Corps of Engineers

special troops designed to provide engineering support for combat operations of formations and units of military branches. I.v. are available in the armed forces of most states and consist of units and units for various purposes: engineer-sapper (sapper), road-engineering, pontoon-bridge, ferry-landing (amphibious), engineering-bridge-building (bridge), engineering-positional, water extraction (field water supply), engineering and construction and other specialties. I.v. equipped with a variety of engineering equipment for digging trenches and trenches (shelters), building (restoring) roads and bridges, logging and structures; They have ferrying, camouflage, electrical, and lifting equipment, as well as means of reconnaissance, production and water purification, mining, demining, etc. According to the organizational affiliation of the divisions and parts of the military. are part of formations and units of military branches and branches of the armed forces.

In combat and operations I. v. are used to perform complex engineering support tasks that require special training of personnel, the use of various engineering equipment and engineering ammunition. During the offensive, they create passages in barriers and passages through obstacles, fence and pave paths for the movement of troops, equip and maintain crossings over water obstacles, destroy defensive structures, destroy military equipment and manpower of the enemy; in defense they set up mine-explosive and other obstacles, erect complex fortifications, and carry out mechanized excavation of trenches, communication passages, trenches and shelters. In addition, I.v. conduct engineering reconnaissance of the enemy and the terrain, equip the areas where troops and command posts are located, perform the most important camouflage work, and carry out the extraction and purification (disinfection) of water. In the armies of some countries in I.V. entrusted with the equipment of airfields, the laying and maintenance of field pipelines, the maintenance of inland waterways, the equipment and maintenance of maneuverable basing points for fleet forces, as well as the implementation of topographical, cartographic and geodetic work and the supply of troops with topographic maps.

Even in ancient times, troops performed various military engineering tasks to support combat operations of troops. Before the advent of I.v. the construction of fortifications, preparation of routes, arrangement of crossings, creation of barriers and other work were carried out by the troops themselves, sometimes with the help of temporarily created detachments of artisans. The appearance of I. in. dates back to the 17th century. (in France), their first organizer was the famous French engineer S. Vauban; in Austria, Germany and Russia I. v. were created at the beginning of the 18th century. The time of creation of I. century. in Russia it is considered February 1712, when Peter I approved the staff of a miner company (from 1702) and a team of pontooners (from 1704), and also created a “regiment of military engineers”. Significant development of IV. The Russian army received during the Seven Years' War of 1756-63, which required engineering preparation for the siege of powerful fortresses (Kolberg, etc.), the crossing of troops across the Neman and Vistula, etc. In 1802, an engineering department was created. At the beginning of the 19th century. I.v. consisted of engineer and pontoon regiments (6-10 companies each). In 1816, the battalion organization of the army was introduced. at the rate of 1 engineer or 1 sapper battalion for each corps. In the 2nd half of the 19th century. I.V. battalions were organized into brigades. In 1870, the first military marching telegraph parks (later companies) began to be formed in Russia, and in 1876 - railways. battalions, in 1877 naval mine companies. In 1878, field engineering parks were introduced. Before the 1st World War 1914-18 I.V. The Russian army had 39 sapper, 9 pontoon battalions, 25 parks, 38 aviation detachments, 7 aeronautical and 7 spark companies, as well as several spare parts. I.v. other armies at that time included: German army - 19 engineering battalions, 1 railway. regiment and 1 railway company; Austrian army - 5 engineering regiments: 2 engineering and 1 pioneer (consisting of 5 battalions each), 1 railway. and 1 telegraph. At the beginning of the 20th century. from I.v. Russian and other armies gradually allocated communications and railway units. troops, aviation, automobile and armored, searchlight, chemical troops. In the 19th century I.v. the largest armies accounted for about 2% of their total strength; during the 1st World War, the number of military units. increased to 7%, and by the end of 1917 in the British, French and Russian armies they amounted to about 12%. Increase in the number of I. v. was determined by the increase in the scope of operations and the expansion of the scope of engineering support for combat operations of troops, as well as the emergence of new tasks for the engineering preparation of theaters of military operations and the entire territory of the country in the interests of waging war.

Soviet I.V. were created together with the organization of the Red Army. According to the 1918 state, divisions were to have an engineer battalion (1,263 people), rifle brigades - a sapper company (361 people), and rifle regiments - a sapper team (60 people). In 1919, special engineering units were formed (pontoon and electrical battalions, separate camouflage companies). During the Civil War, more than 100 soldiers of engineering units were awarded the Order of the Red Banner for their heroism. Management of I.V. carried out by the inspector of engineers at the Field Headquarters of the Republic (from 1918 to the end of 1921 - A.P. Shoshin), chiefs of engineers of the fronts, armies and divisional engineers. Command personnel were trained at the Military Engineering Academy (resumed classes in 1918) in 3 schools and 8 military engineering courses. In 1921 the number of I. in. made up 2.7% of the Red Army, their leadership was entrusted to the Main Military Engineering Directorate (created in June 1918, but until 1921 it was in charge only of engineering supplies for the Red Army), the position of inspector of engineers was abolished. As a result of the military reform of 1924-25 I.V. switched to new states, in which the corps had sapper battalions (2 sapper companies and an engineer park), divisions - a separate sapper company and an engineer park, rifle regiments - an engineer camouflage platoon. In 1929, there were full-time engineering units and subunits in all branches of the military. gradually began to be equipped with new engineering equipment.

Great experience of Soviet I.V. received during the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-40 when breaking through the heavily fortified defensive zone of the “Mannerheim Line” (see “Mannerheim Line”) and performing engineering support tasks for the offensive operations of the Red Army.

By 1941 I. century. consisted of military, army and district units and divisions, in addition, there were 2 battalions and 1 company of the I.V. RVGK. At the beginning of 1941, district and army engineering units were reorganized into engineer and pontoon regiments. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 (October 1941), the formation of engineer armies began to carry out work on engineering equipment for defensive lines (by January 1942 there were 10 of them). In February 1942, 5 sapper armies were disbanded, the rest were subordinated to the fronts, and later also abolished. Since 1942, the main form of organization of the I.V. The RVGK became engineering brigades (assault, engineer-sapper, pontoon-bridge, etc.), which in 1944 were introduced into the fronts and armies. In November 1941, the headquarters of the engineering troops of the Red Army and the headquarters of the engineering troops in the fronts and armies were created, and the position of chief of the military service was established. Red Army, which was occupied by: from November 1941 - Major General of the Engineering Troops L. Z. Kotlyar, from April 1942 - Major General of the Engineering Troops M. P. Vorobyov. The positions of deputy commander of the front (army) - chief of the engineering troops of the front (army) were established in the troops. During the Great Patriotic War I. v. built fortifications, created obstacles, mined the area, ensured the maneuver of troops in offensive operations, conducted engineering reconnaissance, made passages in the enemy’s minefields, ensured the overcoming of its engineering obstacles, forced water obstacles, participated in the assault on fortifications, cities, secured captured territory, participated in conducting counterattacks and counterstrikes. For great services in the Great Patriotic War, over 600 people. awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, 266 people. awarded Orders of Glory of 3 degrees. Many parts and connections of the I.V. received the rank of guards. Heads of I.V. in the post-war period there were: until 1952 - Marshal of the Engineering Troops M. P. Vorobyov, from May 1952 - Colonel General (since 1961 Marshal of the Engineering Troops) A. I. Proshlyakov; from February 1965 - Lieutenant General of the Engineering Troops (since 1966 Colonel General) V. K. Kharchenko.

In the post-war period I. century. received further development, new means appeared for making passages in enemy barriers, high-performance road and earth-moving vehicles, prefabricated prefabricated fortifications, modern pontoon parks and self-propelled landing craft, highly effective obstacles and special vehicles for laying mines during combat operations . Great work I.v. carried out to clear the country's territory of explosive objects: identified and destroyed more than 58 million mines and over 122 million aircraft bombs and artillery shells. For the courage and courage shown during the performance of these works, more than 8 thousand soldiers of the I.V. awarded orders and medals of the Soviet Union.

Lit.: Aleksandrov E.V., A brief historical sketch of the development of engineering troops of the Russian army, M., 1939; Military engineering art and engineering troops of the Russian army, Sat. Art., M., 1958; Engineering troops in the battles for the Soviet Motherland, M., 1970.

G. F. Samoilovich.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what “Engineering troops” are in other dictionaries:

Engineering troops in the Russian Federation- Engineer troops are special troops designed to perform engineering support tasks for combat operations, requiring special training of personnel and the use of engineering weapons, as well as to inflict losses... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Special troops designed to provide engineering support for military operations. Appeared in France in the 17th century, in Russia in the beginning. 18th century In modern armies they consist of engineering sappers (sapper), road engineering, pontoon bridges,... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Special troops designed to perform the most complex engineering support tasks, requiring special training and the use of engineering weapons, as well as the use of engineering mines. Available in armies... ... Dictionary of emergency situations

Check information. It is necessary to check the accuracy of the facts and reliability of the information presented in this article. There should be an explanation on the talk page... Wikipedia

Corps of Engineers- ENGINEERING TROOPS. To the beginning 1941 consisted of military, army and district units and subunits. Available in the armies and military engineering. By the spring of 1941, the battalions were transformed into 18 engineers. and 16 pontoon regiments. To perform huge volume engineering... ... Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: encyclopedia

Special troops designed to provide engineering support for combat operations. Appeared in France in the 17th century, in Russia at the beginning of the 18th century. In modern armies they consist of engineering sapper (sapper), road engineering, pontoon bridges,... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Corps of Engineers- special troops performing engineering support tasks for the combat activities of the main branches of the military and special tasks of barricade and clearing, creation of defensive lines, destruction of blocked strong points and fire... ... A brief dictionary of operational-tactical and general military terms

(combat) actions, engineering reconnaissance and escort of troops (forces) on the offensive, and so on).

Part engineering troops includes governing bodies, institutions, enterprises, engineer-sappers, road engineers, pontoon and other formations, military units and subunits.

The engineering troops finally separated from the artillery, becoming an independent branch of the military. By the end of the first quarter of the 19th century, their number exceeded 21 thousand people, which amounted to about 2.3% of the total armed forces. In 1873, a Special Meeting on the strategic position of the country was established in Russia, which, based on a plan developed by E.I. Totleben, decided to carry out a complex of military construction work. Over the course of 35 years, military builders built the fortresses of Novogeorgievsk, Warsaw Citadel, Zegris, Brest-Litovsk, Osovets, Kovno, Ivangorod, Dubro outpost and various fortifications and structures.

According to the Combat Regulations of the Ground Forces of the USSR Armed Forces, engineering support includes:

• engineering reconnaissance of the enemy, terrain and objects;
• fortification equipment of positions, lines, areas, control points;
• installation and maintenance of engineering barriers, and destruction;
• installation and maintenance of nuclear mines and landmines;
• destruction and neutralization of enemy nuclear mines;
• making and maintaining passages in barriers and destruction;
• arrangement of passages through obstacles;
• demining of terrain and objects;
• preparation and maintenance of routes for troop movement, transportation and evacuation;
• equipment and maintenance of crossings when crossing water barriers;
• engineering measures to camouflage troops and objects;
• engineering measures to restore the combat effectiveness of troops and eliminate the consequences of enemy nuclear strikes;
• extraction and purification of water, equipment of water supply points.

The engineering troops performed engineering support tasks that required special training of personnel, the use of engineering equipment and engineering ammunition. In addition, their tasks include the destruction of enemy equipment and manpower with mine-explosive and nuclear mine weapons.

1918-1945

Soviet engineering troops were created together with the organization of the Red Army. Divisions were to have an engineer battalion, and rifle brigades were to have an engineer company. Special engineering units have been formed. The leadership of the engineering troops was carried out by the inspector of engineers at the Field Headquarters of the Republic (1918-1921 - A.P. Shoshin), chiefs of engineers of fronts, armies and divisions. The leadership of the troops is entrusted to the Main Military Engineering Directorate. By 1929, there were full-time engineering units in all branches of the military. After the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War in October 1941, the post of Chief of the Engineering Troops was established. During the war, the engineering troops built fortifications, created obstacles, mined the area, ensured the maneuver of troops, made passages in the enemy’s minefields, ensured the overcoming of his engineering obstacles, crossed water obstacles, participated in the assault on fortifications, cities, etc.

Directorates of engineering brigades during the Great Patriotic War

The stay in the Active Army is indicated in brackets.

Department of Sapper Brigades

• Separate sapper restoration brigade (01/2/1942-05/25/1942). Reformed into 16 IBRSN
• 1st Engineer Brigade (03/15/1942-06/2/1942). Reformed into 1 IBRSN
• 2nd Engineer Brigade (03/20/1942-08/05/1942). Reformed into 2 IBRSN
• 3rd Engineer Brigade (16.3.1942-5.12.1942). Reformed into 1 imbr
• 7th Engineer Brigade:
  • second formation (30.5.1942-12.12.1942). Reformed into 2 imbr
• 9th Engineer Brigade:
  • second formation (1.7.1942-25.11.1942). Reformed into 3 imbr
• 10th Engineer Brigade (14.5.1942-19.12.1942). Reformed into 4 imbr
• 11th Engineer Brigade (14.5.1942-5.12.1942). Reformed into 1 gmibr
• 12th Engineer Brigade (15.2.1942-26.11.1942). Reformed into 5 imbr
• 14th Engineer Brigade (24.2.1942-25.8.1942). Disbanded
• 15th Engineer Brigade (24.2.1942-25.8.1942). Disbanded
• 17th Engineer Brigade:
  • first formation (23.3.1942-31.8.1942). Reformed into 44 IBRSN
  • second formation (11/3/1942-11/30/1942). Reformed into 15 imbr
• 18th Engineer Brigade (23.3.1942-29.11.1942). Reformed into 6 imbr
• 19th Engineer Brigade (23.3.1942-31.8.1942, 22.9.1942-29.11.1942). Reformed into 7 imbr
• 20th Engineer Brigade (15.2.1942-16.12.1942). Reformed into 8 imbr
• 21st Engineer Brigade (15.2.1942-29.11.1942). Reformed into 9 imbr
• 23rd Engineer Brigade (11/1/1941-12/9/1942). Reformed into 2 gmibr
• 24th Engineer Brigade (11/1/1941-12/3/1942). Reformed into 3 gmibr
• 25th Engineer Brigade (11/1/1941-12/25/1942). Reformed into 4 gmibr
• 26th Engineer Brigade (11/1/1941-12/9/1942). Reformed into 5 gmibr
• 27th Engineer Brigade (25.2.1942-25.5.1942). Reformed into 27 IBRSN
• 28th Engineer Brigade (25.2.1942-15.10.1942). Disbanded
• 29th Engineer Brigade (25.2.1942-15.10.1942). Disbanded
• 30th Engineer Brigade (25.2.1942-15.10.1942). Disbanded
• 31st Engineer Brigade (12/24/1941-11/25/1942). Reformed into 10 imbr
• 32nd Engineer Brigade (12/24/1941-11/26/1942). Reformed into 11 imbr
• 33rd Engineer Brigade (12/24/1941-4/20/1942). Reformed into 33 IBRSN
• 34th Engineer Brigade (12/24/1941-11/20/1942). Reformed into 12 imbr
• 35th Engineer Brigade (12/24/1941-3/25/1942, 4/7/1942-11/30/1942). Reformed into 13 imbr
• 36th Engineer Brigade (12/24/1941-9/13/1942). Reformed into 14 imbr
• 37th Engineer Brigade (12/24/1941-8/25/1942).
• 38th Engineer Brigade (12/24/1941-9/1/1942). Disbanded
• 39th Engineer Brigade (12/24/1941-9/1/1942). Disbanded. Management is focused on the formation of 39 IBRSN
• 40th Engineer Brigade (12/24/1941-9/1/1942). Disbanded

Department of Engineering Mine Brigades

• 1st Engineering Mine Brigade (reformed from 3rd Sapbr) (12/5/1942-7/9/1943). Reformed into 1 Isbr
• 2nd engineering mine brigade (reformed from the 7th saber brigade of the second formation) (12.12.1942-30.6.1943). Reformed into 2 Isbr
• 3rd engineering mine brigade (reformed from 9 sabr) (11/25/1942-4/14/1943). Reformed into 15 shisbr
• 4th engineering mine brigade (reformed from 10 saber brigades) (12/19/1942-7/29/1943). Reformed into 4 Isbr
• 5th Engineering Mine Brigade (reformed from 12 Sapbr) (11/26/1942-2/10/1943, 5/28/1943-7/2/1943). Reformed into 5 Isbr
• 6th engineering mine brigade (reformed from 18 saber brigade) (11/29/1942-6/30/1943). Reformed into 6 Isbr
• 7th engineering mine brigade (reformed from 19 sabr) (11/29/1942-7/5/1943). Reformed into 7 Isbr
• 8th engineering mine brigade (reformed from 20 saber brigades) (12/16/1942-2/5/1943). Reformed into 8 Isbr
• 9th Engineering Mine Brigade (reformed from 21 Sapbr) (11/29/1942-7/4/1943). Reformed into 9 Isbr
• 10th engineering mine brigade (reformed from 31 sabr) (11/25/1942-4/17/1943). Reformed into 66 Isbr (first formation)
• 11th engineering mine brigade (reformed from 32 sabr) (11/26/1942-7/10/1943). Reformed into 11 Isbr
• 12th engineering mine brigade (reformed from 34 sabr) (11/20/1942-7/16/1943). Reformed into 12 Isbr
• 13th engineering mine brigade (reformed from 35 sabr) (11/30/1942-7/4/1943). Reformed into 13 Isbr
• 14th engineering mine brigade (reformed from 36 sabr) (28.3.1943-5.7.1943). Reformed into 14 Isbr
• 15th engineering mine brigade (reformed from 17 saber brigades of the second formation) (11/30/1942-7/3/1943). Reformed into 15 Isbr
• 16th engineering mine brigade (9.4.1943-21.6.1943). Reformed into 16 Isbr

Department of Engineer-Sapper Brigades

Department of Mining Mine Engineering and Mining Engineering and Sapper Brigades

• 1st mountain mine engineering brigade (Reformed from 11 sabr). (5.12.1942-27.6.1943). Disbanded.
• 2nd mountain mine engineering brigade (Reformed from 23 sabr). (9.12.1942-20.5.1943). Reformed into 6 Poimbr.
• 3rd mountain mine engineering brigade (Reformed from 24 saber brigade). (3.12.1942-26.5.1943). Disbanded.
• 4th mountain mine engineering brigade (Reformed from 25 sabr). (12/25/1942-3/30/1943). Reformed into 4th Hisbr.
• 4th Mountain Engineer-Sapper Carpathian Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Brigade (Reformed from 4th Civil Aviation Brigade). (11.8.1944-11.5.1945).
• 5th mountain mine engineering brigade (Reformed from 26 saber brigade). (9.12.1942-24.5.1943). Reformed into the 13th Shbr.
• 5th mountain engineer-sapper Dniester Order of Kutuzov brigade (Reformed from the 5th brigade). (20.9.1944-11.5.1945).
• 6th mountain engineer-sapper Carpathian Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky brigade (10.8.1944-11.5.1945).

Directorate of Assault and Motorized Assault Engineering Brigades

• 1st Guards Assault Engineer-Sapper Mogilev Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Brigade
• 1st Assault Engineer Sapper Smolensk Red Banner Orders of Suvorov and Kutuzov Komsomol Brigade
• 2nd Guards Motorized Assault Engineer-Sapper Brigade
• 2nd Assault Engineer-Sapper Rogachev Red Banner Order of Suvorov Brigade
• 3rd Assault Engineer-Sapper Neman Order of Kutuzov Brigade
• 4th Assault Engineer-Sapper Dukhovshchinskaya Red Banner Order of Suvorov Brigade
• 5th Assault Engineer-Sapper Vitebsk-Khingan Red Banner Brigade
• 6th Assault Engineer-Sapper Uman Red Banner Brigade
• 7th motorized assault engineer brigade
• 7th Assault Engineer-Sapper Rivne Brigade
• 8th assault engineer-sapper Volkovysk brigade
• 9th Assault Engineer-Sapper Novgorod-Khingan Red Banner Order of Kutuzov Brigade
• 107th Assault Engineer-Sapper Vitebsk Red Banner Brigade
• 11th Assault Engineering Sapper Zaporozhye-Budapest Red Banner Orders of Kutuzov and Bogdan Khmelnitsky Brigade
• 12th Assault Engineer Melitopol Red Banner Order of Suvorov, Kutuzov and Red Star Brigade
• 13th Assault Engineer Khingan Brigade
• 14th Assault Engineer-Sapper Alexandria Red Banner Order of Suvorov Brigade
• 15th Assault Engineer-Sapper Vinnitsa Red Banner Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky Brigade
• 16th Assault Engineer-Sapper Rava-Russian Order of Kutuzov, Bogdan Khmelnitsky and Red Star Brigade
• 17th assault engineering sapper Gatchina twice Red Banner brigade
• 18th Assault Engineer-Sapper Kovel Brigade
• 19th Assault Engineer Dvinsk Brigade
• 20th motorized assault engineer brigade
• 21st motorized assault engineer brigade
• 22nd Guards Motorized Assault Engineer-Sapper Brigade
• 23rd motorized assault engineer brigade

Directorate of Special Purpose Engineering Brigades and Motorcycle Engineering Brigades

• Separate engineering brigade (formed on the basis of 1 engineer) (2.7.1941-10.8.1941). Reformed into UVPS No. 3.
• 1st Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (reformed from 1st Sapbr) (2.6.1942-27.5.1944). Reformed into 1 Mibr.
• 1st Motorized Engineering Brigade (reformed from 1st IBRSN) (27.5.1944-9.5.1945).
• 1st Guards Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (transformed from 16 IBRs 1.4.1943). (8.5.1943-2.6.1944). Reformed into 1st Guards. mibr.
• 1st Guards Motorized Engineering Brigade (reformed from the 1st Guards IBRSN) (2.6.1944-9.5.1945).
• 2nd Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (reformed from 2nd Sapbr) (5.8.1942-3.6.1944). Reformed into 2 mibr.
• 2nd Motorized Engineering Brigade (reformed from 2nd IBRSN) (3.6.1944-9.5.1945).
• 2nd Guards Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (transformed from 39 IBRSN 1.4.1943) (1.4.1943-28.3.1944). Reformed into 2nd Guards. mshisbr.
• 3rd Guards Motorized Engineering Brigade (transformed from 20 Mibres on 17.3.1945). (17.3.1945-11.5.1945).
• 5th Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (formed on the basis of 27 AUVPS) (30.5.1942-27.5.1944). Transformed into 5th Guards. mibr 27.5.1944.
• 5th Guards Motorized Engineering Brigade (transformed from 5th IBRSN on 5/27/1944). (27.5.1944-9.5.1945).
• 8th Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (24.6.1942-10.6.1944). Reformed into 8 mibr.
• 8th Motorized Engineering Brigade (reformed from 8th IBRSN) (10.6.1944-9.5.1945, 9.8.1945-3.9.1945).
• 13th Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (1.7.1942-23.6.1944). Reformed into 13 mibr.
• 13th Motorized Engineering Brigade (reformed from 13 IBRSN). (23.6.1944-9.5.1945).
• 16th Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (reformed from a separate sapper-reconstruction brigade) (25.5.1942-15.2.1943). Transformed into 1st Guards. IBRSN 1.4.1943.
• 17th Motorized Engineering Brigade (1.8.44-6.9.1944, 22.11.1944-9.5.1945).
• 18th Motorized Engineering Brigade (28.7.1944-5.9.1944, 30.10.1944-9.5.1945).
• 19th Motorized Engineering Brigade (25.7.1944-6.9.1944, 28.10.1944-11.5.1945).
• 20th motorized engineering brigade (11.8.1944-17.3.1945). Transformed into 3rd Guards. mibr 17.3.1945.
• 21st motorized engineering brigade (2.8.1944-19.12.1944, 8.1.1945-9.5.1945).
• 22nd Motorized Engineering Brigade (23.7.1944-11.5.1945, 9.8.1945-3.9.1945).
• 27th Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (reformed from 27 Sapbr) (25.5.1942-24.4.1943, 9.7.1943-1.6.1944). Reformed into 27 mibr.
• 27th Motorized Engineering Brigade (reformed from 27 IBRSN) (1.6.1944-11.5.1945).
• 33rd Special Forces Engineering Brigade (reformed from 33rd Sapbr) (20.4.1942-3.6.1944). Reformed into 33 mibr.
• 33rd Motorized Engineering Brigade (reformed from 33rd IBRSN) (3.6.1944-9.5.1945).
• 39th Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (formed on the basis of the 39th Sapbr) (4.9.1942-1.4.1943). Transformed into 2nd Guards. IBRSN 1.4.1943.
• 41st Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (21.9.1942-2.12.1943, 1.4.1944-18.6.1944). Reformed into 41 mibr
• 41st Motorized Engineering Brigade (reformed from 41st IBRSN) (18.6.1944-9.5.1945).
• 42nd Special Forces Engineering Brigade (4.10.1942-1.6.1944). Reformed into 42 mibr.
• 42nd Motorized Engineering Brigade (reformed from 42 IBRSN) (1.6.1944-11.5.1945).
• 43rd Special Purpose Engineering Brigade (14.9.1942-8.5.1944). Reformed into 23 Mshisbr
• 44th Special Forces Engineering Brigade (reformed from the 17th saber brigade of the first formation) (10/30/1942-6/15/1944). Reformed into 44 mibr.
• 44th Motorized Engineering Brigade (reformed from 44 IBRSN) (15.6.1944-9.5.1945),
• 46th motorized engineering brigade (9.8.1945-3.9.1945).
• 47th motorized engineering brigade (9.8.1945-3.9.1945).
• 67th motorized engineering brigade (reformed from 50 infantry brigade) (9.8.1945-3.9.1945).

Department of engineering brigades of pontoon-bridge brigades

• 1st pontoon-bridge Yasskaya orders of Kutuzov and Bogdan Khmelnitsky brigade (11/24/1942-5/11/1945)
• 2nd pontoon-bridge Rymnik Red Banner orders of Suvorov, Kutuzov and Bogdan Khmelnitsky brigade (11/24/1942-5/11/1945)
• 3rd pontoon-bridge Proskurovskaya Red Banner Orders of Bogdan Khmelnitsky and Red Star Brigade (5.2.1943-11.5.1945)
• 4th pontoon-bridge Dnepropetrovsk Red Banner Order of Kutuzov brigade (26.2.1943-9.5.1945)
• 5th pontoon-bridge Dnepropetrovsk Red Banner Order of Kutuzov brigade (26.2.1943-9.5.1945)
• 6th pontoon-bridge Kamenets-Podolskaya Red Banner Orders of Bogdan Khmelnitsky and Red Star Brigade (reformed from the 2nd Civil Military Brigade) (20.5.1943-11.5.1945)
• 7th Motorized Pontoon-Bridge Lodz Red Banner Order of Suvorov and Kutuzov Brigade (21.10.1943-9.5.1945)
• 8th pontoon-bridge Neman Order Alexander Nevsky brigade (28.2.1944-9.5.1945)
• 9th pontoon-bridge Königsberg Order Kutuzov brigade (29.6.1944-9.5.1945, 9.8.1945-3.9.1945)
• 10th Pontoon-Bridge Brigade (9.8.1945-3.9.1945)
• 11th Pontoon-Bridge Ussuriysk Brigade (9.8.1945-3.9.1945)

Directorate of Rear Demarcation Brigades

• 1 TBRR (10.2.1943-5.5.1943). Disbanded
• 2 TBRR (9.2.1943-29.4.1943). Disbanded
• 4 TBRR (9.2.1943-31.5.1943). Disbanded
• 6 TBRR (27.2.1943-2.7.1943). Disbanded

Chief of the Engineering Troops of the USSR Armed Forces and the Russian Armed Forces

• 1941-1942 - Kotlyar L. Z. - Major General;
• 1942-1952 - Vorobyov M. P. - Major General of the Engineering Troops (until 1943), Lieutenant General of the Engineering Troops (until 1943), Colonel General of the Engineering Troops (until 1944), Marshal of the Engineering Troops;
• 1952-1965 - Proshlyakov A. I. - Colonel General of the Engineering Troops (until 1961), Marshal of the Engineering Troops;
• 1965-1975 - V. K. Kharchenko - Lieutenant General of the Engineering Troops (until 1966), Colonel General of the Engineering Troops (until 1972), Marshal of the Engineering Troops;
• 1975-1987 - Aganov S. Kh. - Colonel General of the Engineering Troops (until 1980), Marshal of the Engineering Troops;
• 1987-1999 - Kuznetsov V. P. - Colonel General;
• 1999-2008 - N. I. Serdtsev - Colonel General;
• 2008-2009 - Balkhovitin Yu. P. - Lieutenant General;
• 2009-2010 - V. A. Prokopchik - acting chief, colonel;
• from July 2010 to the present - Stavitsky Yu. M., took command with the rank of Major General, currently Lieutenant General

Engineering equipment, equipment and weapons

Means of overcoming destruction and obstacles

Means of overcoming water obstacles

Mining means

• Trailed minelayers “PMZ”, PMZ-4
• Tracked minelayer "GMZ", "GMZ-2" and "GMZ-3"
• Helicopter mine spreader "VMR"

Corps of Engineers

What it is?

Part 1

Everyone is well aware of such types of troops as infantry (motorized rifle), tank troops, artillery, aviation, reconnaissance. Everyone knows well what they are doing on the battlefield and what they are intended for. The question of the purpose of the signal troops does not raise any difficulties; it is easy to guess what the chemical troops and railway troops are doing.

Among all this diversity, such a branch of the army as the engineering troops somehow completely got lost. If the military (I mean those who serve in combat units) are even more or less familiar with the tasks of the engineering troops, then civilians answer the question - What are the engineering troops? - They often shrug their shoulders in bewilderment. At best, after some thought, they will hesitantly say - sappers. It is useless to ask about the role and purpose of the engineering troops. Very often, engineering troops are confused with construction units, especially since soldiers and officers of valiant construction units, for some reason, ashamed of their belonging to the tribe of builders, often wear the emblems of engineering troops instead of their native emblems.

Meanwhile, the engineering troops are a very remarkable branch of the military. First of all, you should know that the engineering troops are front line troops. They go into battle simultaneously with motorized riflemen and tankers, and often before them. It is no coincidence that in Peter’s Table of Ranks, officers of the engineering troops stood one rank higher than the infantry and cavalry.

Few people know that it was the engineering troops who were the first to master the latest means of warfare and introduce them into the army’s arsenal. From the engineering troops, the railway troops, signal troops, automobile troops, and tank troops (!) were separated into independent branches of the military. And it seems absolutely fantastic to say that aviation was born in the depths of the engineering troops. And yet this is so. The task of creating and combat use of first aeronautical and then airplane detachments was entrusted specifically to the engineering troops. Until the end of the First World War, aviation units remained under the jurisdiction of the Main Engineering Directorate.

Somehow unnoticed in the history of the Great Patriotic War is the fact that at the beginning of 1942 ten sapper armies were formed (!). One sapper army for each front. And who will remember that in 1943 the ranks of marshals and chief marshals were introduced not only for aviation, tank crews, artillery, but also for engineering troops?

The first military school in Russia for training officers was the Pushkarsky Prikaz school, opened in 1701. This school trained artillery and engineering officers. In the infantry and cavalry, the first military educational institutions will be cadet corps, which will open only 30 years later (!).

However, in fairness, it should be noted that the engineering troops themselves were born, based on the needs of artillery, in the bowels of artillery and until the beginning of the 19th century they were an integral part of them.

The Engineering Troops are the only branch of the military for which the war never ends. When the author was working on this article, news came from Kaliningrad that a warehouse of German wartime shells had been discovered in the ground again. And again the sappers of the Baltic Fleet go into battle with fascist death. But the last salvos of this war died down fifty-five years ago. What is this war? Sappers today date back to the Civil War and even the First World War.

So, what are engineering troops, what is their purpose, what tasks do they solve?

Briefly - The Engineering Troops are designed to solve combat engineering support tasks.

What is included in the concept of "combat engineering"?

The Combat Manual of the Ground Forces of the USSR Armed Forces interprets this concept as follows:

“Engineering support is one of the types of combat support. Engineering support for combat operations of troops is organized and carried out with the aim of creating the necessary conditions for troops for timely and covert advance, deployment, maneuver, their successful execution of combat missions, increasing the protection of troops and facilities from all types of destruction, to inflict losses on the enemy, to hinder enemy actions.

Engineering support includes:

Engineering reconnaissance of the enemy, terrain and objects;

Fortification equipment of positions, borders, areas, control points;

Construction and maintenance of engineering barriers, and destruction;

Installation and maintenance of nuclear mines and landmines;

Destruction and neutralization of enemy nuclear mines;

Making and maintaining passages in barriers and destruction;

Arrangement of passages through obstacles;

Demining of terrain and objects;

Preparation and maintenance of routes for troop movement, transportation and evacuation;

Equipment and maintenance of crossings when crossing water barriers;

Engineering measures to camouflage troops and objects;

Engineering measures to restore the combat effectiveness of troops and eliminate the consequences of enemy nuclear strikes;

Extraction and purification of water, equipment of water supply points.

Engineering support tasks are carried out by units and subunits of all branches of the military and special forces. They independently erect structures for firing, surveillance, sheltering personnel and equipment; cover with mine-explosive barriers and camouflage their positions and areas; lay and mark traffic routes; overcome barriers and obstacles; force water obstacles.

Engineering troops perform the most complex engineering support tasks, requiring special training of personnel, the use of engineering equipment and specific engineering ammunition. In addition, they defeat enemy equipment and personnel with mine-explosive and nuclear mine weapons."

This excerpt from the Battle Regulations makes it possible to understand that the engineering troops have nothing to do with “construction battalions” or construction.

Let us consider in a little more detail the tasks of the engineering troops.

Engineering reconnaissance of the enemy and the area.

The expression “It was smooth on paper, but they forgot about the ravines” is well known. This is not a general aphorism, but a sad reminder to many commanders of times past and present. Historical fact - one of the reasons for Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo was the death of the cuirassier division in a ravine on the way to their brilliant attack on the British flank. Wellington covered the army's flank with a ravine. Napoleon could not see this ravine, and he decided to take advantage of the fact that the English commander “stupidly” left his flank open for attack. At full gallop, the French cuirassiers flew into this ravine, and most of them were maimed and killed. The attack was thwarted.

One can cite hundreds of examples when neglect of engineering intelligence thwarted the most beautiful plans of commanders and turned advancing troops into a target for the enemy.

Engineering reconnaissance of the area is carried out in various ways and methods (studying the area using a map, aerial photographs, military-geographical descriptions; observation, engineering reconnaissance patrols, etc.).

The result of engineering reconnaissance of the area is the answer to the question of the terrain's passability for personnel and equipment, and the possibility of camouflaging personnel and equipment (both friendly and foreign). To do this, you need to obtain information about the terrain (for example, the steepness of the hills); availability and capacity of roads; about the possibility of driving off roads (is the area swampy, is the snow deep, are there ravines); about the presence of water barriers (rivers, streams, lakes, flood zones); about the density of forests and their fire danger.

In general, the terrain in which combat operations are to take place should be carefully studied and understood how it can affect the solution of combat missions. Without this, any of the most cunning battle plans will turn out to be just searches and the troops will be defeated.

Naturally, the enemy is also studying the terrain and trying to complicate the actions of our troops. To achieve this, the enemy is carrying out a number of measures to worsen the movement capabilities of our troops. He destroys or prepares for destruction roads, bridges, dams, creates forest debris, tears off anti-tank ditches, sets up barricades, sets minefields, builds pillboxes, bunkers, armored caps, and tears off trenches. Engineering reconnaissance is required to detect these enemy activities and predict enemy actions.

The methods of conducting engineering reconnaissance depend on the type of battle or maneuver to be carried out (offensive, defense, retreat, march). To conduct engineering reconnaissance in units and subunits, engineering observation posts (IOP), engineering reconnaissance patrols (IRD), photographing posts (PF), engineering reconnaissance groups (IRG), deep reconnaissance groups (DRG), helicopter patrols (VD), can be organized in units and subunits. radar observation posts (RPN).

Typically, these posts and groups are created by engineering units of a motorized rifle (tank) division, corps, army, or front. In motorized rifle (tank) regiments and battalions, engineering reconnaissance tasks are usually assigned to ordinary reconnaissance posts and groups. For this purpose, soldiers or sergeants of the regiment's engineer company are included in the posts and groups.

It is impossible to describe in a short article the complexity and diversity of engineering reconnaissance tasks and the complexity of their solution. A very simple (for children) example - on the path of advance of our tank regiment there is a flat green field. The regiment commander is interested in whether the tanks will get through there. Engineering intelligence is obliged to give an accurate and unambiguous answer - yes or no. After all, under the green carpet of grass there may be anti-tank mines or an impenetrable swamp. It is not difficult to predict what will happen if intelligence makes a mistake. But how to reconnoiter if this field is under the gun of numerous enemy snipers and machine gunners, mortar and artillery fire? Sappers show ingenuity, risk their lives, suffer losses and, finally, give an accurate answer. Sappers, under enemy fire, make passages among enemy mines and lay a road through the swamp. The regiment is successful. All glory to the tankers. After all, they won the battle. What about the sappers? They were forgotten again, although the regiment largely owed its success to them. However, failure can also be attributed to sappers.

Fortification equipment of positions, borders, areas, control points.

Fortification equipment is one of the most important elements of combat engineering support. This includes sections of trenches for riflemen, military equipment, equipment for shelters for equipment, shelters for personnel, communication passages (trenches), equipment for observation and command observation posts.

A significant part of the work on fortification equipment is carried out by personnel of motorized rifle (tank) units and units of other troops. The role of even the simplest fortifications in achieving victory in battle is very great. Suffice it to say that losses from enemy fire of covered infantry are 4-6 times lower compared to unsheltered infantry, and from nuclear weapons 10-15 times lower.

Work on fort equipment begins immediately after the unit occupies the given area and organizes the fire system. They continue as long as the unit occupies the area. These works are very labor-intensive and time-consuming. Suffice it to say that even a section of a machine gunner’s trench for prone shooting takes from 25 to 40 minutes. To open a trench for a tank, it is necessary to move up to 28 cubic meters. land. If we consider that the tank crew consists of three people, then each of the tankers must move 9 cubic meters. soil. One person per hour, working in average soil, can move up to 1 cubic meter. This means that manually digging out a trench for a tank will take from 10 to 30 hours. But it's worth it. A tank in a trench successfully deals with three or four advancing enemy tanks.

In a number of cases (hasty defense, proximity of a suitable enemy, etc.) there is no time for this. To reduce the time required to equip positions, engineering troops are brought in. Thus, the engineering company of a tank regiment has nine BTUs (bulldozer equipment mounted on a tank) for these purposes, i.e. one BTU per tank company. This equipment allows you to dig one tank trench in 30 minutes (plus another 5 man-hours of shoveling). In addition, the engineer-sapper company has a PZM (regimental earth-moving machine) machine for digging trenches, pits for dugouts, shelters, and shelter for equipment. It digs a trench at a speed of up to 300 meters per hour; when excavating pits, its productivity is 150 cubic meters. per hour (for comparison, an excavator is only 40). The capabilities of the division's engineer battalion are much higher. In addition, the front usually has one to three specialized battalions of fortification equipment. In particular, there are BTM-type machines that tear off a trench at a speed of up to 900 meters per hour; MDK, which opens a trench for a tank in 8-10 minutes.

Some clarification on military engineering terminology should be given. The fact is that in many publications and films, erroneous names are widespread.

What everyone calls a “sapper shovel” is correctly called a “small infantry shovel,” abbreviated as MPL. A sapper shovel is a large, normal-sized shovel.

Trench called an open earthen structure for firing. A trench can be used for a rifleman, a machine gun, a grenade launcher, a mortar, a gun, a tank, an infantry fighting vehicle (IFV), an armored personnel carrier (APC), an anti-aircraft gun, etc. A word for everything that can shoot. Very often, a tank trench is mistakenly called a caponier. This is completely wrong. This word came into literature from the times of forts and fortresses. A caponier is a concrete or brick structure adjacent to the fortress wall and intended for firing along the walls of the fortress to destroy enemy soldiers who broke through directly to the walls. If the caponier allows you to fire not in two directions, but in one direction, then it is called a semi-caponier.

Shelters are constructed for non-firing equipment (cars, communications vehicles, field kitchens, ambulance transport, etc.) and personnel. Their difference from trenches is that it is impossible to fire from them. In some cases, covers may also come off for firing equipment. Thus, a shelter for a tank differs from a trench for a tank only in its depth (the tank is hidden in the shelter to its entire height).

Various shelters are also being built to shelter personnel. But, if all shelters for equipment are called “shelter”, then for personnel their names differ.

Gap used to cover a motorized rifle squad (and other small units). Outwardly, it looks like a short section of a trench. The gap can be open or covered (covered on top with thin logs (knurling) and sprinkled with a 30-60 cm layer of earth). The gap must accommodate at least 1/3 of the squad personnel.

Dugout It is a completely buried structure made of logs, panels, or corrugated iron elements, covered with earth. The dugout is covered from above with one or several rows of knurling and covered with a layer of earth of at least 1m.20cm. Inside, bunks are equipped for personnel to rest, a heating stove is installed, and electricity can be installed. Very often, a dugout is mistakenly called a dugout. This is fundamentally wrong. Dugouts, unlike dugouts, are a surface structure, located in the rear areas; they are not intended to shelter personnel from enemy fire. Dugouts are intended for long-term accommodation of personnel and are something like large huts made of logs, covered with a thick layer of turf. Dugouts can have a capacity of up to 100 or even 200 people, while a dugout can accommodate up to 13 people. According to the standards, one dugout is equipped per platoon and must accommodate 1/3 of the platoon's strength. The dugout is not intended for firing. Structures similar to a dugout, but equipped with one or more embrasures are called bunkers (wood-earth firing point) or DZOS (wood-earth firing structure). The same structure, but made of concrete, is called a bunker (long-term firing point) or DOS (long-term firing structure).

Asylum similar to a dugout, but larger, goes deeper into the ground than a dugout, has a thicker protective layer of earth and is completely sealed. Those. Poisonous substances and incendiary agents cannot penetrate inside the shelter. The shelter is equipped with a filter and ventilation unit; in a shelter you can be in a poisoned zone, a zone of radioactive contamination, without wearing gas masks. The shelter is equipped with one per company and must accommodate at least 1/3 of the company’s personnel.

To ensure the possibility of quickly constructing shelters for personnel, the engineering troops have not only earth-moving equipment, but also ready-made sets of elements for dugouts and shelters, as well as sawmills and forest processing tools for working at or near the front line. They also have the means and capabilities to construct these shelters and trenches directly under enemy fire. For example, a trench charge (OZ) allows, with the help of a directed explosion, in 2-3 minutes to explosively open a trench for a shooter to shoot while standing (1m.10cm deep).

In addition to trenches and shelters in the defense area of ​​motorized riflemen, tankers, and artillery, a large number of other structures are being built. These are, first of all, observation and command observation posts, which differ slightly from shelters and trenches (for example, a sheltered observation post is a dugout with a periscope installed inside; an open command post for a regiment commander is a section of a trench with cells for staff officers, several shelters for radio stations, one shelter).

Communication passages are trenches connecting the trenches of units or trenches leading to the rear (for removing the wounded, delivering ammunition, food, replenishment). Also in the defense area, shelters are being built for the wounded, for medical stations, communications facilities, water supply points, field warehouses, food points, etc.

Construction and maintenance of engineering barriers, and destruction. Installation and maintenance of nuclear mines and landmines.

The construction and maintenance of engineering barriers is one of the main tasks of the engineering troops. Everyone is somewhat familiar with this part of the combat activities of the engineering troops. First of all, this is the installation of minefields. Minefields play a very significant role in covering troop positions from enemy attacks. Many years of experience in warfare shows that mine danger can greatly influence the actions of the enemy. Mines do not cause real harm to the enemy as much as they affect the psyche of personnel. Experience shows that the detonation of two or three tanks by mines is enough to completely disrupt the attack of a tank company. The experience of the war in Afghanistan shows that it was enough for one car to be blown up by a mine on the road to reduce the speed of a convoy of our troops to 1-2 kilometers per hour. Then the speed of movement was determined by the ability of sappers to check the road for mines. In the combat manuals of a number of countries, the term “mine warfare” exists. The massive use of mines can almost completely paralyze any combat activity of enemy troops in a particular territory.

Currently, the danger of mines is intensified by the fact that the development of technology and electronics makes it possible to create almost intelligent mines. It is a reality that a mine does not react to a soldier of its own army, a civilian, but is instantly triggered when an enemy soldier approaches and explodes at the most advantageous moment. In addition, today there is not a single sufficiently reliable method for detecting mines, and even if a mine is detected, there are no ways to reliably neutralize them. Mines can have sensors that recognize whether it is a target or a mine trawl, they can recognize the significance of the target, they can have a multiplicity device (miss a certain number of targets and explode under the next one). Mines can be transferred to a combat or safe position by radio signal, or self-destruct. To install minefields or individual mines, it is not at all necessary for a sapper to be present at the installation site. Mines can be placed remotely (throwing even non-enemy territory with the help of artillery or aviation). Mines can cover very large sections of the front in a very short time. If in the early sixties a sapper company could lay one kilometer of a minefield in one night, now it takes up to 10-15 kilometers in an hour.

In the recent past, to install mines in front of their front line, sappers had to crawl into no man's land at night and lay mines under enemy fire. Now this can be partially avoided through remote mining systems. However, these systems place mines on the ground, allowing the enemy to frequently detect and destroy the mines.

Minefields must not only be installed, but also maintained. The maintenance of a minefield includes monitoring its condition, installing new mines to replace the ones that exploded, protecting the field from being cleared by the enemy, fencing the field with signs so that mines do not blow up their vehicles or personnel, timely removal of these signs, converting the minefield into a combat zone. or a safe state (if the given minefield is set as controlled), opening and closing passages in the minefield, allowing friendly troops through the passages.

Motorized riflemen or tank crews can install some minefields themselves, but this type of combat operations is too specific, requires special knowledge, and therefore, as a rule, only engineering troops are engaged in minefields. To carry out this task, the engineer-sapper company of a motorized rifle (tank regiment) has a sapper platoon, which is armed with three trailed minelayers (PMZ) and three Ural or KAMAZ vehicles. A platoon is able to lay an anti-tank minefield one kilometer long in 15-20 minutes. The engineering troops are armed with anti-tank mines, anti-personnel mines, object mines (for mining buildings and other structures), automobile mines (for mining roads), railway mines, anti-landing mines (for mining water obstacles), anti-aircraft mines (mining airfield runways), booby traps, mines -surprises.

A special type of engineering mines are nuclear landmines. The engineering troops are armed with portable nuclear land mines weighing about 60 kg. and capacity from 500t. up to 2 thousand tons TNT equivalent. With the help of nuclear land mines, it is no longer tactical, but major operational-strategic tasks that are solved. With their help, continuous strips of nuclear mine barriers are created, very large bridges, dams, waterworks, and railway junctions are destroyed.

However, mines are not limited to the combat use of engineering troops. The engineering troops also construct non-explosive obstacles (barbed or cutting wire, anti-tank ditches, scarps and counter-scarps, barricades, road blockages, waterlogging and flooding areas), and carry out various destructions to impede the enemy’s advance (destruction of roads, bridges, blockages on roads); destroy infrastructure (destruction of buildings, railway and road structures, water supply systems, gas supply, electricity supply, fuel tanks, oil fields). To carry out these tasks, the engineering troops have various explosives and special engineering ammunition (charges of varying power and methods of activation).

The engineering troops solve the problems of destruction and mining not only on their own territory when preparing the area for defense, but also on the enemy’s territory in order to complicate the enemy’s combat operations, inflict losses on him, complicate or make it impossible for him to maneuver (withdrawal, transfer of units to threatened areas, transportation ammunition, approach of reserves).

Very often, the main task of subunits and units of airborne troops or special forces units is precisely to create conditions for the engineering troops to successfully carry out the tasks of causing harm to the enemy. For example, special forces capture and hold an important bridge for several hours so that sappers can blow it up. By the way, to blow up a two-span railway bridge requires the work of a sapper platoon for 8-10 hours and 500-700 kg. explosives. A small mine in a handbag is clearly not enough, as they like to show in films.

Along the way, I want to clarify that “plastic explosive,” “plastic explosive,” “plastic mine,” “plastic” are not at all what idle journalists are telling. They endow this explosive with some incredible properties and qualities. It is correctly called a “plastic explosive.” Sappers call it “plastic” for short. Whether we have it or our enemy, the difference between plasticite and conventional explosives lies only in ease of use. Actually, plasticite is ordinary hexogen mixed with plastic substances (wax, paraffin, rubber, etc.). Thanks to plasticizers, explosives acquire the consistency of plasticine or toothpaste. It is very easy and convenient to make charges of any size, weight, shape from it; It is easy to fill any container (jar, bottle, can, canister, etc.) or space (keyhole, crack, etc.) with explosives. In all other respects, it is an explosive of normal power (like TNT). It is produced under the labels “Plastit-4”, “PVV”, “S-3”, “S-4”, “S-5” and others.

I want to warn you that making explosives at home is fraught with the death of the “pyrotechnicians” themselves, because The manufacture of explosives requires special technologies, knowledge, equipment, and special compliance with safety measures. As a rule, home explosives are unreliable in use, dangerous to handle, and promise a lot of trouble from law enforcement agencies. I advise those who like to explode to become sappers. There you will have your fill of explosions. You explode until you're sick. It’s a benefit to the country and a pleasure to you.

Defense support in each country is provided by the Armed Forces. For the clear and timely fulfillment of legal duties, the military organization in our country has formed structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

The armed forces were created to defend their national interests in the world and to localize military threats from outside.

The RF Armed Forces are also involved in events that are mainly not related to them, for example:

• together with the police, fight against organized crime groups;
• maintain the general security of the CIS countries;
• to conduct peacekeeping missions.

Our Armed Forces are formed by: central military command bodies, associations, formations, military units, and organizations attached to the troops.

Composition and structure of the RF Armed Forces in 2019

The Supreme Commander-in-Chief is the President of the Russian Federation.

In accordance with his duties under the Constitution, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the RF Armed Forces is responsible for managing the mechanism for maintaining the Armed Forces in combat readiness in order to neutralize threats to national security. Prepares to prevent potential future attacks.

Central governing bodies: the Ministry of Defense, the General Staff, departments that have their own functions, subordinate to the corresponding Deputy Ministers of Defense or the Minister of Defense himself. The central governing bodies include the Commanders-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

Structure and composition of branches and branches of the Russian Army

The organization of the RF Armed Forces represents 3 types of Russian troops, 3 separate types of troops, Logistics, as well as the Quartering Service, which is not represented as a branch of the Armed Forces.

The structure of the Russian Armed Forces was also created based on territorial affiliation.

Geographically, our country is divided into 4 military districts:

• Western Military District - Western Military District,
• eastern military district - VVO,
• central military district - Central Military District,
• southern military district - Southern Military District.

Structure of the branches of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

In the Russian Federation, the legislation provides for three types of Armed Forces in areas of action on land, on water and in the air:

Ground troops

The ground forces now have the largest number of military personnel among the branches of the Russian Armed Forces. The primary area of ​​action is to carry out offensive activity, in the form of eliminating the opposing side, with further liberation and preservation of positions, and repulse attacking large landing forces. Conducting artillery and missile fire at a considerable distance.

The ground forces include types of troops that are ready to solve problems on an individual or group basis:

Motorized rifle troops

Motorized Rifle Troops have the largest numbers among the branches of the Army belonging to the Ground Forces.

In terms of technical equipment, motorized rifle troops are currently equipped with armored personnel carriers and infantry fighting vehicles, and are able to support the fastest possible movement of infantry groups. It is also possible to include, in addition to motorized rifle troops, tank, artillery and other units. With the participation of tank formations, they are capable of solving certain tasks: during defense - holding occupied areas, repelling attacks of the opposing side, and destroying attacking groups.

In offensive breakthroughs (counter-offensive) - overcoming (breakthrough) the defended lines, defeating opposing units, capturing the required heights, pursuing the retreating. It is possible to deploy oncoming battles together with naval and tactical airborne groups.

Tank forces

Tank troops play the role of the dominant strike force, which is characterized by increased cross-country ability and maneuverability. They are resistant to nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction. Thanks to their technical equipment, tank forces are able to carry out a breakthrough and develop a successful course of events in the battle, which is their main task.

Often capable of carrying out missions with the involvement of motorized rifle units. In defensive duties, they provide support for motorized rifle groups when parrying the offensive movements of the attacking side and carry out counterattack maneuvers. Armored tank troops (ATV) can be replenished with: artillery, motorized rifles, and missile launchers.

Rocket Forces and Artillery

Their primary goal is to deliver a nuclear fire strike to the opposing side. Equipped with rocket and cannon artillery. Rocket and artillery troops are armed with howitzer, rocket, anti-tank artillery, and mortars.

Purposes:

• in suppressing opposing groups with fire;
• neutralization of their nuclear attack weapons, manpower, specialized and military equipment;
• in carrying out disorganization measures towards the opposing side.

Air defense troops

Air defense troops are required to cover their units from enemy air attacks when carrying out combined arms operations and marches.

Their main tasks are:

• regular combat duty during air defense;
• detecting air attacks and notifying their protected units;
• neutralization of attacks during departure;
• performing missile defense at battle sites.

The organization of these troops consists of: military administration bodies, command headquarters, anti-aircraft missile (missile and artillery) and radio engineering units.

Intelligence and military formations and units are special forces with a wide range of tasks. Their goal is to provide the command headquarters with information about the movements of the opposing side, the characteristics of the surrounding territories, and weather conditions. This is necessary for management to make an extremely informed decision and prevent unexpected breakthroughs by the opposing side.

Combined arms formations and special troops are involved in reconnaissance operations.

Along with combined arms operations, these formations and units are called upon to perform certain tasks:

• revealing the opposing side's intentions about an upcoming attack and preventing such surprise;
• determination of the number in the units of the opposing side and the scheme of its leadership;
• detection of target points for elimination.

Corps of Engineers

Performing more complex engineering support tasks required by combined arms operations. These military formations require specialized training and mastery of engineering weapons.

Along with general military tasks, IWs are prepared to solve certain problems:

• conduct engineering exploration of adjacent territories;
• work on the construction of shelters and buildings for advanced and auxiliary formations;
• work on constructing barriers, mining;
• actions for demining the area;
• maintaining military roads in working condition;
• construction and maintenance of water crossings;
• supply of clean water;
• performing camouflage.

RKhBZ - troops of radiation, chemical and biological protection

- based on its name, the mission of these troops is very responsible work to reduce the impact of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination in combat conditions.
The primary tasks of these troops are as follows:

• actions to identify the extent of infection;
• protective actions for other combat units;
• camouflage actions;
• neutralization of infections.

Signal Corps

Work is underway to install communication systems for troop leadership. Responsibilities include support of automated systems and command point tools.

Aerospace Forces

This is the newest branch of the Russian Armed Forces, which includes the Air Force (Air Force) and the Aerospace Defense Forces (VVKO).

VKS are made up of:
The Air Force, representing a branch of the military, has as its mission:

• countering air attacks;
• elimination of opposing forces using conventional or nuclear means of attack;
• air support for the army.

Space Forces are called upon to perform a wide range of duties:

• are engaged in monitoring threats from the space sector and repelling them;
• launch spacecraft;
• engaged in satellite tracking;
• are engaged in monitoring and maintaining the combat capability of satellites.

Navy

This branch of the Russian Armed Forces performs the protective functions of our state in the sea and ocean zones.

The fleet is capable of carrying out nuclear strikes on enemy land and sea positions, escorting civilian ships, assisting ground operations, and performing landings.

The Navy includes:

Surface forces They are engaged in covering underwater vessels, transporting troops, insuring them, and also in mining and demining.

Submarine forces possess nuclear-powered strategic and multi-purpose submarines. Their tasks include:

• destruction of military points of the opposing side on the ground;
• liquidation of underwater and surface vessels;
• reconnaissance activities;
• landing of special groups on enemy territory;
• mining.

Naval aviation

This branch of troops is intended for:

• search and liquidation of enemy military maritime objects (convoys, ships, bases);
• protecting their ships from air threats;
• elimination of opposing aircraft;
• reconnaissance activities;
• indicating the right direction for their advanced units.

Coastal troops of the Russian Navy

Areas of their action:

• are engaged in covering their units and the population in coastal areas;
• protect naval bases;
• are engaged in landing;
• joint operations with ground units in countering landing groups of the opposing side;
• engaged in the liquidation of enemy ships, boats, and transport facilities.

Structure of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, types of troops

Also, in addition to types of troops, there are types of troops in the Russian Army and their structure will be presented below.

- included in the ground strategic nuclear forces (SNF), maintaining combat readiness on a permanent basis.

Responsibilities in preventing a probable nuclear attack and launching nuclear attacks on the opposing side.

- assigned to the reserve of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief. They carry out air coverage of opposing forces and carry out combat raids on enemy rear territory, neutralizing landing forces and other enemy groups.

Home Front Troops

Rear - deals with supplying the army, maintaining a decent livelihood. Peacetime tasks cannot be of a training nature, because in peacetime and wartime a full supply of troops is needed. This refers to the delivery of food, medical supplies, clothing, shoes, technical devices, and ammunition.

Troops not included in the types and branches of troops

At the provided structures of the RF Armed Forces Our country has everything it needs regarding defensive, security functions, and protection of its population.

ENGINEERING TROOPS - special troops designated for engineering support of military and combat operations st-viy.

There are in the armed forces (AF) of most states. Conducts engineering exploration; you-full-of-for-tification-equipment of the place-st-no-sti, control-points, districts, ru-be-zhey, including the erection of uk-ry-tiy and fire-weapons; install various engineering projects (primarily mine fields), pro-de-ly-va-ut and co-maintain about -movements in them, produce various destructions (bridges, roads, etc.), destroy the area and volume -ek-you; under-go-tav-li-va-yut paths of movement and maneuver of troops; they equip and maintain a wide range of movements across water barriers; about - yes-chi on the mask-ki-rov-ke, im-ta-tion of troops and objects; teach in the li-to-vi-da-tion of the subsequent strikes against-against-any and dangerous factors of nature and tech-no-gen-no-go ha-rak-te-ra. In addition, they equip and maintain take-off at the airports and seaports co-ordination, ensuring the left-handed distribution of troops and more.

Corps of Engineers. Modern aircraft consist of connections, parts and sub-divisions of various purposes: engineering exploration , engineering-sa-per-nyh, engineering-for-gra-de-ny, raz-gra-zh-de-niya and raz-mi-ni-ro-va-niya, engineering-for-roads, pon-ton-no-mos-to-vyh (pon-ton-nyh), per-re-pra-voch-no-de-sant-nyh, engineering-positional, engineering-technical, engineering-mas -ki-ro-voch-nyh, on-le-vo-go-go-provid-che-che-nie, energy and electrical-technical supply-che-che-nie and other . The engineering troops also include military engineering educational institutions and other organizations.

Ne-ob-ho-di-most in the engineering troops arose back in ancient times for the equipping of the left-hand uk-re-p-le-nyi, cre -on-stay, cross-right through water barriers. Or-ga-ni-za-tsi-on-but formalized engineering troops first appeared in France in the 17th century and later became part of the size of the armies of almost all European states. The process of establishing engineering troops in Russia is connected with the activities of Peter I. According to his decree, an engineering school was established in Moscow (1701), in which the -comrade of military in-singers. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated May 31, 2006, the day of signing the decree on the opening of this school is 21 January was declared the Day of Russian Engineering Troops. The main organizational structure of the engineering troops in Russia until 1816 was the company, and since 1816 - the batal-on-naya. In 1819, the engineering ba-tal-o-ns were converted into bri-ga-dy. By the beginning of the 1870s, in the Russian army there was a tendency to consolidate all technical means within the framework of the engineering troops. This led to the fact that at different times they included railway and electrical-technical bat-tal-o-ns, tele-le- count companies, air departments, automobile departments and sub-divisions -the formation of the armored forces, which later became independent types and branches of troops. During the First World War by the summer of 1916 in the Russian army there were sa-per-ba-tal-o-ns of the army corps-pu-ss. you're back in the sa-per regiments, and the total number of engineer troops in the army corps has increased over the years of war was more than doubled and amounted to 5% of the fighting strength.

Illustrations:

Military servants of the engineering troops of the Russian Imperial Army: 1 - pioneer (1780s - early 1790 -x years); 2 - chief officer (1797); 3 - row-do-voy pio-ner-no-go regiment (1812); 4 - chief officer of the Life Guards of the Kon-no-pio-ner-no-go di-vi-zion (1855); 5 - chief officer of the Life Guards Sa-per-no-go ba-tal-o-na (1911). BRE Archive;

Raz-mi-ni-ro-va-nie place-st-no-sti. 1943. BRT Archive;

Military servants of the engineering troops of the Red Army: 1 - com-brig (1935-49); 2 - kras-no-ar-me-ets (1935-40); 3 - auto-mat-chik sa-per-no-shtur-mo-vyh-parts-stay-steel-on-the-chest (1943-45). BRE Archive;

Fast-moving tran-neck vehicle on the BTM-4M “Tun-d-ra”. 1988. BDT Archive.