SPELLING DIFFICULT WORDS
In complex words after the stem with a hard consonant (except w, f, c) is written ABOUT: nuclear-powered ship, water-pressure, breakwater, East Slavic, soundproofing, fishing.
After the stem on a soft consonant, as well as on f, w, c and on a vowel is written E: big-eyed, snake-like, ray emitter, mousetrap, vegetable storage, flamethrower, stockpiling, bird catcher, fresh frozen.
Note 1. B in some complex words, after the stem a soft consonant is written O (in parallel with words in which, after the same stem, according to the rule, it is written e: long-range (long-range), bone cutter, chiropractor (bone crusher) ny, bone-processing), hemorrhage, bloodsucker, bloodsucker, blood circulation, bloodletting (blood-forming, circulatory, blood substitute), chanting (song-making), wool-spinning, wool-weaving (wool-harvesting, wool-processing).
Note 2. In the words gasification, gasify, electrification, electrify, centrifuge and centrifugate and derivatives from them, they are pronounced and written And.
Note 3. Word agriculture has parallel spelling agriculture, which is more common in modern language.
DIFFICULT WORDS without a connecting vowel
1. Write together:
1) words, the first part of which is represented by a word in its original (initial) form: time calculation, pastime, chronicle, chronology, seed stalk, ovule(cf.: stalk- formed with a connecting vowel);
2) words formed as a result of the merger of a phrase: crazy (crazy), insane (mindless), forward-looking, nitrogen-containing;
3) words, the first part of which is a cardinal number. In this case, the numeral is in the genitive case (there is no connecting vowel): five-day, seven-flower, five-hundred-year, three-hundred, seven-hundred-thirty-three-meter, twenty-eight-day.
Note 1. Numerals ninety And one hundred are part of compound words in the form of the nominative case: ninety years old, one hundred days old.
Note 2. Numerals one, thousand, million, billion connect to the second part of the word using connecting vowels O And e, that is, they function as nouns: one-day, twenty-one-bucket, millennium, twenty-five-thousand-year, million-voice, billion-foot.
Note 3. Words centipede, shrike ("passerine"), sorokoust ("forty-day prayer in church for the deceased") have a connecting vowel O. In other derived words the numeral fourty used as a general rule - in the form of the genitive case: forty-degree, forty-day, forty anniversary, forty-five, forty-five ("forty-five-millimeter gun").
Note 4. Numerals two three as part of compound words they have the forms two; three- And two; three; tre-: two-day, three-hour; bipedal, two-toed, double; thirtieth, trimaran("yacht with three keels"), shamrock; trident, three-headed And three-headed, tripod, tripod, triangle, three-headed.
Note 5. Numeral one and a half as part of compound words has the form one and a half(genus): one and a half days, one and a half months, one and a half tons.
Note 6. Numeral quarter when forming compound words, it is used in the nominative case and is written together with the rest of the compound word: quarter-finalist, quarter-finalist, quarter-annual.
Note 7. Quantitative combinations that contain a word half, written separately: five and a half meters - five and a half meter, twenty and a half number of millions. However, formations where an adjective is used with a numeral half, written together: five-half, two-half.
2. Compound words with roots floor-- (half) are written:
A) with a hyphen, if:
· the second word begins with a vowel: half a window, half an apple, half an alley;
· the second word begins with a consonant l : half a sheet, half a basket, half a summer:
· the second word is a proper name: half of Europe, half - Kaluga, half of Primorye;
B) together in all cases, except those specified in paragraph A), as well as words with the root semi-: half a book, half a month, half a sea, half an hour, half past one, half past eleven(But: Eleventh floor); half-turned, half-savage, half-dark, half-open, half-legal, half-closed, half-lying.
Note.The word half a liter(simple) (from floor at lulitre) written together.
C) separately in all cases, if between the root floor- and the second word is an adjective or pronoun:floor next day(But: half a day); floor Onega Bay(But: half lips); floor Sea of Okhotsk(But: half the sea), floor my book(But: half a book) - such combinations are characteristic of oral speech, that is, they have a conversational connotation.
3. Nouns and adjectives starting with the elements are written together: air; auto-; agro-; biblio-; bio-; bicycle; helio-; hydro-; homo-, grapho-; zoo-; movie-; litho-; macro-, micro-, meteo-; motorcycle; multi-; neo-; paleo-; poly-; pseudo-; radio-; television; thermo-; stereo-; photo-; phono-; exo-; electro- (there can be more than one in a word):
air harbor, aerospace, auto-aggregate, autobahn, aerial gamma photography, aerogeological, air ionizer, Aeroflot; bibliomaniac, bibliophile, bioacoustics, bioarchitecture, biodefense, bioengineering; bicycle section, bicycle track, exercise bike, bicycle tour, solar equipment, heliometeorologist, geostationary, geotechnology, hydraulic automation, hydrocosmos, hydraulic shock, homogenized, graphology, graphomaniac, zoobotanical, zoo veterinary service, zoo center, isoline, isotope; quasi-scientific, quasi-objective, quasiparticles, film portrait, film manual, screen test, lithosphere; macrocosmos, macrotext, weather bureau, weather data, weather information, microbrigade, microalarm clock, microclimate, macrocircuit, microsurgery, monoblock, monoculture, motorball, motorcarts, auto rickshaw, multibillionaire, multinational; neo-impressionism, neo-Freudian; paleoclimate, paleotectonic, polygenic, polyhybrid, polycrystalline, polylog, polypropylene, polyphony, pseudo-intellectual, pseudo-culture, pseudo-literature; radio outlet, radio spectrum, radio broadcast; television audience, television fan, telecommunications, television signal, hot rollers, thermal drill, heat-resistant; phonogram, photo effect; exobiology, exothermic, electric bus, electrodiagnostics.
The same rule applies to the writing of foreign root prefixes: anti-, arch-infra-, counter-, pan-, super-, ultra-, extra-: anti-national, arch-fashionable, infrared, counterattack(But: rear admiral), pangenesis, panzootia, dust jacket, ultramicroscope, ultraviolet, extravagant, extrapolation(But: extra class, extra mail).
Note. If the second part of the word is a proper name, such formations are written with a hyphen: quasi-Gorky, false-Pushkin(But: False Dmitry- historical writing), pan-America, pan-Europe.
The greatest spelling difficulty is caused by vowels, which are called connecting vowels. “O” and “e” in complex words are often not noticed, as a result of which mistakes are made. It is noteworthy that there are no other letters connecting the two stems.
Definition
If a word consists of two or more stems, it will be called complex. For example, agricultural (farming), meat and dairy (meat and milk), scientific and technical (science and technology), chronicler (writing chronicles).
Compound words in the Russian language appeared at the present stage of development during a period of abundance of information, because this makes it possible to fit several concepts into one word.
Phenomena when more than two roots are used in the formation of a complex word are quite rare. For example, cycling.
Education and spelling variations
Compound words can be formed in various ways. Their spelling will depend on this. Let's look at the most popular ones:
Spelling difficult words
Connecting “o” and “e” in complex words can be used both when written together and when written with a hyphen. Let's look at the cases of using a hyphen.
You can create complex words using coordinating and subordinating connections. If they are formed by the first case, they will be written with a hyphen. In other words, you can easily put the conjunction “and” between the parts. Let's look at examples, for this you need to create complex words: sofa and bed - sofa bed; scientific and technical – scientific and technical; Russian and English – Russian-English; factory and plant - factory; meat and milk – meat and dairy; military medical - military and medical and others.
Compound words (nouns and adjectives) with the meaning of cardinal directions: Western European, southeastern, northeastern. 
Words that convey shades of colors: crimson-gold, gray-brown, light green, purple-blue.
If the word is formed from a proper name: Leo Tolstoy style, Walter Scott ideas, New York Stock Exchange. The exception is geographical names formed from the phrase noun and adjective: Velikiye Luki - Velikiye Luki, Sergiev Posad - Segrievo Posad, Staraya Rus - Starorussky.
Words - scientific and technical terms: dynamo, vacuum dryer, diesel electrode, stop valve, filter press.
Words - designations of political parties and movements: vice-mayor, liberal-democratic, social-democratic, national-socialist.
A word that has a value judgment in the first part: grief-wife, shirt-guy, sweetheart-daughter, good boy-son.
If the first producing basis is the designation of any Latin letter: alpha male, beta carotene, gamma radiation.
It is necessary to write together complex words formed with the help of a subordinating connection: lumber processing (to process wood), staromoskovsky (old Moscow), chronicler (to write a chronicle), milk processing (to process milk), logging (logging).
SPELLING DIFFICULT WORDS
In complex words, after the stem on a solid consonant (except zh, sh, ts), a connecting vowel o is written: atom O stroke, water O pressure, waves O rez, east O Slavic, sound O insulating, fish O clever
After the stems, e is written on a soft consonant, as well as on zh, sh, ts and on a vowel: big e eyed, snake e prominent, ray e emitter, fire e meth, vegetable e storage, birds e catch, fresh e frozen.
Note 1. In some words, after the base on a soft consonant, o is written (in parallel with words in which, according to the rule, e is written after the same base): far O combative (long e jet), cost O carved (cost e crushing), shelter O treatment, shelter O letting in (blood e creative, shelter e substitute), song O singing (song e creativity), wool O spinning, wool O weaving (wool) e blank, wool e processing).
Note 2. In words gas And fication, gas And electrify And fication, electr. And to fify and derivatives from them is written and. These words are not complex, since the Russian language does not have the words “fication” and “fication”. Wed. spelling compound words with a similar stem: gas O wire, gas O generator, gas O meter, gas O throne, warmth O car, electric O car, electric O car, electric O razor, etc., where the general rule applies.
Note 3. The word agr And culture has a parallel spelling agrokultura, which is more common in modern language. This is apparently explained by the fact that the Greek root agros (“field”) stands out as independent in Russian formations. Wed. also spelling of words agr O business, agriculture O town, agri O climatic, agr O plant, agricultural OK complex, agr O industrial, agricultural O service, agr O chemist, agriculturist O school, etc., which does not contradict the general rule.
2.8. Difficult words. Connecting vowels and suffixes in compound words. Spelling vowels in compound words
1. As noted (see paragraph 2.2), in the Russian language there is a fairly large number difficult words, that is, words with several (usually two) roots.
Blue-eyed, warm-loving, white-red-blue.
In complex words, roots can be connected using special morphemes - connecting vowels. It is traditionally believed that there are two connecting vowels in the Russian language - o and e.
Steam, millennium, white-faced, blue-eyed.
2. At the same time, other elements can be used as connecting parts of complex words. Some of them are sometimes equated to connecting vowels. But in the school tradition they are usually classified as suffixes.
Such suffixes include, for example, the following:
suffixes -о- and -е- in compound words formed from the combination “adverb + adjective”;
Little cute, forever green.
suffixes -i-, -uh-, -u- in compound words with the first part – the form of the numeral in the genitive case. Although these suffixes coincide in form with the endings of numerals: Friday and days, two days, however, these are not endings, but suffixes (!);
Five and floor, two-day, two at the stem.
a) by merging a group of words into one word;
The mind is gone, the mind is deprived.
b) using the first part - the initial form of the word;
Time is the pastime, family is the kidney.
suffix -i- in compound words with the first part – the form of the verb in the imperative mood;
Vert and head, vert and tail, hold and muzzle, roll and field;
suffixes -а-, -я- in complex words denoting a shade of color, in the first part of which there is a prefix from- / is-.
Is blue is black, yellow is green.
3. In some cases, the final vowel of the first part of a compound word (usually a foreign element) is part of the root.
Avi a base, kin o film, auto base, mot o race.
4. The spelling of a vowel in the middle of compound words depends on what element this vowel is (connecting vowel, suffix, part of a root) and how the compound word is formed.
The spelling of connecting vowels is subject to the following rule:
O- is written after hard consonants (except zh, sh, ts), -e- is written after soft consonants and zh, sh, ts.
Water-collared, blue-eyed, freshly shaved.
2) In some complex words, after the base on a soft consonant, a connecting vowel -o- is used:
In some compound words, the first part is the word in its initial form.
Time I am calculation, time I am transmission, this I am a share, this I am a leg, this I am a kidney.
But in other cases, with the first part - the same root - a connecting vowel is used (in combination with the suffix -en-).
Wed: seeds for storage, seeds for farming.
The final vowels of the root are preserved in complex words with the first foreign language part:
o and e: auto- ( auto base), agro- ( agr o chemistry), bio- ( bi o stimulant), geo- ( geo politics), hydro- ( hydraulic unit), zoo- ( zoo technician), movie- ( movie about almanacs), macro- ( macro element), meteo- ( meta about summary), motorcycle ( mot about sports), radio ( for the sake of mechanics), television ( body essay), photo- ( photo about the studio), electric ( electric motor).
Exception: kin e scop;
a: air ( air mail, air line);
and: quasi- ( quaz and scientific), multi- ( cartoon and millionaire), poly- ( gender and vitamins), mini ( min and -dress).
In some words ( center and fugue, agriculture and culture, electrification and fication, electrification and fication, electrified and fication, gas and fication, gas and fication, gas and fication) the vowel [i] is pronounced and the vowel letter i is written. In complex words with these roots, the connecting vowel -o- is used.
Wed: center about bezhny, agro about school, electric about razor, gas about exchange.
The vowels a, i of the former case ending are preserved in complex words arising from phrases:
the mind is deprived, the sum is gone, I love myself, I am a lover of myself.
In complex words, in the first part of which numerals appear, the genitive case form is used with vowels and, a.
Five and multiple, five and floor, seven and letka, forty a day, one and a half percent.
Exceptions:
complex words with the first part - the numerals one, ninety, one hundred, thousand - have connecting vowels -o- or -e-.
One day, nine centuries, a century, a thousand years.
some compound words with the first part forty have a connecting vowel -o-;
Forty on the leg, forty on the mouth.
Some words with the first part three have a connecting vowel -e-.
Triple leg, triangle, triangular, triangular.
The suffixes -а-, -я- are used in complex words denoting a shade of color, the first part of which contains the prefix iz- / is-.
Compound words without a connecting vowel
1. It is necessary to distinguish between compound words with connecting vowels and compound words without a connecting vowel. Wed: psychotherapy (psych + therapy) – psychasthenia (psych + asthenia).
2. In some complex words, the first part represents the word in its initial form, for example: time calculation, pastime: cotyledon, seed stalk, ovule (cf.: seed production, seed storage - with a connecting vowel).
3. Without a connecting vowel, terms like nitrogen-containing, forward-looking, etc. are formed.
4. The letter is saved A at the end of the component -air-(short for aviation), forming the first part of complex words such as airbase, airborne, airmail, air unit, etc.
5. With a case ending in the first part, the words crazy, insane and the like are formed from phrases.
6. In the form of the genitive case without a connecting vowel, numerals are included in compound words, for example: three-meter, five-time, seven-year. Exceptions are the numerals one, ninety, one hundred and thousand, for example: one-year, ninetieth, hundredfold, thousandth. The numeral forty in compound words is used in two forms: without a connecting vowel (forty-day) and with a connecting vowel (magpie, centipede - not in the literal sense of counting).
7. It is necessary to distinguish between complex words and words in which two stems are not distinguished in the Russian language. Compare: gas pipeline - gasification, electrician - electrification, where in the first words of these pairs two roots and a connecting vowel are distinguished, and in the second - one root. Wed. also compound words with a connecting vowel O- agricultural technology, agricultural culture, agro-minimum and the completely borrowed outdated word agriculture - from Lat. agriculture - field cultivation, farming.
Note 1. Foreign language prefixes are written together on a common basis anti-, arch-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra-, etc., for example: anti-national (but: Anti-Dühring - in the function of a proper name), archiplut, hyperinflation, international, infrared, counterproposal (but: rear admiral, where the first part has a different meaning), post-impressionism (with preservation of the initial root And), postmodernism (cf. the continuous spelling of the same prefix in words of foreign language origin indivisible into morphemes: postscript, postfactum, etc.), dust jacket (but: super-computer - before the capital letter), subtropics, trans-Siberian, ultrasound, extraordinary ( but: extra class - before a noun).
Note 2. The initial components are written together quasi-, pseudo-, pan-, for example: quasi-scientific, pseudo-classical, pangerian (but: quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe, etc. - before proper names).
Words with a connecting vowel “o” and “e”
In the Russian language, new words are formed by addition using connecting vowels -O- And -e-.
The method of adding two words (stems) using a connecting vowel -O- (interfix), written after hard consonants, form, for example, complex nouns.
Compound nouns with a connecting vowel "o"
Pure addition:
reinforced concrete, forest-steppe, gas cylinder, forest park, dried fruits, self-esteem.
Addition with suffixation:
airplane, samovar, dump truck, scooter, gardener, beet grower, helicopter, gas pipeline, rock climber, snowfall, bread maker, juicer, fisherman, dough mixer, icebreaker, steeplejack, whirlpool, waterfall, bread slicer, steam locomotive, motor ship, stargazer, lunar rover.
Compound adjectives with a connecting vowel “o”
pale O face, narrow O sharp-eyed, sharp-eyed O top, red O face, chamois O sour, latin O American, North O marine, cast iron O foundry, mechanic O assembly, low O grade, black O eyebrow, white O marble, oriental O Slavic, short O hairy, dark O hairy
Compound nouns with a connecting vowel "e"
Connecting vowel -e- written after soft consonants, sibilants and "ts" in compound nouns:
birds e factory, ship e wreck, vegetable e storage, senior e classmate, cha e water, land e mer, pool e meth, mouse e dexterity, suns e standing, walking e move, birds e catch, life e love, dirty e hospital, land e swarm, ground e scoop, earth e shaking, dust e collection, vegetable e Cafe and bar Menu of our hotel Inexpensive book a hotel room with full board and home cooking in St. Petersburg Are you planning to visit St. Petersburg and are interested in inexpensive accommodation and meals in […]
Let's see how the word is formed airplane. He flies by himself. The word has two roots: sam-, let-. Words that have two roots are called compound.
What do these compound words have in common: airplane, samovar, scooter, homemade product, pride?
The samovar cooks itself, the second root cooks.
The scooter itself rolls, rolls, the second root rolls.
Homemade - he does it himself, business, the second root of business.
Self-love - self-esteem - oneself, loves, the root of love.
Self is the first part of compound words.
Let's see which vowel letters connect two roots in compound words.
sailor (goes to sea, roots sea-, walk-),
steam O move (walks on a pair, roots of pairs-, move-)
stone e fall (stones fall, roots of stone-, fall-),
stars O fall (stars fall, roots of stars-, fall-)
In words sailor and rockfall the first root ends in a soft consonant sound p" and n", the roots are connected by the letter E.
In words steamboat and starfall the first root ends in a hard consonant sound p and d, the roots are connected by the letter O.
Most often, roots in complex words connect the vowel letters o or e. These letters are called connecting vowel letters.
How to proceed to correctly write the letter of the connecting vowel indifficult words?
1. Make sure that the word is complex: find the roots and orally select words with the same root for each.
2. If the word is complex, listen to what consonant sound the first root ends with. If it’s hard, you should write O, if it’s soft, E.
The letter E comes after unpaired solids: zh, w, c.
Determine which letter should be written in place of the gap.
Perennial- many years, roots many-, years-, connecting vowel letter O,
guide- path, lead, roots put-, water-, connecting vowel letter E,
Old Russian-ancient, Rus', roots ancient-, rus-, connecting vowel letter E,
waterfowl- water, swim, roots water-, floating-, connecting vowel letter O.
Forming complex words
What compound words can replace these sentences?
1) A stream of water that falls from a great height.
2) A person who plows the land.
3) Animals similar to mice that dig the ground.
4) A beetle that eats bark.
5) A man walking.
Check yourself: waterfall (roots of water-, fall-), tiller (roots of earth-, pash-), shrew (roots of earth-, swarm-), bark beetle (roots of bark-, food-), pedestrian (roots of foot-, walk-).
What are these fabulous objects called?
Boots- self-propelled guns, tablecloth - self-assembled, harp - samogud.
What common root is there in these words? The root itself.
Why are fairy-tale magical objects called this? The boots walk on their own. The tablecloth itself collects food (to take means to get food). The gusli plays and hums on its own.
Finding complex words in poetic lines:
Birds jump early in the morning
Along snow-covered branches -
Yellow-breasted tits
They flew to visit us.
(Yu. Sinitsyn)
Spring came! Spring is red
With green grass by the window.
Hung up the earrings
White-legged birch.
(E. Trutneva)
Along ravines, along cliffs,
Through the fingers of the willow
It flows quietly and timidly
Yellow Leaf River.
One-story school house
Smiles through the window.
The rook wanders importantly through the fields,
Like a rural agronomist.
(M. Isakovsky)
Leaf fall! Leaf fall!
Autumn caulking forest.
The hemp came,
The edges turned red.
(N. Egorov)
Difficult words:
yellow-breasted- with yellow breasts, roots yellow-, breasts-;
white-legged- with a white leg, leg, roots white-, knife-;
leaf fall- leaves fall, roots leaf-, fall-;
yellow-leaved- with yellow leaves, roots yellow-, leaf-;
one-story- with one floor, roots one-, floor-.
What kind of person can you say that about?
Couch potato- likes to lie on its side, the roots are lying-, side-, the first root ends in w, we write the letter e;
sweet tooth- likes sweets as food, sweet roots, hedgehog-;
idle talker- speaks empty words, roots of empty-, words-.
These words describe a person's character traits. Let's explain the meaning of the words.
Hardworking- loves work, roots labor-, love-;
weak-willed- weak will, roots weak-, vol-;
merciful- sweet heart, roots mil-, heart-;
good-natured- kind soul, roots of good-, soul-;
noble- good to the family, roots of good -, family -.
What do you call a person who has a great soul, a sharp mind, clear eyes, dark hair?
Great soul - generous(roots great-, soul-),
sharp mind - witty(roots sharp-, mind-),
clear eyes - clear-eyed(roots clear-, eye-),
dark hair - dark-haired(roots dark-, hair-).
Let's read the names and think about whether they are complex words.
Dobrolyubov- to love good, the roots of good-, love-. Nikolai Dobrolyubov is a Russian writer.
Dobronravov- good disposition, roots of good-, disposition-. Nikolai Dobronravov is a songwriter.
Bogolyubov- loving God, roots god-, love-.
Krasnoshchekova- red cheeks, roots of red-, cheeks-.
Compound words name people by profession.
Commander- leads the regiments, the roots of the regiment-, water-,
fabulist- writes fables, roots fable-, write-,
beekeeper- breeds bees, bee roots-, water-,
plumber- conducts water, roots water-, water-, prefix pro-,
steelmaker- cooks steel, roots steel-, var-,
bird catcher- catches birds, roots of birds-, catch-, the first root ends in ts, we write e.
Listen to the text, determine how many difficult words there are.
Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Moscow was first a wooden fortress, surrounded by a palisade made of logs. The oak walls of the Kremlin were replaced by white stone ones. It was then that Moscow received a name for all times - white stone. And also golden-domed, with golden heads, domes of temples. Chistoprudny Boulevard is one of the old streets in the center of Moscow.
Dolgoruky- long hands, roots debt-, hands-,
stockade- a fence made of tightly driven stakes, the roots are often,
white stone- built of white stone, the roots are white, stone,
golden-headed- with golden heads, roots of gold-, heads-,
Chistoprudny- clean ponds, clean roots, pond-.
The rudd fish is very beautiful. Her back is green, her sides have golden scales with a brown border on the sides. Eyes are orange, lips are yellow. The fish got its nickname for the color of its fins. (According to N. Osipov)
A blade of grass grows, straight, strong, and at the end of it a green brush sticks up. This is what a foxtail looks like. Of course, such a tail is too small even for a fox cub, but it still looks like a tail.
Water strider- this is the name of an insect that runs quickly through the water, as if it wants to measure the distance.
Redstart- a compound word consisting of two roots gory- and tail-. Similar words: burn, tail.
Rudd- a complex word, consists of two roots: red- and per-. Similar words: red, feathers.
Foxtail- fox roots-, tail-. Related words: fox, tail.
Water strider- roots water-, mer-. Water, measure.
When combining the stems of two or more words into one complex word, as well as when forming complex words with components of an international nature, a connecting vowel is used, expressed in writing by letters O And e .
The connecting vowel is transmitted in writing after hard paired consonants by the letter O , and after soft paired consonants, hissing, ts And j– letter e , eg: soundO director, worldO view, sepO braid, worksO giver, filmO theka, dictO background, MoscowO Retsky, agrO complex, oneO one-time, ninetyO summer, stO ruble, waterO repulsive, selfO to ignite; pestilencee swimmer, anciente RRussian, ardore sos, totale available, thousande summer, freshe painted, mousee catch, sheepe watercraft, chae drinking(cf. tea); dirtye waterO hospital, oilO cheeseO boiled .
Wed. formations with a soft and hard consonant before connecting vowels, transmitted respectively by letters e And O : sheltere nose and bloodO leak, cone farming and horseO stealth, fare sighting and long-rangeO vigilant, songe creativity and songO singing, fure processing and woolO spinning, stonee crusher and stoneO lomnya.
Letter O also written after a vowel And or e in a number of complex words with the first part - the basis of words in -and I or at -to her , -her , eg: bacteriaO carrier(cf. bacterium), historyO graphy (story), religionO conducting (religion), chemicalO therapy (chemistry), barelyO anointing And barelyO sacredness (oils), tracheaO bronchitis (trachea), museO logy (museum), But: musee conducting, musee fication.
Instead of connecting vowels O And e in some categories of complex words, vowels are written that coincide with case and other endings of words, the bases of which are contained in the previous part of the word:
- I – in words with first parts self: selfishness, selfish(but in yourselfe price And yourselfe dominant– letter e ); time, eg: pastime, time calculation, time measuring; Name, eg: name-creativity, name-glorification(social philosophical movement); seed, eg: cotyledon, ovule, ovule, ejaculation, seminal receptacle, seminal purifier(but cf. name book, seed production, seed storage, and also - with the bases of other words in -mya – standard bearer, flame-like, flame arrester);
- A - in words crazy, crazy, in words with first parts forty, one and a half, one and a half hundred, eg: fortieth anniversary, forty-candle, forty-hour(but cf. centipede, magpie); one and a half ton, one and a half year old, one and a half hundred years old(but in words with the first parts ninety And one hundred is written O , see § 65);
- And – in words with first parts containing the bases of numerals from five before twenty, and thirty, fifty etc., for example: ten-year, seven-month, thirty-volume, sixtieth anniversary; regarding additions with a numeral stem three: trefoil, triune, trinity, trinitarian(but cf. triangular, tripod and so on.); in words with the first parts coinciding with the forms of the imperative mood of the verb, for example: daredevil, fidgety, gouge-eyed, tumbleweed(for a list of such words see § 119, paragraph 4); in complex possessive adjectives like Uncle Stepin, Aunt Valin;
- s - in the same adjectives like women Dusin, Anna Petrovnin(see § 166).
At the end of the first parts of complex words the following letters are also written: A And And – in some series of complex words with the first parts of an international character: air (airbase, aircraft carrier, aircraft carrier), aqua (aquanaut, aquatechnics), mega (megaton, megawatt, megaproject), media (media company, media holding), maxi (maxi skirt), midi (midi dress), Milli (millimeter, milligram), mini (mini tournament), centi (centimeter), deci (decimeter), poly (multivitamins, polytechnic), quasi (quasi-radiation, quasi-scientific); letter And – in some words with second parts -metry (planimetry, dosimetry; but cf. seismometry, spectrometry), -fiction And -fect (electrification, electrify, gasification, intensification, russification; but cf. district heating, radio installation); in the names of states, territories with the second part -mill (Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kurdistan); in words centrifuge, agriculture(but cf. agriculture with a different meaning).
