The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (formerly the USSR) have occupied the Tartus base since 1971. Syria has been and remains a strategic partner in Central Asia. The number of personnel at the site was initially 50 people, but since 2016 there are more than 1,700 units. A military facility in the city is used as a logistics support point
History of creation
Tartus (Syria) occupies a favorable position in Central Asia. The base of the Russian Armed Forces can serve ships with combat support located in the Mediterranean Sea. is an hour away by car, allowing Russians to maintain contact and provide support to the country's main forces.
Recent events in the country prompted the Russian government to additionally station aviation at the Khmeimim airfield. Warships are constantly on duty off the coast of Syria in the Mediterranean Sea. The defense of equipment and personnel is carried out by the Marine Corps.
What is the city famous for?
Tartus (Syria) is a historical city with a huge number of buildings dating back to the Phoenicians. There is the famous Church of Our Lady of Tartus on the island of Arvad. Inside there is an ancient altar, which is of interest to pilgrims from all over the world.
The island is located at a distance of 3 kilometers from the coastal part of the country. The Templars managed to hide on it from the Muslims for three years. Now it houses a museum, an Arab castle and the ruins of a Phoenician wall.
Ancient buildings were modified by Muslims and later strengthened by the Templars. At every step the city is filled with monuments dating back thousands of years. The famous crusader fortress Markab has been restored and is nearby.
The purpose of creating a logistics point
The Russian one in Syria (Tartus) is the only one in the region. Warships on constant duty can carry out command tasks in a timely manner. All destroyed piers were restored through the joint efforts of friendly countries.
The Russian Navy can use the base for the following purposes:
- Replenish food supplies.
- Repair ships.
- Take consumables on board.
- Unload objects of strategic importance to carry out military missions in military conflicts in the city of Aleppo.
At the invitation of the current one - Assad - the Russian Navy is protecting stability in the region. The restoration of the base continues to this day; a decision was made to form the Mediterranean Squadron of the Navy. The unit will be located there permanently.
Tasks of the Russian Fleet
Tartus (Syria), which has a naval base of strategic importance, is a historically significant city. In addition, it acts as an outpost in the struggle for world order throughout the eastern region. Maintaining peace and the interests of the country cannot be carried out without the powerful support of the fleet. The warships carry missiles capable of hitting targets within a radius of more than 1,000 km.
Tartus (Syria) can host battle cruisers and aircraft carriers. The latter protect shipping in the area where attacks by Somali pirates constantly occur.
Thus, the city of Tartus (Syria) is quite significant from a strategic point of view. The naval base, which is being rebuilt in 2016, has the following missions:
- anti-terrorist fight;
- maintaining stability in the maritime zone;
- air defense;
- anti-sabotage protection of Russian property;
- restoration of influence in the political arena.
Conflict in the Middle East
The Tartus base in Syria helps pursue the interests of the Russian Federation. The expeditionary corps of the Russian army has long been stationed in the cities of the country, awaiting an order from the command to begin supporting government forces, while the local military copes with terrorist groups supplied by the West: America, Great Britain - NATO members.
There is no open military confrontation between the powers; everything is decided on the territory of a small state. Russia does not intend to cede the region and will show all its capabilities in order to stop the lawlessness of gangs. The mission of the troops present is to support the current government and help restore stability in the Middle East.
The Russian military is stationed in the city of Latakia, supported by the port of Tartus. The position was strengthened so firmly that a decision was made to restore the ship repair yard. In the future, the return of the Armed Forces to the positions of the former USSR will be achieved, which is far from being to the liking of Western colleagues.
Role in geopolitics
Tartus (Syria) on the world map is important from the point of view of the balance of power in the region. For Russia, the city becomes an assistant in geopolitical confrontation with the West. In addition to this region, the Russian Armed Forces plan to return to their presence in Egypt, Vietnam, and Cuba. These measures will help restore radar reconnaissance capabilities.
A return to military cooperation with Syria provides an opportunity to support Iran. The transportation of military specialists, weapons and material supplies to Libya, where a Shiite group is being formed, takes place through Assad’s territory.
By restoring its presence in the Middle East, Russia is trying to elevate its role in the political arena. After the events in Ukraine, measures to save Bashar al-Assad are more aimed at strengthening their positions. The conflict could escalate into World War III at any moment, but they try not to think about it.
The ancient Phoenician city of Amrit left behind a few ruins, which can still be seen today south of Tartus, the capital of the governorate of the same name in. Amrit had to endure a lot over its long history and, as a result, fell under the blows of those whom the city residents considered good neighbors. Modern Tartus is also a turbulent place: a civil war is raging nearby, and the streets of the ancient city are shaken by explosions of terrorist attacks.
AMRITH - PREDECESSOR TO TARTUS
The Phoenicians built the port city of Amrit with the obvious goal of competing with neighboring cities, most notably Arvad.
The Tartus governorate and its capital, the city of Tartus, are located in the far west of Syria, on the Mediterranean coast.
Since Phoenician times, this area of Syria has been the most important trading area of the country. Not far from where the city of Tartus stands today, there was another city - Amrit. Founded by the Phoenicians in 3 thousand BC, Amrit existed until the 2nd century. BC e.
The ruins of the city, abandoned by the inhabitants and subsequently uninhabited by anyone, have been preserved. For the same reason, the ruins are of unique value to archaeologists, since the original layout of the city has been preserved.
The remains of Amrit still cross two rivers today. Nahr Amrit flows its waters past the main temple of the city, Nahr al-Kubl flows next to the second most important temple. It is known that in the Phoenician religion water played the role of a link that connects the world of mortals and the world of gods, and the location of the Amrita temples directly indicates this.
There is an assumption that Amrit was founded by the Arvadites - residents of Arvad, an even more ancient Phoenician city that stood on the only island off the coast of Syria, a few kilometers from Tartus. It is still unknown why some of the residents of Arvad left their hometown and founded another nearby - Amrit, which is subordinate to the authorities of Arvad in almost everything.
Arvad was mentioned twice in the Bible - in the Book of Genesis and the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel, therefore Amrit can be considered one of the biblical cities. To the south of Arvad was the biblical Simira, which was part of his sphere of influence.
Throughout its long history, Amrit - along with Arwad - entered into an alliance with the Hittites in the 14th century. BC e. and together with them he carried out attacks on the eastern provinces of the Ancient One. In the 8th century BC e. the city was subjugated by the Assyrians, then by Babylon, and in 333 BC. e. - Alexander the Great.
During the Seleucid era, the city received a new name - Marathus. By that time, Arvad had entered a stage of decline, and in 219 BC. e. Amrit seemed to have completely left his influence. But in 148 BC. e. It is not clear how the strengthened Arvad captured Amrit, plundered and destroyed it.
The city was revived, but during the Roman Empire it fell into decay and was plundered again, and the role of the continental port of Syria was inherited by Antaradus, which was more adapted to receiving large ships - today's Tartus.
Excavations of the city's ruins began in the 1860s. a French expedition led by academician-orientalist Joseph Ernest Renan (1823-1892).
The discovery of ceramic items helped establish the age of the city. Later they found so-called “mine burials” from the end of the Bronze Age with high columnar tombstones. No one touched them for thousands of years, local residents still treat them with awe, calling them “el-maghazil”, or “spindle”. The largest burial stone - tall and curved - is called El Burj Bazzak, or the Worm Tower. The discovery of the tombstones was the largest discovery in the field of Phoenician funeral rites. Further excavations revealed the structures of an ancient harbor and a huge 1/2-shaped stadium, similar in size and layout to the stadium in Greek Olympia.
On both sides of the stadium stood both city churches. The main one was called maabed, it was dedicated to the patron god of seafarers, Melqart. Amrit stood on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, the Phoenicians were famous sailors and traders, and the protection of a god who could send a hurricane and sink a ship turned out to be extremely necessary. The architecture of the temple shows the influence of Mesopotamian and Egyptian architecture.
THE GOVERNOR AND THE CITY “OPPOSING ARVADA”
The city's Latin name is Antaradus, which means "city opposite Arvada." Subsequently, the name was distorted many times until it took on the established form Tartus.
Tartus governorate is one of the 14 governorates of Syria and has access to the Mediterranean Sea. The governorate's topography is predominantly mountainous, with heights of 300-400 m: these are the western spurs of the Syrian coastal ridge, or Jebel Ansaria, stretching from north to south along the sea. Between the mountains there are river valleys. Along the sea there is a narrow coastal strip.
The territory of the current Tartus governorate was part of Phenicia in ancient times. Later, as a result of conquests, it became part of Assyria and Babylonia. Having briefly remained part of the empire of Alexander the Great, in the 4th century. became part of the Seleucid state. In the era of Ancient Rome, the local region was conquered by Roman legions, and it became part of the Roman province of Syria.
Islam came to Syria in 661, as soon as Damascus became the capital of the Arab Caliphate under the Umayyads. XII century - the period of the Crusades and the attempt of the Crusaders to create, including in Tartus, Christian states that did not last even a hundred years.
From the 13th century Tartus is captured by the Mamluks, and the lands become part of their empire. In 1400, a significant part of the territory was destroyed by the Timurid troops. And from 1517 and for another four centuries, Tartus was part of the Ottoman Empire.
After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the division of its territories, Tartus became part of the mandated territory, part of the Alawite state, which existed in 1923-1936.
Since 1946 - part of independent Syria. The ethnic picture of the governorate is quite monotonous: the vast majority are Syrian Arabs, the predominant language is Arabic.
The local population is engaged in agriculture, growing fruits and vegetables and raising sheep. Work in the service of the government is considered more prestigious, which has become quite difficult in the conditions of the ongoing civil war.
A very special type of income is serving those wishing to become a refugee. The flow of refugees through Tartus is large, people give all their savings to the owners of boats and small vessels, at the risk of passengers delivering refugees to neighboring Turkey or even Greece.
The most famous attraction here after the city of Tartus is the concentric Margat Castle. Built by Muslims in the 12th century. on a hill 36 m high, he controlled the road between Tripoli and Latakia. The castle was captured by the Byzantines, then by the crusaders of the Prince of Galilee, Tancred of Tarentum (1072-1112), then it was bought by the Knights of the Hospitaller Order. With its 14 towers, the castle was considered impregnable, and even Saladin himself was forced to retreat from its walls in 1188. In the end, the castle was surrendered by the Knights Hospitallers themselves to the Mamluks under threat of explosion.
Tartus is the second largest port city in Syria after Latakia and the largest city in the governorate. The historical center of Tartus consists of more modern buildings built on and within the walls of a crusader-era fortress, from which a moat still separates the Old Town from the New.
In times of peace, Tartus enjoyed the fame of a major resort; tourists from all over the world came here to see the Margat fortress and the Cathedral of the Crusaders. Today, the echo of the civil war in Syria reaches these places, where suicide bombers periodically blow themselves up. But the Tartu port still operates today, serving mainly cargo traffic from Iraq and back. The city's port was previously the site of the Soviet, and today, the last Russian naval base abroad.
ATTRACTIONS
Natural:
■ Ein Ibraheim Caves.
■ Elshikh Abbas oak forest.
■ Mineral springs Duraikish.
Historical:
■ Ruins of the Phoenician city of Amrit (harbour, stadium, temple of Melqart, “second” temple, Ztys. - 48 BC).
■ Excavations of Simira (Tell Kazel, ca. 3rd millennium BC).
■ Margat Castle (Margab or Qalaat El-Markab, 1062).
■ Ruins of the El-Kadmus castle (before the 12th century).
City of Tartus:
■ Cathedral of Our Lady of Tartu (museum, 12th century).
■ Old town.
■ Arvad Island (Tartus region).
FUN FACTS
■ Amrit is considered the only place in Syria whose ruins, albeit partially, convey the features of the Phoenician civilization. Including the main one: the ability of the Phoenicians to adopt and rethink the external influence of other civilizations, including Persian, Greek and Egyptian.
■ Later studies of the Amrita stadium showed that its age is about 1500 BC. e. Archaeologists claim that large-scale sports competitions between cities and countries were held in Amrita several centuries before the Olympic Games.
■ Presumably, the stadium in Amrita served as a venue for competitions that had cult significance and were associated with initiation and funeral rites. “Funeral competitions” were dedicated to the memory of recently deceased respected citizens of the city.
■ Historians who study medieval fortifications point out that the Margat castle, if not superior in its power to the famous Krak des Chevaliers castle, was certainly in no way inferior to it, remaining, in their words, “an ideal military machine.”
■ The name of the village of Sauda is translated from Arabic as “black”. The name refers to the color of the basalt from which the villagers used to build houses. During the Ottoman Empire, black basalt mining became the main occupation of the villagers. The profession disappeared when cheap reinforced concrete arrived in Syrian villages.
■ In the winter season, strong storms occur in the Mediterranean Sea, so the inhabitants of the island of Arvad temporarily move to the mainland - to Tartus, where they remain until spring.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Location: western Syria.
Administrative status:
city and governorate (region) in Syria.
Administrative division of the governorate: 5 mintaki (districts) - Kesh Sheikh Badr, Baniyas, Dureykish, Safita and Tartus.
Administrative center: the city of Tartus - 93,054 people. (2008).
Cities: Ash-Shaikh-Badr - 47,982 people, Baniyas - 42,128 people, Dureykish - 28,749 people. (2008).
Foundation of Tartus: 2nd millennium BC
Establishment of Tartus Governorate: 1946
Languages: Arabic, Greek. Ethnic composition: Syrian and Palestinian Arabs, Greeks.
Religion: Islam (Sunnism, Ismailism, Alawism), Christianity (Melkite Greek Catholic Church, Orthodoxy), Druze religion.
Currency: Syrian pound.
Neighboring governorates, countries and waters: in the north - Latakia, in the northeast - Hama, in the southeast - Homs, in the south - , in the west - the Mediterranean Sea.
NUMBERS
Governorate area: 1896 km2.
Population of the governorate: 1,064,570 people. (2012), population of Tartus - 115,769 people. (2004).
Population density of the governorate: 561.5 people/km 2 .
Distance: the ruins of Amrita - 6 km south of the city of Tartus, Tartus - 220 km northwest of Damascus.
Amrit: stadium - length 230 m, width 30-40 m; Temple of Melkart: length - 49 m, width - 47 m; vertical tombstones of the necropolis - height up to 19.5 m, base diameter up to 3 m.
Arvad Island: area - 20 hectares, distance from the coast - 3.5 km, population - 4403 people. (2004), population density - 22,015 people/km 2.
CLIMATE
Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and very mild, rainy winters.
Average January temperature: +12.5°C.
Average July temperature: +26°C.
Average annual precipitation: up to 800 mm.
Average annual relative humidity: 60%.
ECONOMY
Seaport of Tartus.
Agriculture: crop production (wheat, barley, tomatoes, watermelons, carrots, grapefruits, olives, almonds), livestock (sheep, goats).
Service sector: transport, trade.
October 10, Deputy Minister of Defense of Russia Nikolay Pankov At a meeting of the international committee of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation, he stated that the Ministry of Defense was preparing documents that would allow the creation of a permanent Russian naval base in Syrian Tartus. At the same time, it became known that the Russian Defense Ministry is negotiating the lease of a number of military facilities in Egypt. In particular, the Russian side’s interest in access to the runway of the Sidi Barrani airbase was voiced.
Which of this is real and which is not? A correspondent looked into the issue of Russian bases in the Mediterranean Federal News Agency.
720th PMTO
The presence of the domestic navy in Tartus, Syria's second largest port after Latakia, has a long history.
The USSR acquired a logistics support center for the Navy in Tartus in 1971 in accordance with a bilateral agreement between Moscow and Damascus. Initially, this PMTO was created to support the operations of ships and vessels of the 5th operational squadron (5th OPESK) operating in the Mediterranean Sea, supplying them with fuel, water and consumables.
At the same time, the PMTO in Tartus primarily played the role of a kind of “gas station” and only secondarily - a place for carrying out small inter-trip repairs. The latter function was performed by one of the floating workshops of the Black Sea Fleet, which were “on duty” in shifts in Tartus. Medium repairs of ships and vessels of the 5th OPESK could be carried out in Syrian Latakia or Egyptian Alexandria. For major repairs, as a rule, it was necessary to return to Sevastopol or Nikolaev.
Since 1984, the USSR Navy PMTO in Tartus began to be called the 720th PMTO. The military command of the USSR had extremely ambitious plans for Syria, including the construction of a large Soviet naval base on the Syrian coast between Latakia and Tartus, capable of fully covering all the needs of the 5th OPEC. However, these plans could not be implemented until the collapse of the USSR.
For a long time after 1991, the 720th PMTO vegetated in a semi-abandoned state. Only in the summer of 2015 did it find a new life and become the main sea “gate” for supplying the Russian military group in the Syrian theater of operations.
At the same time, at least four problems immediately “popped up”.
Problems of Tartus
The sharply increased volumes of transportation from Novorossiysk and Sevastopol carried out by the Syrian Express quickly exceeded the capabilities of the PMTO in terms of prompt unloading of arriving units. The capacity of the civil port of Tartus helped to avoid overstocking, but, given the special nature of the cargo, this was, of course, a palliative decision. For the normal unloading and storage of delivered military cargo, the PMTO requires the modernization of its own port equipment and the expansion of warehouse space.
The second “bottleneck” of Tartus was its port basins and entrance fairway. Due to the peculiarities of local hydrology and the inaction of Syrian port services, the pools and fairway have to be cleaned regularly. Barrels, booms, dead anchors and cables laid along the bottom have to be renewed and repaired just as regularly in Tartus. The execution of these works had to be undertaken not by the Syrians, but by the Black Sea Fleet’s kill vessel.
The third problem is the rather weak, by the standards of the Russian Armed Forces, air defense of Tartus and the almost complete absence of a capable water security service in the port. In order to eliminate these “gaps” in the security perimeter of the 720th PMTO, the S-300 air defense system was relatively recently transferred to Tartus from Russia. Even earlier, two Project 03160 Raptor patrol boats were delivered to Tartus by the KIL-158 pick-up vessel, which partially resolved the issue of protecting the water area.
Finally, another problem for the 720th PMTO after the summer of 2015 was the need to maintain at the proper level of technical readiness not only the units from the Syrian Express, but also the pennants of the operational formation of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea recreated back in 2013. The construction of a ship repair yard and a dry dock, which began in Tartus back in Soviet times in the interests of PMTO, was never completed. For objective reasons, relocating one of the floating docks available to the Russian Federation to Tartus also turned out to be impossible.
Thus, initially focused only on the possibility of small inter-cruise repairs, the PMTO now has only the floating workshop of the Black Sea Fleet. Which, of course, limits the repair capabilities of the “seven hundred and twentieth” and reduces the time spent by ships and vessels of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea.
What will happen next?
As we see, the Russian military leadership, to one degree or another, managed to solve three of the four listed problems. The issue of increasing repair capacity in Tartus remains open. But the fact of the matter is that this “legacy of the Soviet past” made sense to be implemented only in a situation of complete confidence that “Tartusnash”. In other words, only in the case where this port becomes a permanent base for the Russian Navy.
It must be assumed that now that Moscow’s interest in such a basing point is no longer in doubt, the issue of carrying out medium repairs of ships and vessels in Tartus will also be resolved.
What awaits the 720th PMTO in the near future? We can expect modernization of port equipment, further dredging work in the port and on the entrance fairway, expansion of the PMTO storage areas and completion of a ship repair plant in Tartus.
Here is an opinion on the prospects of the 720th PMTO Pavel Vishnyakova, captain of the 1st rank in the reserve, formerly the flagship navigator of the 130th brigade of anti-submarine ships, deputy chief of staff of the 2nd division of anti-submarine ships for combat training: “Tartus is a good place in every sense. All this, of course, will not be deployed right away, but in two or three years they will create a quite decent base, especially if the land plots are trimmed more - not all the infrastructure can be afloat.”
As a result, the Russian Defense Ministry will have at its disposal a two-component system for the permanent deployment of our Armed Forces in Syria. Its air force component will be located at the Khmeimim air base, and its naval component (transport hub, logistics facility and ship repair yard with a dry dock) will be in Tartus. This is all the easier to implement since such a scheme will make maximum use of the infrastructure already available and used by the Russian Federation in Syria.
Not only tourists want to go to Egypt
Russia is expanding its military-strategic partnership in the Middle East. At the same time, it naturally returns to the frontiers that the USSR once occupied. In general, this is a completely logical trend that directly follows from the desire to protect Russian geopolitical interests against the backdrop of the ongoing confrontation with the West.
Let us note that this trend is pushing the Russian Armed Forces to return not only to Mediterranean outposts, but also much further. It is not without reason that, in addition to the permanent revival of the Mediterranean operational unit of the Navy, the transformation of the 720th PMTO of the Navy into a permanent base of the Navy, the receipt of an indefinite lease of the Khmeimim airbase and talk about the possible lease of facilities in Egypt, representatives of the Russian Defense Ministry are talking about the desirability of returning to Cuba and to Vietnam. Let us recall that until 2002, a powerful Russian electronic surveillance center operated in Lourdes, Cuba, and a large Russian naval base was located in the Vietnamese port of Cam Ranh.
At the same time, one should not fall into excessive euphoria against the backdrop of such a huge number of potential plans. Theoretically, the Russian Armed Forces can actually rent the Sidi Barrani runway and the emergency support station in the Gulf of Mersa Matrouh from the Egyptian authorities. Plus - there is also a ship anchorage equipped on the shallows, the so-called. “point 52”, which once bore the nickname “Selivanovka village” (in honor of one of the commanders of the 5th OPESK). Looking back at the Soviet experience, to this list of “wants” we can add the possibility of basing Russian ships and vessels in Egyptian Port Said.
Tartus from A to Z: map, hotels, attractions, restaurants, entertainment. Shopping, shops. Photos, videos and reviews about Tartus.
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The partially preserved huge citadel of Tartus (Tortosa, 10th century) was at one time the last stronghold of the Templar Order in the Holy Land. The remains of the Crusader city and the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tartu are preserved here - a unique example of a fortified temple (one of the first buildings of this type in the Gothic style). After the Muslim reconquest of the city, the church was used as a mosque, and during the Ottoman period - as a barracks. Under French rule, the building was restored and now houses a museum.
The historical center of Tartus consists of modern buildings built on and inside the walls of a crusader-era fortress.
The historical center of Tartus consists of modern buildings built on and within the walls of a crusader-era fortress, the moat of which still separates the old city from the new.
Tartus itself is the second largest port city in Syria after Latakia, which is home to a Russian naval base.
How to get there
The bus company Kadmous has an office in the city center, near the park. Buses from here depart to Damascus (every hour, journey 5 hours, from 120 SYP), Aleppo (120 SYP, 5 hours), Hama (70 SYP, 1.5 hours) and Homs (70 SYP, journey 1 hour). In addition, minibuses run to Latakia (40 SYP, journey time 1 hour) and Banias (15 SYP, 30 minutes) - departure every 15-20 minutes.
Al-Ahliah, whose office is located in the south of the city, organizes the same flights at the same cost, the only difference is that Al-Ahliah has slightly fewer flights per day than its competitor Kadmous.
A taxi around the city will cost no more than 35 SYP.
Prices on the page are as of June 2016.
What to see
In the museum of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tartus you can see an exhibition of various archaeological finds made in Tartus and the surrounding area, as well as exhibits brought from Raqqa and other regions of the country. Opening hours: 9:00-16:00 in winter, 9:00-18:00 in summer. Closed on Tuesday.
In the museum of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Tartu you can see an exhibition of various archaeological finds made in Tartus and the surrounding area.
3 km from Tartus is the picturesque island of Arvad (the only one in Syria), where the crusaders held out the longest. The fortress towering above the island, now a museum, reminds of this glorious past. Opening hours: 9:00-16:00 in winter and 9:00-17:00 in summer. Closed on Tuesday.
Another fortress, an Arab one, is located to the right of the Arvada pier (tourists are not allowed inside the structure). You can get to Arvada by water taxi in 20 minutes.
Questions about Syria
Mediterranean coast of Syria
- Where to stay: There are very high-quality hotels in the Latakia resort area of Shatt al-Azraq - although there are few accommodation options here, their category is high, mostly four or five “stars”. There are almost no hotel options in Tartus (and the Russian naval base does not yet accept chilling compatriots), so you can only come here on an excursion.
- What to see: Ancient Roman monuments and medieval churches
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Books
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- Steel with a blue pattern, Knightov K.. Deir ez-Zor, Latakia, Tartus, Damascus, Raqqa, Tiyaz…. Until recently, these names meant nothing to the majority of those living in the territory of the former USSR. It was as if they weren’t there... And suddenly they...
