Despite the remoteness of the Mediterranean region from Russia, the answer to these questions is important, since more and more Russians are purchasing real estate here or simply traveling for vacation.
general review
The overall level of pollution in the Mediterranean Sea is high, although it varies from area to area. In open water areas, the water is still quite clean, but coastal areas, in particular the vicinity of river mouths, are most polluted. Near large cities, local pollution zones are formed due to the discharge of untreated municipal wastewater and industrial waste into the sea. Chronically high levels of pollution are observed in the Gulf of Eleusis (Greece), Izmir (Turkey), Tunisia and in the Alexandria region (Egypt). Vast areas of water are polluted with oil, for example in the Ionian Sea and between Libya and Sicily. The Mediterranean Sea has been warming in recent years.
In addition, tourism can cause serious damage to the nature of the Mediterranean. If now 220 million vacationers come to Mediterranean resorts annually, then by 2020 their number will increase to 350 million people per year. Conservationists are calling for restrictions on tourism in environmentally unfavorable regions, in particular the Balearic Islands, the coasts of Tunisia and Croatia. The nature of Greece, Turkey and Morocco is also suffering from the influx of tourists. Realizing that at some point the environmentally unfavorable regions of the Mediterranean will cease to bring profit to travel agencies, states began to rely on a gentle attitude towards nature.
But it is not all that bad. In recent decades, international cooperation has been actively developing to improve the environmental situation of the Mediterranean Sea. With the participation of the UN, since the 70s, several international programs have been implemented, covering all the main environmental problems of the Mediterranean region. Almost all Mediterranean countries cooperate in these initiatives and intergovernmental agreements.
Now let's move on to an overview of each country whose shores are washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. How clean are their beaches? What is the environmental situation?
Spain
Spain, France and Italy are responsible for three-quarters of the industrial and agricultural pollution that enters the Mediterranean Sea.
The biggest problems on the Mediterranean coast of Spain are: pollution through wastewater, insufficient quantity and quality of water, air pollution in large cities, destruction of forests (huge areas of forest suffer from fires). In addition, the Spanish part of the Mediterranean coast has been chaotically built up for decades at an incredible rate. Now the coast has exhausted all resources - Spanish beaches are simply no longer able to accommodate everyone.
In July 2008, Spanish environmentalists assigned black flags to 303 Spanish beaches. The black flag marks an area on the coast that has suffered irreparable damage as a result of human activity. Most of the black flags were assigned to the island of Mallorca, the coast in the provinces of Murcia and Asturias.
In addition, according to Spanish scientists, most of the country may soon turn into desert, due to periodic drought. In a few decades, the desert could conquer the Mediterranean coast from Catalonia to Andalusia.
The cleanest coastline of the Valencian Community. You can safely sunbathe and swim on the beaches of the cities of Gandia, Guardamar, Oropesa del Mar, Alicante, Sagunto, in the bays of Benissa and Moraira, on the beaches of Benidorm, Peniscola. That is why the environmentally friendly Valencian coast attracts many property buyers.
Renting housing in Spain
In Italy, the annual report “Environmental Indicators of Cities” was published, compiled by the National Institute of Statistics /ISTAT/ based on studies in 111 cities of the Apennines. According to a report over the past year, Italy has seen a significant improvement in atmospheric indicators, which allowed this Mediterranean country to take first place in Europe in terms of air quality, AMI-TASS reports.
And it’s better not to go to Moscow and St. Petersburg - there’s almost no air left here. However, they also crap on the surrounding areas.
Trento, Venice and Bologna were named the most environmentally friendly cities in Italy, followed by Terni, Belluno, Ravenna, Modena, Novara, and southern Syracuse and Massa close the environmental rating. As follows from the report and can be seen from the ranked list of cities in Italy, the indicators for the whole country, as well as the indicators in the northern and southern regions, vary quite significantly. As a rule, the south of Italy lags significantly behind the north in many environmental criteria.
Among other things, experts noted more efficient waste collection and disposal procedures as a positive aspect of improving the environment in the Apennines. Experts note that the population has become more attentive to separate waste collection. Perhaps this is due to the “garbage crisis” in the southern cities of Italy and, in particular, in Naples, because of which the population realized the severity of the garbage problem.
Italians also began to take a more thrifty approach to water resources. In 2008, water consumption per capita decreased compared to the previous year. But the country's demand for energy resources has increased. However, in recent years Italy has begun to apply the latest technologies in the energy sector and actively develop “green” energy in the country.
In Russia, two large spots of high air pollution with nitrogen oxides are visible in the area of St. Petersburg and Moscow, according to a report from the Main Geophysical Observatory named after. A.I. Voeykov (St. Petersburg), prepared based on satellite information and observations of the network of Roshydromet stations for five years.
Sources of nitrogen oxides are industrial enterprises, for example, metallurgical and chemical plants, thermal power plants and cars. Considering that neither in Moscow nor in St. Petersburg the number of industrial enterprises has increased in recent years, it seems obvious to assume that motor transport has become the main source of nitrogen oxides over megacities. Nitrogen oxides in the air enter into chemical and photochemical reactions with other pollutants, resulting in the formation of accumulations of harmful gaseous and aerosol impurities, including smog.
As Doctor of Geographical Sciences Emma Bezuglaya told Science and Life, the zone of influence of car emissions and other anthropogenic sources in Moscow covers an area that includes not only the Moscow region, but also areas of the Vladimir, Kaluga and Kostroma regions. The area of high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide exceeding the maximum permissible concentration (40 μg/m3) extends to Kolomna, Serpukhov, Vladimir, i.e. 100-200 km around the metropolis.
The influence of emissions from enterprises and vehicles in St. Petersburg also extends not only to the city, but also to the suburbs, although to a smaller area than around Moscow. In St. Petersburg and in the cities of the Leningrad region, the zone of NO2 concentrations above 40 μg/m3 extends from Vyborg in the northeast to Kingisepp in the southwest. So talking about ecologically clean and environmentally unfavorable areas in Moscow and St. Petersburg, apparently, is a very stretch. There are simply no such people today! But don’t think that everything is fine in other Russian cities.
According to the Observatory. A.I. Voeykova, in Siberian cities the air is also not at all clean. From an airplane, the plume of pollutants created by emissions from enterprises and vehicles in the largest cities of Siberia is usually clearly visible, which stretches from Omsk to Novosibirsk and further to Kemerovo and Novokuznetsk, Krasnoyarsk and Bratsk. According to observational data, average concentrations of nitrogen oxides increase east of Omsk to Bratsk by more than 2 times, and from Omsk to Novosibirsk by 30%.
Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
Environmental policy in Italy
Chukubaev E., Alipkyzy R.
As environmental problems have grown, which have taken on the character of a climate crisis, demands have increasingly been made for the need for environmental policy, that is, the need to direct human activity in accordance with nature, with the help and participation of the state and political parties, in order to ensure the conservation in the nature of ecological balance.
ProblemsdrinkingwaterVItaly.
Water taps in several regions of Italy contain water in which the level of toxic substances is 5 times higher than the permissible norm according to European standards, thereby creating a danger for children and especially for newborns. The scientific committee issued an alarm, which was authorized by the European Union Commission, to determine the state of Italian drinking water.
Italy-onefromEuropeanstates,whichmoreeveryoneviolatedquantitydirectives,fixinglimitsadmissibilitytoxinsVdrinkingwater. Thirteen regions failed to comply with toxin limits set by Brussels for nine years. Among these regions we note Lombardy, Lazio, Tuscany, Piemonte, Apulia, Umbria, Campania and Trentino-Alto Adige. The European Commission also stated that the Italian water supply system should bring its indicators to European standards by 2012, but the Italian government again asked for a delay in implementing the directive.
The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Italy has determined that tap water does not pose a danger to a healthy adult. But for children under 18 years of age and newborns, especially those who drink artificial milk and therefore drink more water, the risk is quite high.
The Federutility Federation, which brings together local water utilities, reassures citizens by arguing that the presence of arsenic, boron and fluoride in water does not currently pose a serious problem: “Danger only exists when toxic substances are present in high concentrations. In any case, municipalities where permissible limits are found to be exceeded are already taking all necessary measures to solve the problem,” said Renato Drusiani, director of the Federutility hydro-ecological zone. Experts from Brussels recommend further testing of populations most at risk to assess levels of exposure to toxic substances, which vary depending on the type of diet and environment in which people live.
ProblemfloodingcitiesAnddroughtarisesNotonlyonterritoriesItaly,ButAndByeverythingto the world. This happens for one very good reason - the greenhouse effect. Due to the melting ice caps, the water level in the seas is gradually rising, leading to the gradual flooding of some parts of Italy, such as the Adriatic coast of Italy, and the reduction of the territory of Sardinia and Sicily. Raising the water level by one centimeter will cause Italy to lose 24 thousand square kilometers of soil - they will simply go under water. On the other hand, the drought is getting worse. In Italy, 27% of the territory has already been classified as risk zones. Every year, land that falls into disrepair leads to the loss of 28 billion tons of agricultural crops for Italy.
The main events to celebrate World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought 2015 took place at the World Expo 2015 in Milan.
ProblemVenice
In 1501, under Doge Agostino Barbarigo, the council of ten that governed the city decreed that anyone who “dare to damage the public dam in any way, to lay a pipe underground to divert the water, or contrary to the plan to deepen and widen the canals ... will have the right one cut off.” hand, they will tear out your left eye and confiscate all your property.” Perhaps it is worth regretting that this decree does not remain in force to this day. The main reason for the subsidence of Venice is not the rise in the water level of the Adriatic, but the intensive pumping of groundwater for the needs of industrial enterprises.
INNovember1966 of the yearWithbaycameHurricane,wavesWithroarcollapsedondefenselesscity.Electricity,telephonenet,gas supplycame outfrombuilding. The waves swept away the coastal defenses, the water rushed into the first floors of buildings, into shops and stores, and into the doors of St. Mark's Cathedral. Lord Byron more than a century and a half ago predicted the possibility of the death of Venice as a result of a catastrophic flood. In fact, the city narrowly escaped this in November 1966. Floods of smaller scales occur almost every year, and sometimes more often. In 1981, water covered Piazza San Marco two hundred and four times.
In the city itself there are no industrial enterprises, no public transport - the only exception is steamboats - "vaporetto". But there are no gardens or parks because there is no land. On every patch of soil, in tubs and boxes, residents grow ornamental bushes, vines, and flowers. Every plant counts here. If the water rises immediately after people - along with their pets, along with money and valuables - they will certainly be evacuated. The waves undermine the foundations of houses and the piles of embankments. The bottom of the lagoon rises and falls. The tides roll in inexorably from the Adriatic. Dampness has a detrimental effect on works of art. In the eighties, salt water almost eroded the fragile foundations of the church of San Nicola dei Mendicoli, built in the 12th century. The priests were forced to constantly keep boats in the temple in case of flooding - otherwise both the clergy and the flock could suddenly find themselves in distress. To save this building, money was collected by subscription, but there are hundreds of such marble palaces and cathedrals, whose foundations have been melting for centuries in the opaque water of canals... However, it is impossible to build a dam that will forever block the tides from entering the city. The fact is that systematic floods are not only a disaster, but also a blessing. The waves of the Adriatic purify the water in the canals. If water exchange is disrupted, the water will begin to stagnate, bloom, and rot.
Organizedcrime
It is a known fact that Italy has a large number of criminal groups. The main areas of activity of such organizations are the southern regions of the country. These criminal groups are based on poverty and backwardness, but in recent years they have managed to “modernize” and adapt to the socio-economic development of the state, concluding a “coexistence pact” with some of its sectors (economy, finance, political organizations, etc.) " Illegal construction in Italy and the environmental devastation that follows is clearly linked to organized crime.
Afterthreeyearspermanentdecreasequantityillegalconstruction sitesVItalyexceededthresholdV30000, more precisely,itamounted to30821, Whaton2544 more,howV2001 G.,Andcorrespondsgrowthon9%. Thisgave birth toillegalproduction4 204 380 sq.mcementonamount2102 millionEuro. The total area of new illegal buildings increased by 400,000 square meters. m compared to 2001, which can be compared to more than 40 football fields. The turnover of illegal real estate also increased by 317 million euros. Figures obtained in recent years by Cresme (the center for economic and social research on the construction and real estate market) based on data provided by the Institute of Statistics and Enel (Institute for the Production and Distribution of Electrical Energy) allow us to analyze the phenomenon of illegal construction in more detail. Since demolition began in 1999, we have seen a stunningly positive result: cases of illegal construction decreased by 2,000 during the second semester of 1999 compared to 1998. In 2000, the decrease in illegal construction was 13.8% compared to 1999 ., which represents a “saving” of 4,633 illegal buildings. But starting already in 2001, as the Eco-Mafia Report points out, the downward movement was stopped decisively: only 2.3% less than in the previous year. At the moment we are seeing a real reversal of the trend. The reason for this is very easy to find: the point is that Cresme very expressively calls it in its report the effect of “exemption from obligations”, or more precisely, the new amnesty act in the field of construction. Added to this is the sense of impunity associated with the slowdown in demolition operations. Criminal organizations, as always, have benefited from this new wave of illegal construction. In four regions with a traditional mafia presence, 55% of illegal construction was concentrated, that is, 16,914 new illegal dwellings.
Italy is under threat from large-scale illegal construction. The waste cycle, in particular “special waste”, industrial and medical in origin, is plunging into ever greater chaos. This is proven by a number of noticeable phenomena. Organized crime has a strong interest in waste movement in Campania, Calabria, Puglia and Sicily. Criminal organizations (not necessarily mafia) specializing in waste trafficking are being created throughout Italy, even in Lombardy and Umbria, although these two areas are not familiar with this phenomenon.
Italy's waste cycle is threatened by the eco-mafia; it was discovered as a result of investigations that continue to this day on the basis of the Ronchi Decree, which made clear the existence of real criminal organizations of a non-mafia nature that are illegally involved in the circulation of waste throughout the country. The data is impressive: the results of the summary analysis developed by Legambiente are made available to anyone who wants to have more detailed information about the Italian situation.
Legambientecollecteddata,statedV"Reportaboutwaste-2002",publishedManagementBysecuritysurroundingenvironmentAndtechnicalservices(APAT)AndNationalcommitteeBymonitoringbehindwaste(ONR)Vprogressseminar,pastVOctober2002 G.According to"Reportaboutwaste-2002""specialwaste",producedVItalyV1999 G.,presentyourself72,5 milliontons,fromwhich23 -ThiswastefromconstructionAnddemolition,A4 -dangerouswaste.According to"Annualreportaboutrecyclingwaste"quantity"specialwaste",recycledV1999 G.,-61,3 milliontonsSimplearithmeticoperationallowscomeToconclusionWhatV1999 yeardisappeared11,2 milliontons"specialwaste",dangerousAndnon-hazardous(V1998 G.quantitydisappeared"specialwaste"represented11,6 milliontons).
The Italian government is pursuing a sound environmental policy. In Italy, the first environmental regulations arose from the need to protect the quality of water given its widespread use, since industrial discharges of waste and polluted water did not allow its reuse.
AmongthemCanname:
1. Royal Decree of December 11, 1933, No. 1775, given in the Consolidated Text of the Provisions of the Laws on Water Resources and Electrical Equipment.
2. Royal Decree of July 27, 1934, No. 1265, included in the Consolidated Text of Sanitary Laws.
3. Law No. 366 of March 20, 1941, included in the Standards for the collection, transportation and processing of municipal waste.
4. The Law of 10 May 1976, No. 319 (the so-called Merli Law) represents the first legislative intervention to protect the environment from water pollution. The value of this act lies in the fact that the legislator introduces into the Italian legal system the concept of control over the discharge of pollutants and defines the limits for the concentration of these substances in water.
NewrulessecuritywaterresourceswereintroducedBy decreefrom11 May1999 G.№152, VwhichfoundyoursreflectionprovisionsOprotectionwaterresourcesfrompollution, pollutionconcerningrepeateduseurbanwaterobjectsAndprovisionsByprotectionwaterresourcesfrompollution, pollutioncausednitrates,fallingVsoilVprocessagriculturalactivities.
The adoption of these legislative measures was preceded by the decision of the European Court of 12 December 1996, case C-302/95, which criticized the Italian Republic for insufficient attention to the problems of water protection. Thus, with the adoption of Decree 152/1999, Italy has finally entered into the process of implementing European directives regarding the protection of water resources.
One of the first attempts at regulation in the field of atmospheric protection was the Law of July 13, 1966, No. 615 (the so-called Anti-Smog Law), establishing measures against atmospheric pollution. This Law contains regulations on the use of thermal, industrial and other equipment that produces emissions of smoke, dust, gas and odors that can change normal air quality and cause direct or indirect harm to the health of citizens, as well as damage to public and private property. italy water flooding drought
According tothislawairHowonefromresourcesrequiresprotection.OnhisbasisatMinistryhealthwascreatedCentralcommissionagainstatmosphericpollution, pollutionendowedright:
a) examine any substance related to atmospheric pollution;
b) express their opinion on all issues related to atmospheric pollution, submitting them for consideration to public and private organizations;
c) promote research and study of problems related to atmospheric pollution.
Today, the scope of application of this Law has narrowed, it only covers the issues of atmospheric pollution and thermal equipment used in the production of heat for civil purposes.
Onefrommainregulatoryacts,regulatingsecurityatmosphere,isDecreePresidentRepublicfrom24 May1988 G.№203. ThisDecreewaspublishedVpurposescastsVactiondirectivesUES80/779, 82/884, 84/360 And85/203, containingnormsByqualityair,VdependenciesfrompollutingsubstancesAndByquestionpollution, pollutioncausedindustrialequipment.AlsoVthisDecreedeterminedcompetencemainstateorgans,includingorganslocalself-government.
Legislative regulation regarding waste was the result of the rapid development of industry in the Italian Republic and became an urgent measure for its time. This process was also influenced by the fact that Italy has already been condemned several times by the European Court due to the failed implementation of the provisions of pan-European EU directives into domestic legislation. Waste recycling activities must be regulated through long-term government control programs in order to avoid any damage and harm to the health of both individual citizens and the entire society. In addition, such activities should not affect public interests.
Decree of the President of the Republic of September 10, 1982 No. 915 “Implementation of EEC Directives No. 75/442 related to waste, No. 76/403B related to the processing of polychlorophenyls, and No. 78/319 related to toxic and noxious waste” constitutes the first regulatory attempt regulation of the subject of waste processing.
INbeginning1990syearsbecause ofseriousproblems,relatedWithprocessinglargevolumeswaste, wasteproducedonterritoriesItaly,arosenecessitymodificationslegislation,whichThenabsolutelyNotcorrespondedtechnicalrequirementsrecyclingAndprocessingwaste(For example;ByrepeatedusewasteVsubsequentproductionprocessesorVprocessescombustionForreceivingenergy).The resultlongworkbecameAdoptionLaw№ 22 from5 February1997 G.INtheLawincludedpan-EuropeanprinciplesVregionappealsWithwasteAndtheirrepeatedrecycling.
Literature
2. Stepanenko V. S. Legal foundations of the environmental policy of the European Union: goals, principles, actions. M.: Publishing house NIA-Priroda, REFIA, 2004. 123 p.
3. Andrea Gentili “Italian Presidency: Priorities, Insights and Best Wishes”, 16 June 2014, http://www.europeanpublicaffairs. eu/. April 9, 2015 | by Frank Markovic.
4. Emiliano Alessandri, Nicole Koenig and Marco Siddi “Priorities and Challenges of the 2014 Italian EU Presidency.” Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI), Rome, Italy (2014), 34-38.
5. “Environmental problems of Italy”, http://from-italy.ru/ekologicheskije-problemy-italii/ 6 Abrogato dal D. L.vo 4 agosto 1999 n. 351 (G.U. del 10.1999, n. 241).
6. Decreto Legislativo 7 March 2008, n. 50: Norme di attuazione dello Statuto speciale della regione autonoma Valle d"Aosta/ Vallee d"Aoste in materia di dighe. (GUn. 81 del 5-4-2008).
Posted on Allbest.ru
Similar documents
Europe on the world map. Studying environmental problems and identifying the causes of their occurrence, as well as studying protected areas of the mainland, in particular national parks and reserves in Italy, Spain and France. Environmental protection measures.
course work, added 01/23/2014
Physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water, its main sources, importance in human life and health. The main problems associated with drinking water and ways to solve them. Biological and social aspects of human interaction with the environment.
test, added 10/07/2009
The problem of drinking water quality in the cities of the Russian Federation. Comparative analysis of the composition of tap water in various cities of Russia. Ways to solve the problem of water treatment by the state. Recommendations for improving the quality of drinking water in the Russian Federation.
test, added 01/08/2016
Characteristics of fresh waters. Problems of rational use of water resources and ways to solve them. Hydroecological problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Characteristics of reservoirs and the state of water supply in the Uzunkol region. Solving the drinking water problem.
thesis, added 07/03/2015
Study of the annual dynamics of water pollution in the Verkhne-Tobolsk reservoir. Methods of sanitary and bacteriological analysis. Basic methods of water purification directly in a reservoir. Comparative analysis of drinking water pollution in the city of Lisakovsk.
course work, added 07/21/2015
Problems of interaction between society and nature, man and the natural environment, ecology and politics. Principles, directions and goals of environmental policy as an organized (conscious and regulatory) activity. Environmental policy of the city of Petrozavodsk.
abstract, added 07/18/2011
Sampling of drinking water in various areas of Pavlodar. Chemical analysis of drinking water quality according to six indicators. Conducting a comparative analysis of drinking water quality indicators with data from Gorvodokanal, recommendations on the quality of water supply.
scientific work, added 03/09/2011
Physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water. Hygienic requirements for drinking water quality. Review of sources of water pollution. Quality of drinking water in the Tyumen region. The importance of water in human life. The influence of water resources on human health.
course work, added 05/07/2014
Analysis of drinking water quality indicators and its physical and chemical characteristics. Study of hygienic requirements for the quality of drinking water and the main sources of its pollution. The importance of water in human life, the influence of water resources on his health.
course work, added 02/17/2010
Regulatory framework regulating the quality of drinking water in Ukraine. Consideration of the organoleptic and toxicological properties of water. Familiarization with drinking water quality standards in the USA, their comparison with Ukrainian and European standards.
Italy is a country that has long attracted travelers with its beauty and way of life. Russians are no exception. Having visited the country at least once, many decide to move here permanently. Italy has beautiful nature and a wonderful climate. But here, too, there are economic crises and other problems. Relocating to a country has its own characteristics. Therefore, before going there, you should find out what life is like in Italy.
Salaries
The country is among the top 8 most developed countries in Europe. But even taking this into account, the people here are lower than in Europe. The average household income is $25,000 per year. This is lower compared to Europe, and there is a noticeable social stratification in the country. The average life expectancy in Italy is 83 years, which is largely determined by income.
The average salary is between 1300-2500 euros. Income is determined by the region where people live. Even in developed provinces there are salaries that differ markedly. For example, Venetians receive the highest income - 2,500 euros. In Trento this figure is 1950, in Milan - 1850, and in Verona - 1315. This difference depends on the prices of food, clothing, and housing. As a rule, income is high where accommodation is expensive.
To travel to the country, you must obtain a visa. It allows a person to legally stay on the territory of the state. A tourist visa is issued for a stay in the country of up to 3 months. If you plan to stay there for more than 90 days, you must obtain a resident visa. If you wish to stay in Italy for permanent residence, a residence permit is issued. If all the necessary documents are available, then there will be no claims against the citizen. More information about the preparation of documentation can be found at the embassy.
Expenses
Life in Italy, although different, is still similar to that in other European countries. Many Italians rent their homes. The cost of real estate is determined by the region. In the northern part of the country prices are higher, and in the south they are lower.
People spend a lot of money on utility bills. Residents pay for electricity, heating, hot and cold water, and Internet. There is also a tax on TV and radio - about 110 euros per year. Italians spend ¼ of their annual income on housing. Prices for clothing here are lower and prices for food are higher than in many European countries.
Standard of living
The standard of living in Italy can be defined as average for Europe. In the country, 57% of citizens are employed. This figure is not as high as in some EU countries. The standard of living in each region differs depending on income.
If education is taken into account, 58% of citizens have completed high school. Life expectancy in Italy is 83 years, which is higher than in Europe. Local residents are not entirely happy with many areas in the country.
Medical field
The country has free healthcare, which is the pride of the country. There are services that are guaranteed by the state. These include:
- seeing therapists;
- treatment in hospitals;
- medicines;
- hospitalization;
- operations.
Not only those who have earned income can use health insurance, but everyone can. The disadvantage of such a system is that the sector is financed from the general fund, which is why a person belongs to a specific health insurance fund. This causes many bureaucratic difficulties. There are also paid medical services. Italian specialists do an excellent job of preventing cancer and also treating older people.
Transport
Life in Italy is a little different when you consider transportation issues. It does not run according to a schedule, as in many European countries. Strikes often occur, which complicate the work of the metro, trams and trains.
The country has night buses that go to different points in Rome, Milan and other major cities. Traveling by train can be both expensive and cheap. In the latter case, ticket prices will be lower compared to Germany and France.
Nature
Many Russians are attracted to Italy. The lifestyle of people in this country is a little different even because of the nature. Italy has 4 seas: Adriatic, Ionian, Tyrrhenian and Ligurian. On the shores there are both picturesque cliffs and sandy beaches.
In the country, a significant part of the territory is occupied by mountains - the Apennines and the Alps. Almost all regions of the country have a Mediterranean climate, but in the northern part it is alpine, and in the south it is arid. Winter is not very cold, but the snow does not melt on the mountain tops. In winter you can enjoy alpine skiing, and in summer you can swim in the seas.
Ecological situation
Life in Italy is not very favorable due to industry because the air is polluted. Much waste from factories is found in rivers. But only 70% of people are satisfied with the environmental situation in the country.
The government is constantly taking measures to protect nature. There are national parks here, many are paid for by the budget. The country complies with many agreements prohibiting the release of harmful components into the atmosphere.
Mentality
The history of life in Italy dates back to ancient times, and it has always had its own ways of life. Family is considered an important value among Italians. Only before, spouses had many children, but now almost all couples have no more than 2-3. Family values are important to them, so they treat their children with care. Local residents often like to organize joint holidays.
Italians marry late - after 25 years of age, and finish their education at about 30 years of age. Because of this, people under 40 are called young people. Representatives of this nation are cheerful and cheerful.
About food
The quality of life in Italy confirms the love of the inhabitants of this country for delicious food. Moreover, they constantly discuss this topic, for example, they communicate about the quality of products.
There are unwritten rules for eating in the country. For example, lunch occurs between 12:30-13:30. Restaurants are closed at other times. Locals don't like it if someone pours ketchup on pasta or orders pasta not as a separate dish.
Enjoying life
Many people think that life in Italy is attractive for Russians. The reviews really confirm this. Many people are attracted by the relaxed life in the country. Here people are in no hurry.
Italians cannot make decisions quickly. Many government organizations start work only at 9 am, and at 11 there is a coffee break. At 2 o'clock in the afternoon many people go home. Italians love meeting with friends and family. This way of life suits them quite well, as it allows them to always be in a great mood. For locals, it's about having a good time, not material goods.
Stereotypes
The life of Russians in Italy is far from ideal. People need to get used to the stereotypes that have developed in the country. Residents of the agricultural south and the industrial north do not like each other very much. Northerners demand recognition of independence. Residents of their regions have their own labels, and if there is a meeting between 2 Italians, then each first determines which city his interlocutor is from.
Italians are proud of their history and culture. Many children are given names that are traditional in a particular area. Residents of this country often do not speak other languages. Although English is also understood here, a visitor will be more comfortable with knowledge of Italian.
About the nation
Italians do not want to learn other languages because they love their own so much. Also, many of them do not want to move to another city or country. Not only women, but also most men in Italy dress beautifully because they have excellent taste.
Compared to other countries where they like comfortable clothes rather than beautiful ones, Italians never go out casually. The opinions of others are important to them, so they carefully monitor their appearance.
Russians in Italy
Since there are a large number of Russian citizens in this country, many are interested in how life goes for Russians in Italy. Over the years, many people have moved here. Those who stayed in the country forever practically do not speak their native language. Not as many refugees resettled in Italy as in other countries. This was also associated with economic crises, because of which people had to look for more prosperous areas to live.
Modern migrants usually move for family reasons and economic factors. Most of those displaced are women. Many such people work and start families without planning to move anywhere.
Where do Russians live?
Many people believe that life in Italy is calm. Feedback from immigrants also confirms this. Most Russians are happy with their lives. Many people like the country because of its climate and beautiful nature. Russians live in the northern part of Italy - in Turin and Milan. Smaller groups of our compatriots have real estate in Abruzzo, Bari, Venice, Rome.
What is life like in Italy for Russians? There are various communities for them, for example, “Community.” Many of the organizations work to preserve the Russian language and culture. Cooperation with the Russian Embassy is also supported. There are institutions that organize holidays for migrant children.
Italian Russian community
There are several sites and forums that serve to educate about life. Popular ones include the following:
- russianitaly.com;
- Italia-ru.com;
- mia-italia.com.
These services contain information on practical issues: about work, buying groceries, dating. There are Russian schools for children. Over time, they may transfer to Italian educational institutions to better understand the local language.
What do Russians do?
What is life like for Russians in Italy? Reviews indicate that immigrants have to work in low-paid positions. These include nurses, nannies, taxi drivers, waiters, and maids. This type of work usually pays approximately 1,000 euros per month. Construction professions are also in demand: masons, finishing craftsmen. Those with a higher education can get a job in international companies. If you know languages, you can work as translators.
In principle, there is an opportunity for everyone to get a good job in a country like Italy. People's lives there, as elsewhere, depend on their income level. To get a position with a high salary, you need to know Italian, as well as speak it at a conversational level. This also applies to unskilled professions. In this country, many Russians are engaged in business.
Pensioners in Italy
Like other developed countries, Italy has a funded pension system. This means that its size depends on contributions to the funds. Changes have been in effect since 2012. If a citizen retires early, the fine is 1-2% of the payment.
Upon reaching retirement age, the pension is paid in full. Since life expectancy in the country is high, the government is increasing the age for payments. Thus, from 2017, retirement will begin at 66 years of age.
Minimum pension
The standard of living in Italy is different from other countries. Here pensioners feel like full members of society. They are paid all necessary benefits. Even if a citizen has not worked, he has the right to receive a pension, for example, like housewives. These women are paid from a special fund.
Minimum pensions are paid to those who did not have a stable job and who did not pay quotas. Emigrants, including Russians, will receive an Italian pension; its size is determined depending on their length of service. Every foreigner has the right to receive a social pension.
How do Russians and foreigners understand each other?
What are the features of life in Italy? It is not so easy for Russians to get used to the way of life of the country. Italians are friendly people, but they have many of their own stereotypes towards Russia. They are especially interested in the country's climate. Perhaps upon arrival, local residents will ask about the weather in Russia.
It's cold in the north. By law, the room temperature must be above 22 degrees. Based on the results of the meeting, it is decided when the heating will operate. It is difficult for Russians to get used to many of the rules of the Italian way of life, who are constantly late.
Bureaucracy
The bureaucracy in this country is worse than in some other states, but it does not bother the local residents. They are ready to stand in queues and visit one organization after another. Some documents, for example, a residence permit, have to wait for many years.
Although Russians are also accustomed to bureaucracy, the slowness of people in Italy can still irritate them. Other rules of life are also different. For example, there are no 24-hour stores in the country.
Learning local dialects
The literary language is known to all citizens of the country, but since childhood they communicate in their native dialect. When Russians move to Italy for permanent residence, they need to study not only the literary language, but also local dialects. By the way, those who speak with an accent are considered foreigners. Italian families usually speak a dialect.
Features of communication
Communication with Russians can seem theatrical. Italians gesture a lot, say a lot of words and compliments. They also have mutual kisses and hugs. For them this is considered a normal tradition.
Almost everyone who moved to Italy for permanent residence believes that it is impossible to lose contact with Russia. No matter what the salary is and no matter how well one can speak the local language, Russians always stand out. But almost no one wants to return, since prestigious jobs can be found in the country, especially for those with higher education. Also, many are satisfied with the way of life. Therefore, many of those who moved to Italy most often come to Russia for a while or to visit relatives, and then rush back to their familiar country.
Average food prices are not very high compared to European averages, as are utility bills. Renting real estate is, of course, more expensive here, but it all depends on the location. Food prices here are high compared to Russia, but, of course, the food is of better quality. Utilities are higher than domestic ones, but salaries and pensions cannot be compared with Russian ones. It is precisely because of high incomes that many decide to move.
Who can travel to Italy?
Although the country does not have very high incomes in comparison with other European countries that are more prosperous in this regard, many Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians still come to this country for permanent residence. Moreover, for this you do not need to renounce your citizenship. To stay in the country for a long period, you must meet one of the following requirements:
- moving for the purpose of family reunification;
- founding your own business;
- employment;
- availability of real estate.
If at least one condition is met, it is possible to immigrate to Italy. After moving, you need to get accustomed to life in the country. In Italy you can get a job in your specialty, as well as get an education. Some manage to open their own business, such as a store or some kind of organization. It all depends on desire and financial capabilities.
Advantages and disadvantages of living in Italy
Of course, life in Italy has its pros and cons. There are many factors to consider before moving to the country. There is a developed economy, so the level of salaries provides a decent life. Italy has many attractions. While living in this country, you can travel to other countries. Benefits include free healthcare, including for foreigners. Doctors provide timely and high-quality assistance to people in different situations.
The products here are of high quality, and because of this, the standard of living is decent. The country has a wonderful climate, there are seas, lakes and mountains. Italians are friendly and well-mannered people, so you can make great acquaintances here without any problems. There is no disdainful attitude towards people, including in government institutions. The lifestyle of local people involves enjoying every day, something that citizens of many other countries could learn from.
But even among so many advantages, there are also disadvantages. These include the economic crisis and unemployment. It is not so easy to get a job, since most employers want to hire their own people for positions. In Italy, real estate prices are high, including rent, but the availability of living space is the main condition. Before you go to a country, you need to learn the local language.
Not all Russians manage to adapt to the temperament of the local population. Bureaucracy reigns in organizations, and the implementation of many procedures is chaotic. Foreigners are usually given a minimum pension. It is also required to confirm qualifications and education.
Residents of Italy have all kinds of rights and social benefits. This is considered the main advantage of local legislation. And although there is a selection of immigrants, Russian people still understand that Italy has acceptable living conditions. Because of this, they choose this country and do not want to move anywhere. The developing economy is considered a compelling reason for many to live here and develop a personal business.
1. Italy.
1. Introduction
2.Name of the country (modern and historical).
3. Its geographical location.
4. History of the country.
5.Composition of the country’s population (ethnic, racial, age).
6.Largest cities, their specialization.
7. Availability of natural resources, their use in the country’s economy.
8. Level of development of the country’s economy, problems associated with it.
9. The importance of the country in the global division of labor.
10.Environmental problems, ways to solve them.
11. Ways of development of the country in the global economy.
12.Conclusion.
13. List of references.
3.Introduction.
The economic geography of foreign countries examines the patterns of development and distribution of population and economy both on the globe as a whole and in individual foreign countries. One of these states that I chose for my research is Italy.
This work pays special attention to the economic development of the state, and also reflects various facts, hypotheses and theories concerning this state; various options for solving problems are compared and one’s point of view on the peculiarities of Italy’s development is expressed.
In my work, I touched on interesting facts from the development of this country.
- 4.Name of the country (modern and historical)
- The official name of the country is the Italian Republic.
- The origin of the word "Italy" is unknown. According to one of the more common versions, the term "Italia" was derived from the Greek "Oscan Viteliu", which means "land of young cattle" or "land of calves". The bull was a symbol of the southern Italian tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman She-Wolf.
- There is another version. The Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus associated the name “Italy” with the name of Italus, the king of the nomads – the oenotras.
5.Geographical location.
Italy is located in the extreme south of Europe. The territory of the country (301 thousand sq. km) includes the Apennine Peninsula, large islands (Sicily and Sardinia) and numerous small islands (Egadi, Aeolian, Tuscan archipelago, etc.) In the north, on the mainland, it borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia. In the south, through the Strait of Tunis, it neighbors Africa. Of the 9.3 thousand km of Italian borders, 4/5 are maritime. All seas washing the coast of the country are part of the Mediterranean Sea.
6. History of the country.
- The history of Italy goes back centuries and at the same time it is a state that is just over 127 years old. The most ancient basis of Italy were the Italic tribes, which made up the majority of the population of the Apennine Peninsula in the 1st millennium BC. e. One of them is the Latins who founded Rome in the 5th - 7th centuries. BC e. conquered the peninsula. Rome later became a major Mediterranean power. The population spoke Latin. During the 5th - 7th centuries. certain regions of Italy were conquered by the Byzantines, Franks, Arabs, and Normans, and the population was mixed. In 1871, the creation of the Kingdom of Italy was officially proclaimed. The unification of Italy ended in 1871. After the annexation of Rome and the abolition of the temporal power of the popes. In 1946, Italy became a republic by referendum.
7.Composition of the country’s population (ethnic, racial, age).
The population of Italy is about 57,910,000 people, with an average population density of about 192 people per square meter. km.
Ethnic groups: Italians - 98%, Germans, Slovenes, Albanians, Greeks, French. Language: Italian (state), in some regions they speak German (Bolzano region), French (Valle d'Aosta region), Slovenian, Greek, Albanian. Religion – Catholicism (98%), Protestants, Muslims, Jews.
Italy is one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. The distribution of the population is influenced by the intensive urbanization process. The bulk of the urban population is concentrated in Northern Italy. Average life expectancy: 74 years for men, 81 years for women. Birth rate (per 1000 people) – 11. Death rate (per 1000 people) – 10.
8. The largest cities, their specialization.
Rome, the capital of Italy, a great transport hub: the international airports of Leonardo da Vinci, di Fiumicino and Ciampino, the metro operates. An important financial and industrial center of the country with developed mechanical engineering, chemical, pharmaceutical, printing, furniture, light and food industries, artistic crafts, and the film industry. One of the world's largest tourism centers.
There are more than 20 institutes and academies engaged in studying the problems of fine arts, theater, music, cinema; Astronomical Observatory, National Council for Scientific Research, National Nuclear Center (Club of Rome - a world-famous research center that brings together the world's leading scientists
9. Milan, a city in northern Italy, on the Padanian Plain, an important economic and cultural center of the country, a leader in the chemical (plastic production) and textile industries, mechanical engineering (automobiles, machine tools, electrical equipment), metallurgy, oil refining, light, food, printing, glass, pharmaceutical industries . A major banking center in Italy, the center of the fashion industry, one of the most significant centers for the sale of silk. The boards of Italian companies Ferrari, Fiat, Epson and others, as well as the largest Italian stock exchange, are located in Milan.
Genoa, a northern Italian city, on the shores of the Gulf of Genoa in the Ligurian Sea. One of the largest ports in the Mediterranean Sea (import of oil, coal, scrap metal, cotton, timber, grain; export of finished industrial products).
- 10. Availability of natural resources, their use in the country’s economy.
Despite the fact that Italy has a variety of mineral resources, their deposits are mostly small, scattered throughout the territory, and are often located in an inconvenient location for development. One of the most famous minerals in Italy is iron ore. Italy is much richer in deposits of polymetallic ores, which contain lead and zinc. Italy occupies one of the first places in the world in reserves of mercury ore - cinnabar. Deposits of bauxite and manganese are also being developed. There are deposits of brown and low-quality coal and oil reserves. Natural gas deposits are very important for the country's economy. Deposits of sulfur, potassium and rock salt are concentrated on the island of Sicily. It is worth noting that the bowels of Italy are rich in building materials - marble, granite, travertine, etc. The famous white Carrara marble is mined in Carrara (Tuscany).
Italy's energy resources satisfy only 15% of its energy needs. The rich natural potential of the country, combined with the unique water resources of the Alps, undoubtedly have enormous value and are of great importance in the economy of modern Italy.
Perhaps the most sought-after natural resources in Italy are the sun, sea, mountains and magnificent natural landscapes, along with healing thermal springs. All this sells well to both tourists and native residents of the country and constitutes the bulk of the gross product of this tourist country.
11.Level of economic development of the country, problems associated with it.
The Italian economy produces high-quality consumer goods, mainly by small and medium-sized enterprises. Italy also has a significant shadow economy, which according to some estimates accounts for up to 15% of the country's GDP. The country's official debt balances are 100% higher than GDP.
GDP per capita is $31,000. The country's GDP is as follows: 2% comes from agriculture: 26.7% from industry, 71.3% from the service sector. Italy ranks 6th in the world in terms of economic development. At the end of the 1990s, the processes of European integration and the introduction of the euro caused a revival of the economy and stimulated the further development of small and medium-sized businesses.
Employment of labor resources in economic sectors is distributed as follows: agriculture - 4.2%, industry - 30.7%, service sector - 65.1%.
Italy is divided into an industrial north and an agricultural south with high unemployment. In the north-west of the country, in the “Industrial Triangle” zone of Milan-Turin-Genoa, 80% of the country’s industrial production is concentrated. The Novus Ortus Innovation Center, which aims to boost the economic development of southern Italy, is the country's largest technology park. Located in the south of the country near the city of Bari.
On about. Sicily, the Padanian Plain and the continental shelf of the Adriatic Sea produce oil and natural gas, in Sardinia and Tuscany - brown and hard coal, polymetallic ores, pyrite, in Sicily - Sulfur and potassium salts, in Tuscany - marble and granite. Despite having its own energy resources, Italy depends on imports by 80%.
12. The importance of the country in the global division of labor.
Considering the importance of Italy in the international division of labor, it is worth noting that Italy’s development in the field of innovation is slow. Italy lacks the conditions to create a highly effective scientific environment.
Italian industry is organized in such a way that industrial giants work in close cooperation with small and medium-sized businesses.
Thus, Italy does not have a significant place in the international exchange of technologies and risks becoming an importer of ready-made technologies, which is typical for third world countries.
Occupying an uncertain position between developing and developed economies, Italy risks remaining in a narrow niche of industrial production. Of course, such sectors of the Italian economy as tourism, the production of shoes, which are known throughout the world for their quality, the fashion industry, wood products, in particular furniture - all these industries will not face serious competition in the foreseeable future. However, a significant proportion of industries may suffer serious damage due to intensifying international competition. A decrease in the competitiveness of goods due to the lack of technological progress will have an extremely negative impact on Italy’s GDP and the level of well-being of the country as a whole.
13.Environmental problems, ways to solve them.
Environmental problems are that due to the small territory and high population density, in modern Italy the issue of waste recycling is acute. Reasons: unfavorable social environment in the south of the country and, in particular, the climatic and demographic characteristics of the region (the hot, dry climate of Italy contributes to the rapid spread of unsanitary conditions in densely populated cities).
The lack of proper organization of nature conservation leads to the destruction of forests, irrational use of land for construction, reduction of the area of national parks, and destruction of forest fauna. As a result of the depopulation of mountain villages on abandoned lands, located mostly on steep slopes, soil erosion and the danger of landslides and floods are increasing. Pollution of inland and sea waters is very noticeable. Many rivers have already become dangerous to use for water supply to cities. Industrial waste from numerous coastal enterprises pollutes the Mediterranean Sea and damages coastal fauna and flora. The unbridled growth of seaside tourist centers has led to the fact that about half of the Italian coasts can now be considered destroyed and lost for the rational development of tourism.
14. The habitat in large industrial cities is in a dangerous state. Italian cities are one of the last in the world for landscaping. The development of industry and road transport has led to air pollution, which in the centers of the chemical industry exceeds all permissible standards. In general, in Italy, environmental problems are becoming more acute every year, and not enough money is allocated to solve them.
Ways to solve environmental problems.
1. Creation of various types of treatment facilities, destruction and recycling of waste, reclamation of disturbed lands, etc.
2. Thoughtful, rational placement of various industries (chemical, petrochemical, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy).
3. Proper organization of nature conservation.
4. Development and implementation of fundamentally new safety technology for enterprises, transition to low-waste and waste-free production.
15. Ways of development of the country in the world economy.
The development of the Italian economy is closely related to external factors. The lack of natural resources was a decisive factor in choosing the path of economic transformation: export in order to survive. This determined Italy's place in the international division of labor.
Thus, export promotion is an important direction of Italian economic policy.
In political and economic relations, Italy is connected with many countries of the world, and is included in most of the economic and political organizations that arose after the Second World War. It is a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) since 1960, the European Coal and Steel Community - since 1952, Euroatom - since 1957, Western European Union - since 1954. Italy's main foreign trade partners are Germany, France , USA, UK. In 1920, trade relations were established between Italy and the USSR (now the Russian Federation). They are maintained between our countries even now.
16.Conclusion.
After reviewing the submitted work, you are convinced that Italy is a highly developed country with its own characteristics.
It has a very favorable and advantageous geographical location, which is of great importance in the development of transport. Italy leads in many sectors of industry and agriculture. It is making progress in many sectors of the economy, culture and science. This is a country with individual natural resources. Italy is trying to move forward in everything and is not inferior to many countries of Foreign Europe. It is of great importance in the development of recreation and tourism.
Italy is a very promising small state.
17.References
- 1. “Countries of the World” - A reference book for scholars and travelers.
2. Encyclopedic reference book “All countries of the world”.
3. Encyclopedic reference book “The Whole World”.
4. Small encyclopedia of countries.
5.Economic geography of foreign countries.
