Kolchaks”, supported the Red Army.
Kolchak. He is such a douche...
Such a touching series was filmed with public money about one of the main executioners of the Russian people during the civil war of the last century, which simply brings tears to the eyes. And to the same touching, heartfelt, they tell us about this guardian of the Russian land. And trips through Baikal are held with memorial and prayer services. Well, just grace descends on the soul.
But for some reason, the inhabitants of the territories of Russia, where Kolchak and his comrades were heroic, have a different opinion. They remember how entire villages of Kolchak threw people still alive into the mines, and not only that.
By the way, why is the tsar father being honored in such a way on a par with priests and white officers? Didn't they blackmail the king from the throne? Didn't they plunge our country into bloodshed, betraying their people, their king? Didn't the priests joyfully restore the patriarchate immediately after their betrayal of the sovereign? Didn't the landowners and generals want power for themselves without the control of the emperor? Weren't they the ones who started organizing the civil war after the successful February coup organized by them? Didn't they hang the Russian peasant and shoot all over the country. It was only Wrangel, horrified by the death of the Russian people, who left the Crimea himself, all the others preferred to cut the Russian peasant until they themselves were reassured forever.
Yes, and remembering the Polovtsian princes by the names Gzak and Konchak, cited in the Tale of Igor's Campaign, the conclusion involuntarily suggests itself that Kolchak is related to them. Maybe that's why you shouldn't be surprised by the following?
By the way, it makes no sense to judge the dead, neither white nor red. But mistakes cannot be repeated. Only the living can make mistakes. Therefore, the lessons of history need to be known by heart.
In the spring of 1919, the first campaign of the Entente countries and the United States of America began against the Soviet Republic. The campaign was combined: it was carried out by the combined forces of the internal counter-revolution and the interventionists. The imperialists did not hope for their own troops - their soldiers did not want to fight against the workers and working peasants of Soviet Russia. Therefore, they relied on the unification of all the forces of the internal counter-revolution, recognizing the main arbiter of all affairs in Russia, Tsarist Admiral Kolchak A.V.
American, British and French millionaires took over the bulk of the supply of arms, ammunition, and uniforms to Kolchak. In the first half of 1919 alone, the United States sent more than 250,000 rifles and millions of cartridges to Kolchak. In total, in 1919, Kolchak received from the USA, England, France and Japan 700 thousand rifles, 3650 machine guns, 530 guns, 30 aircraft, 2 million pairs of boots, thousands of uniforms, equipment and underwear.
With the help of his foreign masters, by the spring of 1919, Kolchak managed to arm, clothe and shoe an army of almost 400,000.
Kolchak's offensive was supported from the North Caucasus and the south by Denikin's army, intending to link up with Kolchak's army in the Saratov region in order to jointly move on Moscow.
The White Poles advanced from the west along with the Petliura and White Guard troops. In the north and Turkestan, mixed detachments of Anglo-American and French interventionists and the army of the White Guard General Miller operated. From the northwest, supported by the White Finns and the English fleet, Yudenich advanced. Thus, all the forces of the counter-revolution and the interventionists went over to the offensive. Soviet Russia found itself again in the ring of advancing enemy hordes. Several fronts were created in the country. The main one was the Eastern Front. Here the fate of the country of the Soviets was decided.
On March 4, 1919, Kolchak launched an offensive against the Red Army along the entire Eastern Front for 2 thousand kilometers. He put up 145 thousand bayonets and sabers. The backbone of his army was the Siberian kulaks, the urban bourgeoisie and the prosperous Cossacks. In the rear of Kolchak there were about 150 thousand interventionist troops. They guarded the railways, helped to deal with the population.
The Entente kept Kolchak's army under its direct control. At the headquarters of the White Guards there were constantly military missions of the Entente powers. The French General Janin was appointed commander-in-chief of all interventionist troops operating in Eastern Russia and Siberia. The English General Knox was in charge of supplying Kolchak's army and forming new units for it.
The interventionists helped Kolchak develop an operational plan for the offensive and determined the main direction of the strike.
On the Perm-Glazov sector, the most powerful Siberian army of Kolchak operated under the command of General Gaida. The same army was to develop the offensive in the direction of Vyatka, Sarapul and unite with the troops of the interventionists operating in the North.
victims of Kolchak and Kolchak's thugs
victims of the atrocities of Kolchak in Siberia. 1919
peasant hanged by Kolchak
From everywhere, from the territory of Udmurtia liberated from the enemy, information was received about the atrocities and arbitrariness of the White Guards. So, for example, at the Peskovsky plant, 45 people of Soviet workers, poor peasant workers, were tortured. They were subjected to the most cruel tortures: their ears, noses, lips were cut out, their bodies were pierced in many places with bayonets (Doc. Nos. 33, 36).
Women, old people and children were subjected to violence, flogging and torture. Property, livestock, harness were taken away. The horses that the Soviet government gave to the poor to maintain their economy were taken away by the Kolchak people and given to the former owners (doc. No. 47).
A young teacher in the village of Zura, Pyotr Smirnov, was brutally cut down with a White Guard saber because he met a White Guard in good clothes (Doc. No. 56).
In the village of Syam-Mozhge, the Kolchakites dealt with a 70-year-old old woman because she sympathized with the Soviet government (doc. No. 66).
In the village of N. Multan, Malmyzhsky district, on the square in front of the people's house, the corpse of the young communist Vlasov was buried in 1918. The Kolchakites drove the working peasants to the square, forced them to dig up the corpse and publicly mocked him: they beat him on the head with a log, squeezed his chest and, finally, putting a noose around his neck, tied the tarantass to the front and dragged it along the village street for a long time (doc. No. 66 ).
In the workers' settlements and cities, in the huts of the poor peasants of Udmurtia, a terrible groan arose from the atrocities and butchery of Kolchak. For example, during the two months of the bandits' stay in Votkinsk, 800 corpses were found in Ustinov Log alone, not counting those single victims in private apartments who were taken away to no one knows where. Kolchak plundered and ruined the national economy of Udmurtia. It was reported from the Sarapulsky district that “after Kolchak, literally nothing was left anywhere ... After the Kolchak robberies in the county, the presence of horses decreased by 47 percent and cows by 85 percent ... In the Malmyzhsky county, in the Vikharev volost alone, the Kolchakists took 1,100 horses, 500 cows from the peasants , 2000 carts, 1300 sets of harness, thousands of poods of grain and dozens of households were completely plundered.
“After the capture of Yalutorovsk by the Whites (June 18, 1918), the former authorities were restored in it. A brutal persecution of all those who collaborated with the Soviets began. Arrests and executions became a mass phenomenon. The Whites killed a member of the Soviet of Demushkin, shot ten former prisoners of war (Czechs and Hungarians) who refused to serve them. According to the memoirs of Fyodor Plotnikov, a participant in the Civil War and a prisoner of the Kolchak torture chambers from April to July 1919, a table with chains and various devices for torture was installed in the basement of the prison. The tortured people were taken outside the Jewish cemetery (now the territory of the sanatorium orphanage), where they were shot. All this happened from June 1918. In May 1919, the Eastern Front of the Red Army went on the offensive. On August 7, 1919, Tyumen was liberated. Feeling the approach of the Reds, the Kolchakites perpetrated atrocious reprisals against their prisoners. On one of the August days of 1919, two large groups of prisoners were taken out of the prison. One group - 96 people - was shot in a birch forest (now the territory of a furniture factory), another, in the amount of 197 people, was hacked to death with swords across the Tobol River near Lake Gingiryai ... ".
From the certificate of the deputy director of the Yalutorovsk museum complex N.M. Shestakova:
“I consider myself obliged to say that my grandfather Yakov Alekseevich Ushakov, a veteran of the First World War, a Cavalier of St. George, was hacked to death by Kolchak drafts beyond Tobol. My grandmother was left with three young sons. My father was only 6 years old at that time ... And how many women throughout Russia did the Kolchakites make widows, and children - orphans, how many old people were left without son's care?
Therefore, the logical result (please note no torture, no bullying, just execution):
“We entered the cell to Kolchak and found him dressed - in a fur coat and a hat,” writes I.N. Bursak. It looked like he was expecting something. Chudnovsky read out to him the decision of the Revolutionary Committee. Kolchak exclaimed:
- How! Without trial?
Chudnovsky replied:
- Yes, Admiral, just like you and your henchmen shot thousands of our comrades.
Having risen to the second floor, we entered the cell to Pepelyaev. This one was also dressed. When Chudnovsky read out to him the decision of the revolutionary committee, Pepelyaev fell to his knees and, wallowing at his feet, begged not to be shot. He assured that, together with his brother, General Pepelyaev, he had long decided to rebel against Kolchak and go over to the side of the Red Army. I ordered him to get up and said: “You can’t die with dignity…
They again went down to Kolchak's cell, took him away and went to the office. The formalities are over.
By 4 o'clock in the morning we arrived at the bank of the Ushakovka River, a tributary of the Angara. Kolchak behaved calmly all the time, and Pepelyaev - this huge carcass - was in a fever.
Full moon, bright frosty night. Kolchak and Pepelyaev are standing on a hillock. Kolchak refuses my offer to blindfold. The platoon is lined up, rifles at the ready. Chudnovsky whispers to me:
- It's time.
I give the command:
- Platoon, on the enemies of the revolution - pl!
Both fall. We put the corpses on the sledge-sledge, bring them to the river and lower them into the hole. So the "supreme ruler of all Rus'" Admiral Kolchak goes on his last voyage ... ".
(“The defeat of Kolchak”, military publishing house of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, M., 1969, pp. 279-280, circulation 50,000 copies).
In the Ekaterinburg province, one of the 12 provinces under Kolchak's control, at least 25 thousand people were shot under Kolchak, about 10% of the two million population were flogged. They flogged both men and women and children.
M. G. Aleksandrov, commissar of the Red Guard detachment in Tomsk. He was arrested by Kolchak, imprisoned in Tomsk prison. In mid-June 1919, he recalled, 11 workers were taken out of the cell at night. Nobody slept.
“The silence was broken by weak groans that came from the courtyard of the prison, prayers and curses were heard ... but after a while everything was quiet. In the morning, the criminals told us that the Cossacks who had been taken out were chopped with sabers and stabbed with bayonets in the back exercise yard, and then they loaded the carts and took them away somewhere.
Aleksandrov said that he was then sent to the Alexander Central near Irkutsk, and out of more than a thousand prisoners there, the Red Army released only 368 people in January 1920. In 1921–1923 Alexandrov worked in the county Cheka of the Tomsk region. RGASPI, f. 71, op. 15, d. 71, l. 83-102.
American General W. Graves recalled:
“The soldiers of Semenov and Kalmykov, being under the protection of Japanese troops, flooded the country like wild animals, killed and robbed the people, while the Japanese, if they wished, could stop these killings at any time. If at that time they asked what all these cruel murders were for, they usually received in response that the dead were Bolsheviks, and such an explanation, obviously, satisfied everyone. Events in Eastern Siberia were usually presented in the most gloomy colors, and human life there was not worth a penny.
Terrible murders were committed in Eastern Siberia, but they were not committed by the Bolsheviks, as was commonly thought. I won’t be mistaken if I say that in Eastern Siberia, for every person killed by the Bolsheviks, there were a hundred people killed by anti-Bolshevik elements.”
Graves doubted that it was possible to point to any country in the world during the last fifty years where murder could be carried out with such ease and with the least fear of responsibility, as in Siberia during the reign of Admiral Kolchak. Concluding his memoirs, Graves noted that the interventionists and the White Guards were doomed to defeat, since "the number of Bolsheviks in Siberia by the time of Kolchak had increased many times over in comparison with their number at the time of our arrival"
There is a board for Mannerheim in St. Petersburg, now there will be Kolchak ... Next - Hitler?
The opening of the memorial plaque to Admiral Alexander Kolchak, who led the White movement in the Civil War, will take place on September 24 ... The memorial plaque will be installed on the bay window of the building where Kolchak lived ... The text of the inscription is approved:
"In this house from 1906 to 1912 lived an outstanding Russian officer, scientist and researcher Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak."
I will not argue about his outstanding scientific achievements. But I read in the memoirs of General Denikin that Kolchak demanded (under pressure from Mackinder) that Denikin enter into an agreement with Petlyura (giving Ukraine to him) in order to defeat the Bolsheviks. For Denikin, the homeland turned out to be more important.
Kolchak was recruited by British intelligence when he was a captain of the 1st rank and commander of a mine division in the Baltic Fleet. It happened at the turn of 1915-1916. This was already a betrayal of the Tsar and the Fatherland, to whom he swore allegiance and kissed the cross!
Have you ever thought about why the fleets of the Entente in 1918 calmly entered the Russian sector of the Baltic Sea?! After all, he was mined! In addition, in the confusion of the two revolutions of 1917, no one removed the minefields. Yes, because Kolchak's entry ticket for joining the British intelligence service was the surrender of all information about the location of minefields and barriers in the Russian sector of the Baltic Sea! After all, it was he who carried out this mining and he had all the maps of minefields and obstacles in his hands!
In continuation of the BeloEmoGrant post with excerpts from the film Admiral
The release of the ideological blockbuster "Admiral Kolchak" on the screens is an obvious preparation of the ground for a new international occupation and division of the country. Having become an agent of British intelligence long before February, Kolchak was "recognized" as the "Supreme Ruler of Russia" in order to formalize the division of the Russian Empire. By the way, the recent review of Kolchak's case denied rehabilitation, confirming his status as a war criminal, equivalent to the status of Raduev and Basaev. Does Ernst's film fall under the propaganda of terrorism?
"The Kolchak government cannot hold out without the open support of our government. Thanks to our timely and active support, Kolchak will hold out, we will find ourselves in a privileged position in order to promote and lead the cause of the reconstruction of Russia ..."
Morris, US Ambassador to Japan 16 Aug 1919
History of the so-called. "civil war" is primarily the history of international intervention and the not entirely successful division of the former Empire. The documents testify: without Kolchak, appointed by the intervention countries as the "supreme ruler", Russia, even if it was Soviet, would not have lost the Baltic states, Western Ukraine and Belarus. The persistent rehabilitation of Kolchak is the preparation of a new international intervention, which is being prepared by the entry into NATO not only of the Baltic States, but also of Ukraine ...
Perhaps the best primary source on Kolchak is the official protocols of his interrogation during the trial (published in the "Library of Military Literature", from which the sham nature of his power and complete dependence on the interventionist countries, between which he humbly maneuvered during his "reign" are directly visible .
The protocols also clarify the system of terror and punitive measures deployed in Siberia by Kolchak and his subordinates.
An interesting moment: back in the 90s, an attempt was made to rehabilitate Kolchak as "innocently convicted." On the initiative "from above", Kolchak's case was reviewed by the military court of the ZabVO, but there was no rehabilitation.
Having studied the archival file of "Kolchak", the court found that the investigation (January-February 1920) collected enough evidence that from 1918 to 1920. by order of Kolchak, not only military operations were carried out, but also "massive repressions were carried out against the civilian population."
The court ruling noted that Kolchak himself, during interrogation, showed that on his initiative the rights of the military to apply repressions to the civilian population were expanded. As a result, his "field commanders" without legal "red tape" issued orders for the taking of hostages, mass executions, burning of villages, the inhabitants of which were only suspected of supporting the Reds. Specials were made barges to destroy the arrested on the way. Kolchak's government awarded monetary rewards to the military, depending on the number of "rebels" they destroyed.
For a number of reasons, the court did not consider Kolchak's state crimes (espionage, cooperation with the invaders).
Thus, the official legal status of Kolchak is a war criminal, executed by a legal verdict of a court for armed terror against the civilian population - in particular, for the capture and execution of hostages and mass extrajudicial repressions. In other words, in legal terms, the status of Kolchak is absolutely equivalent to the status of the same Basayev, Raduev or terrorists from Beslan and Nord-Ost.
Meanwhile, laws on terrorism and extremism have recently been adopted, according to which the glorification and glorification of notorious terrorists and war criminals, including Kolchak, and even with the use of the media, is a crime.
In this case, the prosecutor's office is simply obliged to give a legal assessment of the actions of citizens who erect monuments to the war criminal Kolchak and make pathos films about him. So, in accordance with the letter of the law, immediately after the release of the film on the screen, the producer of "Admiral Kolchak" Ernst should at least be summoned to the prosecutor's office to give explanations, and potentially testify.
And not as a witness. It is possible that in this case he will justify himself with references to instructions from the Kremlin or the campaign headquarters of United Russia, but this will only expand the circle of suspects.
The law is strong, but it's law. But what kind of prosecutor would dare to carry it out, gentlemen?
A. Ermolaev
Rehabilitation of Kolchak - preparation for a new intervention and division of the Russian Federation?
In conclusion, we give two informative publications on the facts of the biography of the war criminal Kolchak:
Newspaper "Leninsky way" N1, 2000, Usolye-Sibirskoe
In recent years, it has been considered good form to romanticize Kolchak. In Irkutsk, they gasped at the theatrical premiere of The Star of the Admiral. In Usolye-Sibirsky, where there is a monument to the victims of Kolchak, one of the city newspapers gave birth to an anniversary article that began pathetically - sublimely:
"The star of Admiral Kolchak was Russia. And he gave himself to her without a trace." The same can be said about Hitler: "Adolf's star was great Germany, and he died for it." And Yeltsin's star was democratic Russia, for which he broke his heart. It is necessary to evaluate the figure by what he brought to people (majority, minority). What Russia did Kolchak act for? For the sake of Russia, a prosperous minority and such a majority, which the whites prepared for the position of cattle. It is not surprising that the policy against the majority failed, the people, with a sense of dignity awakened at that time, did not tolerate oppression and rebelled. In 1919, two-thirds (!) of Kolchak's troops were engaged in punitive operations in their rear. Kolchak had a vast territory, a large stock of grain not exported from Siberia, a train of gold, support for the Entente ... Siberian peasants, who did not know the landlords and land shortages, received benefits from Soviet power less than other peasants, but living near Kolchak made them its ardent supporters, power everywhere, even before the arrival of the Red Army, it passed into the hands of partisans.
Now we will analyze by what means Kolchak's anti-people policy was carried out. There were few people who wanted to fight with the working people of Central Russia, Kolchak began to carry out violent mobilizations. The peasants hiding from them were severely punished, and the innocent were also punished. This gave rise to partisans and deserters. In response, the escalation of the punitive war with the burning of villages, floggings, executions of everyone.
The gold reserve was spent selectively: Kolchak regularly paid foreigners for military supplies from it (the Entente took from him over a third of Russia's gold reserves - 184 tons), he promised his soldiers to pay each 500 gold coins (plus a land allotment), but Kolchak preferred to rip off from the population 1-2 skins in the form of food and transport (and why spoil the men, let them tear them away from themselves for the sake of a holy cause). In the northern villages of the Irkutsk province, according to the testimony of the now living Usolsky veteran S.M. Navalikhin, some priests even anathematized Kolchak (brought it!). But at the beginning of Kolchakism, the clergy joined the regiment of I. Christ as soldiers (Thou shalt not kill!?). But, spinning the flywheel of terror, giving free rein to his guardsmen, Kolchak showed the true face of the "white idea".
Here his Minister of the Interior V.N. reports to him. Pepelyaev on the results of the investigation into peasant unrest in the Kansk district (from the book by A. Aldan-Selinov "Red and White"):
- Your Excellency, on the Angara the punishers hang people for absolutely no reason, the ataman Krasilnikov is especially mad.
- What is he doing?
- You announced an amnesty for the partisans. One hundred and thirty men returned home from the taiga. Krasilnikov immediately hanged them as Bolsheviks.
- This can not be!
- I'm sorry, Your Excellency, but...
- What else does Krasilnikov do?
- He shoots priests, village elders, gendarmes who honestly served us. "This priest has not changed yet, but he can change, therefore it is better to hang the priest." But other atamans are no better, - Pepelyaev reassured Admiral, - Annenkov, Kalmykov, Semenov, Ungern. I can show you the documents about the monstrous torture....
- No need ... Kolchak preferred to "not notice" the atrocities of his henchmen, none of them was punished. And before the tribunal, he introduced himself as a sheep that knows nothing. From the protocol of Kolchak's interrogation: - ... Three officers were sitting at the table (the military field court - ed.), They brought the arrested. The officers said: "Guilty" - and people were killed. That's what happened.
- I don't know about that.
- All Siberia knows about such lawlessness.
- I myself signed the charter of the courts-martial (and I myself gave them instructions: if a hundred suspected of Bolshevism are arrested, ten should be shot immediately - ed.).
- Even courts-martial have paperwork. At least for the form, an indictment and a sentence are written, why didn’t you have this?
- I am not aware of such procedures.
- How many, in your opinion, were shot in Kulomzin?
- Eighty or ninety.
- The British (who were also in the role of punishers - ed.) stated in a note that the uprising cost only a thousand lives. What cynicism - just a thousand lives.
- Didn't hear...
Have you heard of the flogging of workers?
- I banned corporal punishment.
- Do you know anything about torture?
They didn't tell me about them...
- I myself saw people tormented by ramrods. They were tortured in counterintelligence at the headquarters of the supreme ruler. Do you know that your authorized general Rozanov - the Governor General of Krasnoyarsk - shot the hostages?
- I forbade such practices.
- In Krasnoyarsk, ten Russians were shot for one murdered Czech ...
And here is the memorandum of the Czech legionnaires.
“Under the protection of the Czechoslovak bayonets, the local Russian military authorities allow themselves actions that will horrify the entire civilized world. The burning of villages, the beating of peaceful Russian citizens by the hundreds, the execution without trial of representatives of democracy on a simple suspicion of political unreliability is a common occurrence ... "
The bourgeois media hide the fact that the case of Kolchak, beloved by them, at the request of the "democrats", was recently reviewed by the military court of the ZabVO, but there was no rehabilitation. Having studied the archival file of "Kolchak", the court found that the investigation (January-February 1920) collected enough evidence that from 1918 to 1920. by order of Kolchak, not only military operations were carried out, but also "massive repressions were carried out against the civilian population." The court ruling noted that Kolchak himself, during interrogation, showed that on his initiative the rights of the military to apply repressions to the civilian population were expanded. As a result, his "field commanders" without legal "red tape" issued orders for the taking of hostages, mass executions, burning of villages, the inhabitants of which were only suspected of supporting the Reds. Specials were made barges to destroy the arrested on the way. Kolchak's government assigned monetary rewards to the military, depending on the number of "heads" they destroyed. People were shot even when calloused hands were found: it means that the worker must be liquidated.
But maybe Kolchak became a criminal because of patriotism? Allegedly, in the fight against Bolshevism, he saw the continuation of the war with Germany, so he was stung by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Strange patriotism, for the sake of which it is necessary to torment your homeland, exhausted by the world war, and kill your compatriots. He would go to partisans in Ukraine and fight the German occupiers there, protesting against the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. By the way, when Kolchak became supreme, the Soviet government had already annulled the predatory peace. And in general, was the truce with the Germans itself a whim or a necessity? Sadly, the army did not want to fight anymore (the opinion of representatives of all regiments of the active army was polled) and voted for peace "with their feet", by mass desertion. "Patriots" like Kolchak would organize mass round-ups and beatings of soldiers who left the front, but one more front (behind) would be required to keep the outer front from the peasants who were desperate and did not want to fight.
But the Soviet government was worried about peace, because the country was simply NOT ABLE to wage war, it had already sacrificed 7 million human lives for the interests of the allies (on the Eastern Front, Russia kept 6 million soldiers, holding down 139 enemy divisions, and beloved Kolchak, England on the Western Front held a million-strong army, which was opposed by 40 divisions). So judge who is a patriot and who is a merchant (for foreign loans and military supplies) of Russian blood.
In the Usolskaya newspaper we are reminded: "Who else but Germany sent a sealed wagon with Lenin to Russia?" It would be nice to clarify that she did not "send", but let the carriage with Lenin from a neutral country through, and not "sealed", but extraterritorial, i.e. the carriage passengers had no connection with the Germans. But Kolchak was indeed sent by the interventionists, sniffed with them and was attached by them to the post of Minister of War of the All-Russian Provisional Government. Let us turn again to the protocol of Kolchak's interrogation. “I received a telegram from London. I was asked to go to Beijing to meet with the former tsarist ambassador.
He gave me INSTRUCTIONS from the ENGLISH government. I was asked to immediately gather forces to fight the Bolsheviks. "So who is the agent?
The interventionists (and the Czechs) famously dealt with the local Soviet authorities, but they did not want to expose their foreheads in the war with the regular Red Army, they equipped Kolchak for this. "English uniform, French epaulettes, Japanese tobacco - the ruler of Omsk." Kolchak was dissatisfied with such tactics of the allies: “One hundred thousand allied troops are in Siberia. They came, it would seem, to help me, but they are sympathetic in the rear. Hangars The allies guard us from behind, but no one guards us from the front..." (from the book "Reds and Whites").
Tied hand and foot by allies, Kolchak could repeat until he was blue in the face (according to the Kolchakophiles) about "unshakable principles" about "that the idea of a united and indivisible Russia will never be compromised," but this is reminiscent of the delirium of the traitor Vlasov, when he fantasized that the Germans " help him "throw off the Bolsheviks, create a good (and according to Yeltsin "Great") Russia and kindly step aside. So Hitler listened to him! And the Entente at that time had its own interests, and Kolchak satisfied them (and where would he go?). The Czech friends who got to Vladivostok, on trains, found a huge amount of gold, silver things, precious jewelry, paintings, carpets, sable furs; there were blood trotters in the freight cars. Kolchak granted the Americans the entire basin of the Lena River in concession; to the British - the Urals, the Northern Sea Route, the ores of Altai; the Japanese - the deposits of Transbaikalia, etc. and so on. Patriot-s!
But maybe Kolchak is interesting as a person? In general, all the facts of Kolchak's biography, now presented as a revelation, were published long ago in ordinary Soviet fiction, for example, in A. Aldan-Semenov's book "Red and White", published in 1979 with a circulation of 150 thousand copies (i.e. was in every library), but then no one was interested in these details and piquancy. Just think, the bloody dictator loved the romance "Burn, burn, my star." The book also stated that Kolchak was a morphine addict (this was also mentioned in the diary of the commander of the interventionist troops Janen), but this did not hurt anyone then either. One sin more, one less - what's the difference. Now our perception has changed: the long-term work of corpse-eaters and gossips has not disappeared. Although, in principle, the assessment of the same Hitler does not change from the fact that he liked to draw and did not eat meat.
They say that Kolchak was not ambitious and did not strive for power. But what about his consent to a military coup in Omsk proclaiming himself the supreme ruler? In recent years, among the Irkutsk intellectuals, a tale about the opening of a university in Irkutsk by Kolchak has been popular. In fact, back in March 1918, i.e. under Soviet rule (Kolchak had just "sold his sword" to the British), Siberian newspapers reported on preparations for the opening of the university. Kolchak as an administrator Janin (diary) characterizes unimportantly: "His independent work is weak, in fact he is led by ... a group of ministers headed by Mikhailov, Gins and Telberg; this group serves as a screen for a syndicate of speculators and financiers."
As befits bourgeois leaders (Yeltsin and Putin take an example from them, showing off in the temple), Kolchak demonstrates himself as an exemplary Christian, which does not prevent him from having a mistress ("civil wife") Timireva. Kolchak despised his people: "maddened, wild (and devoid of similarity), unable to get out of the psychology of slaves" (from Kolchak's letter). Yes, now a monument to Kolchak in Irkutsk has been erected by the same "patriots" who despise the working people, but attempts to mold a hero from Kolchak are useless, and the whole Kolchakiada is a nasty mucus of social racism.
It is symbolic that the beer "Admiral Kolchak" became the subject embodiment of the canonization of the dictator. As they say, there he is dear - through the bladder into the toilet!
Why in modern Russia from Kolchak, who drowned Siberia in Russian blood, they are trying with propaganda serials and films, monuments. molding the image of the "savior of the country" is a separate issue. But after considering the facts of terror arranged by the admiral and his henchmen, it sounds more and more distinct. And it is not at all clear how it is possible on one land, watered with the blood of thousands of victims of Kolchak, where there are monuments to them, to erect monuments to their executioner? On the top photo is a monument to the victims of the Kulomzinsky uprising against the dictatorship of Kolchak. What kind of "new tradition" is this, instead of understanding and determining the place in history of a completely ambiguous figure, it is so false and categorically propagandistic to glorify him? Is it not for these "merits" to the people?
The "glorious" path of struggle for the "motherland" began with the fact that Kolchak, violating the oath of the Russian Empire, was the first in the Black Sea Fleet to swear allegiance to the Provisional Government. Having learned about the October Revolution, he handed over to the British ambassador a request for admission to the British army. Does it by chance remind you of modern events with jackaling around embassies? The ambassador, after consultations with London, handed Kolchak a direction to the Mesopotamian front. On the way there, in Singapore, he was overtaken by a telegram from the Russian envoy to China, Nikolai Kudashev, inviting him to Manchuria to form Russian military units.
So, by August 1918, the armed forces of the RSFSR were completely or almost completely opposed by foreign troops, with the support of "patriots, such as Kolchak, Krasnov, Kornilov, Wrangel, etc. Well, more eloquently than the "sworn friend" of Russia you cannot say about this:
“It would be a mistake to think that throughout this year we fought on the fronts for the cause of Russians hostile to the Bolsheviks. On the contrary, the Russian White Guards fought for OUR cause,” Winston Churchill later wrote.
And so the goals and objectives were determined by Kolchak and his foreign masters, and he undertook their implementation, moreover, by very specific methods. Below is a selection of facts and evidence, as they say without comment:
Kolchak's order:
"The civil war must of necessity be merciless. I order the commanders to shoot all the captured communists. Now we are relying on the bayonet."
And these instructions of Kolchak were concretized by his henchmen with zeal. Here are fragments from the order of the governor of the Yenisei and part of the Irkutsk provinces, Lieutenant General S.N. Rozanova:
"To the chiefs of military detachments operating in the region of the uprising:
1. When occupying villages previously captured by robbers, demand the extradition of their leaders and leaders; if this does not happen, and reliable information about the availability of such is available, shoot the tenth.
2. Villages, the population of which will meet government troops with weapons, burn; to shoot the adult male population without exception; property, horses, wagons, bread, and so on, to be taken away in favor of the treasury.
< ... >
6. Take hostages among the population, in case of action by fellow villagers directed against government troops, shoot hostages mercilessly "
In 1918, the "supreme ruler" Kolchak created 40 concentration camps. Ishim, Atbasar, Irkutsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Shkotovo, Blagoveshchensk, Tyukalinsk...
In December 1918, the Kolchak government adopted a special resolution on the widespread introduction of the death penalty. The police were in charge of enforcing this order. In addition, under the Ministry of Internal Affairs, there were special punitive detachments. The gravest crime was declared to insult Kolchak “in words”, for which imprisonment was supposed.
As follows from the memoirs, Kolchak himself has repeatedly expressed the opinion that "the civil war must be merciless." The head of the Ural Territory, Postnikov, who refused to perform his duties, characterized the Kolchak regime as follows:
"The dictatorship of military power, reprisals without trial, flogging even of women, arrests on denunciations, persecution on slander, horrors - in the camps of the Red Army, 178 out of 1600 people died in a week. "Apparently, they are all doomed to extinction."
The headquarters captain Frolov of the dragoon squadron of the Kappel corps narrated about his “exploits”:
“After hanging several hundred people on the gates of Kustanai, shooting a little, we spread to the village, the villages of Zharovka and Kargalinsk were cut into walnut, where for sympathy with Bolshevism we had to shoot all the men from 18 to 55 years of age, after which we let the “rooster” go.”
As the military failures, Kolchak's generals became more and more cruel. On October 12, 1919, one of them issued an order to shoot every tenth hostage, and in the event of a mass armed uprising against the army, all residents and burn the village to the ground. Litvin's book contains a letter from Perm workers dated November 15, 1919:
“We waited for Kolchak, like the day of Christ, but we waited like the most predatory beast.”
Kolchak, as an intelligent commander in chief, preferred not to torture, but to flog and not be sophisticated with the death penalty, but simply to shoot. Soviet printed sources claim that during the period of Kolchak's stay in the Yekaterinburg province, the White Guards tortured and shot over 25 thousand people and about 200 thousand were flogged.
Investigative case N 37751 against Ataman Boris Annenkov began in May 1926. He was at that time 36 years old. He said about himself that from the nobility, he graduated from the Odessa Cadet Corps and the Moscow Alexander Military School. He did not recognize the October Revolution, the Cossack centurion at the front, decided not to comply with the Soviet decree on demobilization, and appeared in Omsk at the head of a "partisan" detachment in 1918. In Kolchak's army, he commanded a brigade, became a major general. After the defeat of the Semirechye army with 4 thousand fighters, he left for China.
The four-volume investigative file accusing Annenkov and his former chief of staff N. A. Denisov contains thousands of testimonies of plundered peasants, relatives of those who died at the hands of bandits, acting under the motto:
“We have no restrictions! God and Ataman Annenkov are with us, cut right and left!”
The indictment told about the many facts of the atrocities of Annenkov and his gang. At the beginning of September 1918, the peasants of the Slavgorod district cleared the city from the guards of the Siberian regionals. Annenkov's "hussars" were sent to pacify. On September 11, the massacre began in the city: up to 500 people were tortured and killed that day. The hopes of the delegates of the peasant congress that
“No one dares to touch the people's deputies, they did not justify themselves. Annenkov ordered all the arrested delegates of the peasant congress (87 people) to be chopped up in the square opposite the people's house and buried here in a pit.
The village of Black Dol, where the headquarters of the rebels was located, was burned to the ground. Peasants, their wives and children were shot, beaten and hung on poles. Young girls from the city and nearby villages were brought to Annenkov's train, which was standing at the station of Slavgorod, raped, then taken out of the cars and shot. A participant in the Slavgorod peasant uprising, Blokhin testified: the Annenkovites executed terribly - they pulled out their eyes, tongues, removed the stripes on their backs, buried the living in the ground, tied them to horse tails. In Semipalatinsk, the ataman threatened to shoot every fifth person if he was not paid an indemnity.
Annenkov and Denisov were tried in Semipalatinsk, where they were shot on August 12, 1927 by a court verdict.
I have already quoted the words of the commander of the American intervention forces in Siberia, General W. Graves:
"Great murders were committed in Eastern Siberia, but they were not committed by the Bolsheviks, as is commonly believed. I will not be mistaken if I say that in Eastern Siberia, for every person killed by the Bolsheviks, there were 100 people killed by anti-Bolshevik elements."
The general spoke, in particular, about the brutal massacre of the Kolchakites in November 1918 in Omsk with members of the Constituent Assembly ...
Now is the time to face the White Terror, from which the zealots of glasnost and truth from Ogonyok, Moskovskie Novosti, Literaturnaya Gazeta, etc., slyly turned away. No, we will not follow the dubious example of D. A. Volkogonov and Yu. Feofanov who called in the “accusers” of the Reds ... General Denikin and the semi-Cadet Melgunov. Let the whites themselves bear witness to the deeds of the whites. These testimonies are numerous. Let's open just a few of them.
When Admiral Kolchak was established on the throne, his guardsmen arranged not only for the Bolsheviks, but also for the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik leaders of the directory, such a bloody bath that those who survived in it for many years remembered with a shudder. One of them, a member of the Central Committee of the Right Social Revolutionary Party, D. F. Rakov, managed to smuggle a letter from prison abroad, which the Socialist-Revolutionary Center in Paris published in 1920 in the form of a pamphlet entitled “In the dungeons of Kolchak. Voice from Siberia.
What did this voice tell the world community?
“Omsk,” Rakov testified, “simply froze in horror. While the wives of the murdered comrades were looking for their corpses in the Siberian snows day and night, I continued my painful sitting, not knowing what horror was going on behind the walls of the guardhouse. The killed ... were an infinite number, in any case, no less than 2,500 people.
Entire wagonloads of corpses were transported through the city, as sheep and pig carcasses are transported in winter. It was mainly the soldiers of the local garrison and the workers who suffered...” (p. 16-17).
And here are the scenes of Kolchak's massacres, sketched, so to speak, from nature:
“The murder itself presents a picture so wild and terrible that it is difficult to talk about it even for people who have seen a lot of horrors both in the past and in the present. The unfortunate were stripped, left in only one linen: the killers, obviously, needed their clothes. They beat them with all types of weapons, with the exception of artillery: they beat them with rifle butts, stabbed with bayonets, chopped them with checkers, shot at them from rifles and revolvers. The execution was attended not only by the performers, but also by spectators. In front of this audience, N. Fomin (Socialist-Revolutionary - P.G.) was inflicted 13 wounds, of which only 2 were gunshot wounds. While still alive, they tried to cut off his arms with sabers, but the sabers, apparently, were blunt, resulting in deep wounds on the shoulders and under the armpits. It is hard, hard for me now to describe how they tortured, mocked, tortured our comrades” (p. 20-21).
“The prison is designed for 250 people, and in my time there were more than a thousand ... The main population of the prison is Bolshevik commissars of all kinds and types, Red Guards, soldiers, officers - all behind the front-line military field court, all people awaiting death sentences. The atmosphere is tense to the extreme. A very depressing impression was made by the soldiers arrested for participating in the Bolshevik uprising on December 22. All these are young Siberian peasant boys who have nothing to do with either the Bolsheviks or Bolshevism. The prison environment, the proximity of imminent death made them walking dead with dark earthy faces. All this mass is still waiting for salvation from new Bolshevik uprisings”
Not only prisons, but the whole of Siberia was filled with the horrors of reprisals. Against the partisans of the Yenisei province, Kolchak sent the punitive general Rozanov.
“Something indescribable began,” Rakov reports. - Rozanov announced that for each killed soldier of his detachment, ten people from the Bolsheviks who were in prison, who were all declared hostages, would be steadily shot. Despite the protests of the allies, 49 hostages were shot in the Krasnoyarsk prison alone. Along with the Bolsheviks, the Socialist-Revolutionaries were also shot ... Rozanov led the pacification in the "Japanese" way. The village captured from the Bolsheviks was subjected to robbery, the population was either evacuated without exception or shot: neither old men nor women were spared. The villages most suspicious of Bolshevism were simply burned. Naturally, when the Rozanov detachments approached, at least the male population scattered through the taiga, involuntarily replenishing the rebel detachments” (p. 41) .
Excavations of the grave of mass graves of victims of the Kolchak repressions of March 1919, Tomsk
The same scenes of Dante's hell took place throughout Siberia and the Far East, where the fire of guerrilla warfare blazed in response to the terror of Kolchak.
But, perhaps, the Socialist-Revolutionary witness Rakov, who experienced all the “charms” of Kolchakism, was too emotional and said too much? No, he didn't. Let's leaf through the diary of Baron A. Budberg - after all, Kolchak's Minister of War. What did the baron tell about, writing not for publication, but, so to speak, confessing to himself? The Kolchak regime appears from the pages of the diary without makeup. Observing this very power, the baron is indignant:
“Even a reasonable and impartial Rightist... will squeamishly recoil from any kind of cooperation here, because nothing can make you sympathize with this dirt; even nothing can be changed here, because against the sincere idea of order and law, vileness, cowardice, ambition, greed and other delights, monstrously growing here, rise up monstrously. And one more thing: “The old regime is blooming in the most terry color in its most vile manifestations...”.
Lenin was right when he wrote that the Kolchaks and Denikins carry on their bayonets a power that is "worse than the tsar's."
Baron Budberg invites all those who specialize in exposing the Soviet "cheaters" to look into Kolchak's counterintelligence.
“Here, counterintelligence is a huge institution, warming up whole crowds of self-seekers, adventurers and the dregs of the late secret police, insignificant in terms of productive work, but thoroughly saturated with the worst traditions of the former guards, detectives and gendarmes. All this is covered with the loftiest slogans of the struggle for the salvation of the motherland, and under this cover debauchery, violence, embezzlement of state funds and the wildest arbitrariness reign.
Readers probably have not forgotten that this is evidenced by Kolchak's Minister of War and that this is the sharpest weapon of the White Terror.
The baron also spoke frankly about the fact that the Ural and Siberian peasants, driven into the Kolchak army on pain of death and reprisals, do not want to serve this regime. They want to restore the power that gave them land and much more. This is what explained those dozens of truly heroic uprisings in the rear of Kolchak and the no less heroic actions of partisan armies from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean with a total number of up to 200 thousand people, plus millions of their supporters? No, these hundreds of thousands and millions, who went to death and torture, did not consider their war against the terrorist regime senseless. But the former head of the Institute of Military History believes. It's strange, isn't it?
Now about what went to the lot of the long-suffering people who ended up in Kolchakia. In Budberg's diary we read:
“The Kalmyk saviors (we are talking about the detachments of the Ussuri Cossack ataman Kalmykov. - P.G.) show Nikolsk and Khabarovsk what the new regime is; everywhere there are arrests, executions, plus, of course, the abundant annexation of cash equivalents into the vast pockets of saviors. The Allies and the Japanese know all this, but no action is taken. Such monstrous things are told about the exploits of the Kalmyks that one does not want to believe” (vol. XIII, p. 258). For example: “The degenerates who came from the detachments boast that during the punitive expeditions they gave the Bolsheviks to the Chinese for reprisal, having previously cut the tendons under the knees of the prisoners (“so that they would not run away”); they also boast that they buried the Bolsheviks alive, with the bottom of the pit lined with entrails released from those buried (“to make it softer to lie down”)” (p. 250).
So did the ataman Kalmykov - the "younger brother" of the Transbaikal ataman Semenov. And what did the “big brother” do? Here is a frank confession of the commander of the American troops in Siberia, General V. Grevs:
“The actions of these (Semenov. - P.G.) Cossacks and other Kolchak commanders, carried out under the auspices of foreign troops, were the richest soil that could be prepared for Bolshevism, cruelties were of such a kind that they will undoubtedly be remembered and retold among the Russian people 50 years after their accomplishment”
And here are the “handiwork” of the interventionists and the White Guards in numerical terms for the Yekaterinburg province alone (according to the official report):
“The Kolchak authorities shot at least 25 thousand. In the Kizelov mines alone, at least 8 thousand were shot and buried alive; in the Tagil and Nadezhdinsky districts, about 10 thousand were shot and tortured; in Yekaterinburg and other counties, at least 8 thousand. About 10% of the population of two million has been re-cut. Flogged men, women and children.”
Considering that "Kolchakia" included 11 more provinces and regions, it is difficult to even imagine the scale of the bloody orgy that broke out in the east of the country.
Such is the portrait of Kolchakism, painted by its creators or witnesses. But such “orders” Kolchak and those who directed him wanted to approve throughout Russia. A white horse was already at the ready in Omsk, on which the “supreme ruler” planned to enter Moscow to the sound of bells.
Here it is, in the testimonies of participants and eyewitnesses. "glorious" path of the admiral into historical non-existence. But the truth cannot be one-sided, there could not have been a response to such horrors of the White, in this case Kolchak's terror, from the Reds. Of course, in response, the red terror was deployed, as far as it was "bloody" than the white, general of the interventionist army W. Graves spoke above. But the difference in the historical outcome of these tragic events for the two opposing sides is diametrically opposed.
Despite the full support of the Western partners of the White Guard movement, it did not find mass support from the population, which is not surprising from the above facts. The White Guards, having Western support, having a lot of funds from robbery and expropriation, having a semblance of a quasi-state entity, where did all the funds go? Why can't you find anywhere evidence of the creative projects of the White Guards, striving for at least some future desired by the people? Because besides the desire for undivided power, there was no project behind them, only to rule and flog, rule and shoot, and rule, rule, rule. And where are the people? His future? Right in the ground or as slaves in mines and factories.
But what about the Bolsheviks? They are all miserable funds received in the form of taxes, having no external support, not being sure that they will retain power and the country, from the first days they sent where? In the fight against illiteracy and in the electric power industry, in the two foundations of future industrialization and the transformation of unsystematic agriculture into an agro-industry. And now, against the backdrop of the White Guard boundless horror in the village, a monument to the genius of the decisions made by Lenin, is this historical photo of the early 20s.
"... But the departure of the Reds did not mean the end of the bloody drama. The unrestrained white terror began. Massive floggings of the population, brutal reprisals against the Red Army soldiers and sympathizers of the Soviet regime created a bad reputation for the Kolchakists. In each of the 36 volosts of the Kungur district, the whites shot 10-20 people and "taught" 50-70 people with rods. The workers of the Pashiysky plant were arrested on the slightest suspicion of "involvement in Bolshevism." The arrest was usually followed by beatings and executions. 22 people were flogged to death. Public mass flogging was staged by the White Guards in Solikamsk. even women and the elderly. Several people were shot in front of everyone. Mass executions are carried out in Perm. More than a hundred pro-Bolshevik workers of Motovilikha were shot on the Kama ice and lowered into the hole. About three hundred captured Red Army soldiers were killed on the ice of Sylva. More than 8 thousand Red Army soldiers and sympathizers Soviet authorities were shot in the Kizelovsky district.Arrested from Cherdyn, Solikamsk and Perm prisons were brought here for reprisal. Sometimes communists and their supporters, after being tortured, were lowered alive into the hole or pushed into flooded mines with rifle butts and bayonets. In Nytva, in broad daylight on the market square, the brutalized soldiers of the assault battalion of Colonel Urbanovsky hacked to death with sabers and bayoneted more than a hundred captured Red Army soldiers and local residents suspected of sympathizing with the Soviet authorities. The element of white terror terrified even the White Guard chiefs themselves. But they could no longer curb the bestial instincts of the front-line soldiers drunk with blood, and therefore they were forced to turn a blind eye to these extreme manifestations of misanthropy generated by the fratricidal war. This, by the way, is one of the differences between the White Terror and the Red Terror, which was encouraged by the leaders of the Bolsheviks as a necessary tool in politics.
"The military authorities, down to the very juniors, dispose of civil affairs, bypassing the civilian direct authority," Postnikov, the head of the Ural Territory, wrote to the Kolchak ministers in early 1919. "Massacre without trial, flogging even of women, death of those arrested "during the escape", arrests on denunciations, transfer of civil cases to military authorities, persecution on slander and denunciations ... I do not know of a single case of bringing to justice a military man guilty of the above." Hundreds of mass graves were discovered in the Kama region after Kolchak's retreat. The number of victims of the white terror is also incalculable, as well as the victims of the terror of the Reds.
(A. Suslov Faces of terror // Pages of the history of the land of Perm. Part II. Perm, 1997.
And here is another text found on the hard drive, apparently copied from some kind of Internet discussion,
entitled
"On the controversy around the civil war and the red terror" -
“When Admiral Kolchak was established on the throne, his guardsmen staged not only the Bolsheviks, but also the Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik leaders of the directory such a bloodbath, which those who survived in it remembered with a shudder for many years. One of them is a member of the Central Committee of the Right Socialist Revolutionary Party D.F. Rakov managed to smuggle a letter from prison abroad, which the SR center in Paris published in 1920 in the form of a pamphlet entitled "In the dungeons of Kolchak. Voice from Siberia.
What did this voice tell the world community? “Omsk,” Rakov testified, “simply froze in horror. At a time when the wives of the murdered comrades searched for their corpses day and night in the Siberian snows, I continued my painful sitting, not knowing what horror was going on behind the walls of the guardhouse. Killed .. There were an infinite number, in any case, no less than 2,500 people.
Entire wagonloads of corpses were transported through the city, as sheep and pig carcasses are transported in winter. It was mainly the soldiers of the local garrison and the workers who suffered..." (p.16-17).
And here are the scenes of Kolchak's massacres, sketched, so to speak, from nature: "The murder itself presents a picture so wild and terrible that it is difficult to talk about it even for people who have seen a lot of horrors both in the past and in the present. The unfortunate were undressed, left only in one linen: the killers obviously needed their clothes.They beat them with all types of weapons, with the exception of artillery: they beat them with rifle butts, stabbed with bayonets, chopped with swords, shot at them from rifles and revolvers.Not only the performers were present during the execution, but also spectators.In front of our eyes of this audience, N. Fomin (Socialist-Revolutionary - P.G.) was inflicted 13 wounds, of which only 2 gunshot wounds. While still alive, they tried to cut off his hands with checkers, but the checkers, apparently, were blunt, resulting in deep wounds on his shoulders and under It's hard for me, it's hard now to describe how they tortured, mocked, tortured our comrades" (p. 20-21).
What follows is a story about one of Kolchak's countless dungeons. “The prison is designed for 250 people, and in my time there were more than a thousand ... The main population of the prison is Bolshevik commissars of all kinds and types, Red Guards, soldiers, officers - all behind the front-line military field court, all people awaiting death sentences. The atmosphere is tense to the extreme. A very depressing impression was made by the soldiers arrested for participating in the Bolshevik uprising on December 22. All these are young Siberian peasant boys, who have nothing to do with the Bolsheviks or Bolshevism. The prison situation, the proximity of imminent death made them walking dead with dark sallow faces. All this mass is still waiting for salvation from new Bolshevik uprisings" (pp. 29-30).
Not only prisons, but the whole of Siberia was filled with the horrors of reprisals. Against the partisans of the Yenisei province, Kolchak sent the punitive general Rozanov. “Something indescribable began,” Rakov reports. “Rozanov announced that for each killed soldier of his detachment, ten people from the Bolsheviks who were in prison, who were all declared hostages, would be steadily shot. Despite the protests of the allies, 49 hostages were shot in Krasnoyarsk alone prison. Along with the Bolsheviks, the Socialist-Revolutionaries were also shot ... Rozanov led the pacification in the "Japanese" way. The village captured from the Bolsheviks was subjected to robbery, the population was either completely evaporated or shot: neither the elderly nor women were spared. The most suspicious villages according to Bolshevism were simply burned. Naturally that when the Rozanov detachments approached, at least the male population scattered across the taiga, involuntarily replenishing the rebel detachments" (p. 41).
Let's leaf through the diary of Baron A. Budberg - after all, Kolchak's Minister of War. What did the baron tell about, writing not for publication, but, so to speak, confessing to himself? The Kolchak regime appears from the pages of the diary without makeup. Observing this very power, the baron is indignant: “Even a reasonable and impartial rightist ... will squeamishly recoil from any kind of cooperation here, because nothing can make you sympathize with this dirt; vileness, cowardice, ambition, greed and other charms that grow monstrously here" (see Archive of the Russian Revolution. Berlin, vol. XIII, p. 221). And one more thing: "The old regime is blossoming in the most terrifying color in its most vile manifestations..." (Ibid., p. 221). Lenin was right when he wrote that the Kolchaks and Denikins carry power on their bayonets that is "worse than that of the tsar."
Baron Budberg invites all those who specialize in exposing Soviet "cheaters" to look into Kolchak's counterintelligence. “Here, counterintelligence is a huge institution, warming up whole crowds of self-seekers, adventurers and the dregs of the late secret police, insignificant in terms of productive work, but thoroughly saturated with the worst traditions of the former guards, detectives and gendarmes. debauchery, violence, embezzlement of state funds and the wildest arbitrariness reign" (ibid., vol. XIV, p. 301). Readers probably have not forgotten that this is evidenced by Kolchak's Minister of War and that this is the sharpest weapon of the White Terror.
In Budberg’s diary we read: “Kalmyk saviors (we are talking about the detachments of the Ussuri Cossack ataman Kalmykov. - P.G.) show Nikolsk and Khabarovsk what the new regime is; everywhere there are arrests, executions, plus, of course, the abundant annexation of monetary equivalents into vast pockets saviors. The allies and the Japanese know all this, but no measures are taken. Such monstrous things are told about the exploits of the Kalmyks that one does not want to believe "(vol. XIII, p. 258). For example: “The degenerates who came from the detachments boast that during the punitive expeditions they handed over the Bolsheviks to be punished by the Chinese, having previously cut the tendons under the knees of the prisoners (“so that they would not run away”); they also boast that they buried the Bolsheviks alive, with the bottom of the pit covered with entrails released from buried ones ("to make it softer to lie")" (p. 250).
So did ataman Kalmykov - the "younger brother" of the Transbaikal ataman Semenov. And what did the "big brother" do? Here is a frank confession of the commander of the American troops in Siberia, General V. Grevs: "The actions of these (Semenov. - P.G.) Cossacks and other Kolchak commanders, carried out under the auspices of foreign troops, were the richest soil that could be prepared for Bolshevism, cruelty were of such a kind that they will undoubtedly be remembered and retold among the Russian people 50 years after their accomplishment "(Grevs V. American adventure in Siberia. M., 1932, p. 238).
As you can see, the facts are enough. And most of the evidence here comes not from the Bolsheviks, but from their opponents. So, maybe stop lying about "individual excesses"?
