What is fear psychology. Phobia: what is it, various definitions in psychology

Fear is a strong negative emotion that arises as a result of an imagined or real danger and represents a threat to life for the individual. In psychology, fear is understood as the internal state of a person, which is caused by an alleged or real disaster.

Psychologists attribute fear to emotional processes. K. Izard defined this state as basic emotions related to innate, which have genetic, physiological components. Fear mobilizes the individual's body to avoid behavior. A person's negative emotion signals a state of danger, which directly depends on numerous external and internal, acquired or congenital causes.

Psychology of fear

Two neural pathways are responsible for the development of this feeling, which must function simultaneously. The first responsible for the main emotions, reacts quickly and is accompanied by a significant number of errors. The second reacts much more slowly, but more accurately. The first path helps us quickly respond to signs of danger, but often works as a false alarm. The second way makes it possible to more thoroughly assess the situation and therefore respond more accurately to the danger.

In the case of a feeling of fear in a person who is initiated by the first way, there is a blockage by the functioning of the second way, evaluating some signs of danger as unreal. When a phobia occurs, the second path begins to function inadequately, which provokes the development of a feeling of fear for stimuli that are dangerous.

Reasons for fear

In everyday life, as well as in emergency situations, a person is faced with a strong emotion - fear. Negative emotion in a person is a long-term or short-term emotional process that develops due to an imaginary or real danger. Often this condition is marked by unpleasant sensations, at the same time being a signal for protection, since the main goal facing a person is to save his life.

But it should be borne in mind that the response to fear is the unconscious or thoughtless actions of a person, which are caused by panic attacks with the manifestation of severe anxiety. Depending on the situation, the flow of the emotion of fear in all people varies significantly in strength, as well as in the impact on behavior. A timely clarification of the cause will significantly speed up getting rid of negative emotions.

The causes of fear are both hidden and obvious. Often the person does not remember the obvious reasons. Under the hidden understand the fears coming from childhood, for example, enhanced parental care, temptations, a consequence of psychological trauma; fears caused by moral conflict or an unresolved problem.

There are cognitively constructed reasons: feelings of rejection, loneliness, threats to self-esteem, depression, feelings of inadequacy, feelings of imminent failure.

Consequences of negative emotions in a person: strong nervous tension, emotional states of uncertainty, search for protection, prompting the individual to escape, rescue. There are basic functions of people's fear, as well as the accompanying emotional states: protective, signaling, adaptive, search.

Fear can manifest itself in the form of a depressed or agitated emotional state. Panic fear (horror) is often marked by a depressed state. Synonyms for the term "fear" or similar in state are the terms "anxiety", "panic", "fright", "phobias".

If a person has a short-term and at the same time strong fear caused by a sudden stimulus, then he will be attributed to fright, and long-term and not clearly expressed - to anxiety.

Conditions such as phobias can lead to frequent as well as strong experiences of negative emotion by an individual. A phobia is understood as an irrational, obsessive fear associated with a certain situation or object, when a person cannot cope with it on his own.

Signs of fear

Some features of the expression of negative emotions are manifested in physiological changes: increased sweating, heart palpitations, diarrhea, dilation and constriction of the pupils, urinary incontinence, shifting eyes. These signs appear when life is threatened or in front of a characteristic biological fear.

Signs of fear are forced silence, passivity, refusal to act, avoidance of communication, insecure behavior, the occurrence of a speech defect (stuttering) and bad habits (looking around, stooping, biting nails, fiddling with objects); the individual strives for solitude and isolation, which contributes to the development of depression, melancholy, and in some cases provokes. People who are afraid complain about the obsession of the idea, which ultimately prevents them from living a full life. Obsession with fear interferes with initiative and forces inaction. At the same time, deceptive visions and mirages accompany a person; he is afraid, trying to hide or run away.

Feelings that arise with a strong negative emotion: the earth leaves from under the feet, adequacy and control over the situation are lost, internal numbness and numbness (stupor) occurs. A person becomes fussy and hyperactive, he always needs to run somewhere, because it is unbearable to be alone with the object or problem of fear. A person is clamped and dependent, stuffed with complexes of insecurity. Depending on the type of nervous system, the individual defends himself and goes on the offensive, showing aggression. In fact, this acts as a mask for experiences, addictions and anxieties.

Fears manifest themselves in different ways, but they have common features: anxiety, anxiety, nightmares, irritability, suspicion, suspiciousness, passivity, tearfulness.

Types of fears

Yu.V. Shcherbatykh singled out the following classification of fears. The professor divided all fears into three groups: social, biological, existential.

He attributed to the biological group those that are directly related to the threat to human life, the social group is responsible for fears and fears in social status, the scientist associated the existential group of fears with the essence of man, which is noted in all people.

All social fears are caused by situations that can undermine social status, lower self-esteem. These include fear of public speaking, responsibility, social contacts.

Existential fears are associated with the intellect of the individual and are caused (by reflections on issues that affect the problems of life, as well as death and the very existence of a person). For example, it is a fear of time, death, and also the meaninglessness of human existence, etc.

Following this principle: the fear of fire is attributed to the biological category, the fear of the stage - to the social, and the fear of death - to the existential.

In addition, there are also intermediate forms of fear that stand on the verge of two groups. These include the fear of disease. On the one hand, the disease brings suffering, pain, damage (a biological factor), and on the other hand, a social factor (separation from society and the team, switching off from usual activities, lower incomes, poverty, dismissal from work). Therefore, this state is attributed to the border of the biological and social groups, fear when swimming in a pond on the border of the biological and existential, fear of losing loved ones on the border of the biological and existential groups. It should be noted that in each phobia all three components are noted, but one is dominant.

It is normal for an individual to be afraid of dangerous animals, certain situations, and natural phenomena. The fears of people that appear about this are of a reflex or genetic nature. In the first case, the danger is based on negative experience, in the second it is recorded at the genetic level. Both cases control the mind and logic. Presumably, these reactions have lost their useful meaning and therefore interfere with a person to live a full and happy life quite strongly. For example, it makes sense to be careful about snakes, but it is foolish to be afraid of small spiders; one may reasonably be afraid of lightning, but not of thunder, which is incapable of causing harm. With such phobias and inconveniences, people should rebuild their reflexes.

The fears of people that arise in situations dangerous to health, as well as life, have a protective function, and this is useful. And people's fears of medical manipulations can be harmful to health, as they will interfere with the timely diagnosis of the disease and start treatment.

The fears of people are diverse, as are the fields of activity. The phobia is based on the instinct of self-preservation and acts as a protective reaction in the face of danger. Fear can manifest itself in various forms. If the negative emotion is not pronounced, then it is experienced as a blurred, vague feeling - anxiety. A stronger fear is noted in negative feelings: horror, panic.

State of fear

Negative emotion is a normal response of an individual to the vicissitudes of life. With an implicitly expressed form, this state acts as an adaptive reaction. For example, an applicant cannot successfully pass an exam without experiencing excitement and any anxiety. But in extreme terms, the state of fear deprives the individual of the ability to fight, giving a feeling of horror and panic. Excessive excitement and anxiety do not allow the applicant to concentrate during the exam, he may lose his voice. Researchers often note a state of anxiety and fear in patients during an extreme situation.

The state of fear is helped to remove sedatives and benzodiazepines for a short time. Negative emotion includes a state of irritability, horror, immersion in certain thoughts, and is also marked by a change in physiological parameters: the appearance of shortness of breath, excessive sweating, insomnia, chills. These manifestations intensify over time and this complicates the patient's usual life. Often this condition turns into a chronic one and manifests itself in the absence of an external specific reason.

Feeling of fear

It would be more accurate to speak the emotion of fear, but there is no clear boundary between these two concepts. Often, when there is a short-term effect, they talk about emotion, and when there is a long-term effect, they mean a feeling of fear. This is what distinguishes the two concepts. And in colloquial speech, fear is referred to as both a feeling and an emotion. In people, fear manifests itself in different ways: for someone it fetters, limits, and for someone, on the contrary, it activates activity.

The feeling of fear is individual and reflects all genetic characteristics, as well as the characteristics of upbringing and culture, temperament, accentuation, and neuroticism of each individual.

There are both external and internal manifestations of fear. Under external they understand how an individual looks, and as internal they refer to the physiological processes occurring in the body. Because of all these processes, fear is referred to as a negative emotion, which negatively affects the entire body, increasing the pulse and heartbeat, respectively increasing the pressure, and sometimes vice versa, increasing sweating, changing the composition of the blood (releasing the hormone adrenaline).

The essence of fear lies in the fact that the individual, being afraid, tries to avoid situations that provoke negative emotion. Strong fear, being a toxic emotion, provokes the development of various diseases.

Fear is observed in all individuals. Neurotic fear is noted in every third inhabitant of the Earth, however, if it reaches strength, it turns into horror and this takes the individual out of control of consciousness, and as a result, numbness, panic, defensiveness, flight. Therefore, the emotion of fear is justified and serves for the survival of the individual, but it can also take pathological forms that will require the intervention of doctors. Each fear performs a specific function and arises for a reason.

Fear of heights protects against falling from a mountain or a balcony, fear of getting burned makes you not come close to the fire, and, therefore, protects you from injury. The fear of public speaking makes you prepare more carefully for speeches, take courses in rhetoric, which should help in career growth. It is natural that the individual tries to overcome personal fears. In the event that the source of danger is indefinite or unconscious, then the state that arises in this case is called anxiety.

panic fear

This condition never arises without reason. For its development, a number of factors and conditions are necessary: ​​anxiety, and anxiety, stress, schizophrenia, hypochondria,.

The suppressed human psyche quickly reacts to any irritants and therefore restless thoughts can undermine the person's capacity. Anxiety and related conditions gradually turn into neurosis, and neurosis, in turn, provokes the emergence of panic fear.

This condition cannot be foreseen, since it can occur at any time: at work, on the street, in transport, in a store. A panic state is a protective reaction of the body to a perceived threat or an imaginary one. Panic causeless fear is characterized by the manifestation of such symptoms: suffocation, dizziness, palpitations, trembling, stupor, chaos of thoughts. Some cases are marked by chills or vomiting. Such states last from an hour to two for one or two times a week. The stronger the mental disorder, the longer and more often.

Often, this condition can occur against the background of overwork, exhaustion of the body in emotionally unstable people. In most cases, women fall under this category, as emotional, vulnerable, reacting sharply to stress. However, men also experience panicky unreasonable fear, but they try not to admit it to others.

Panic fear does not disappear on its own, and panic attacks will haunt patients. Treatment is carried out strictly under the supervision of psychiatrists, and the removal of symptoms with alcohol only aggravates the situation, and panic fear will appear not only after stress, but also when nothing threatens.

fear of pain

Since it is common for a person to periodically be afraid of something, this is a normal reaction of our body, which reflects the performance of protective functions. Fear of pain is one of the most common experiences of this kind. Having previously experienced pain, the individual on an emotional level tries to avoid the repetition of this sensation, and fear acts as a protective mechanism that prevents dangerous situations.

Fear of pain is not only useful, but also harmful. A person, not understanding how to get rid of this condition, tries not to visit the dentist for a long time or avoids an important operation, as well as the examination method. In this case, fear has a destructive function and this should be fought. Confusion before effectively getting rid of the fear of pain only exacerbates the situation and encourages the formation of a panic reaction.

Modern medicine currently has various methods of pain relief, so the fear of pain is predominantly only psychological in nature. This negative emotion is rarely formed from previous experiences. Most likely, the fear of pain from injuries, burns, frostbite in humans is strong, and this is a protective function.

Treatment of fears

Before starting therapy, it is necessary to diagnose, within the framework of which mental disorder, fears are manifested. Phobias are found in hypochondria, depression, in the structure of neurotic disorders, panic attacks, panic disorders.

The feeling of fear occupies a significant place in the clinical picture of somatic diseases (hypertension, bronchial asthma, and others). Fear can also act as a normal reaction of the individual to the situation in which he finds himself. Therefore, the correct diagnosis is responsible for the tactics of treatment. The development of the disease, from the point of view of pathogenesis, should be treated in the aggregate of symptoms, and not its individual manifestations.

Fear of pain can be effectively treated by psychotherapeutic methods and is eliminated by therapy, which has an individual character. Many people who do not have special knowledge to get rid of the fear of pain mistakenly think that this is an inevitable feeling and therefore live with it for many years. In addition to psychotherapeutic methods of treating this phobia, homeopathic treatment is used.

People's fears are very difficult to correct. In modern society, it is not customary to discuss your fears. People publicly discuss diseases, attitudes towards work, but as soon as they talk about fears, a vacuum immediately appears. People are ashamed of their phobias. This attitude to fears has been instilled since childhood.

Correction of fears: take a sheet of white paper and write down all your fears. Place the most significant and disturbing phobia in the center of the sheet. And be sure to understand the causes of this condition.

How to get rid of fear

Each person is able to learn to overcome his fears, otherwise it will be difficult for him to achieve his goals, fulfill his dreams, achieve success and be realized in all areas of life. There are various techniques for getting rid of phobias. It is important to develop the habit of actively acting, and not paying attention to the fears that arise along the way. In this case, negative emotion is a simple reaction that occurs in response to any effort to create something new.

Fear can come from trying to do something against your beliefs. Understand that each person develops a personal worldview over a certain period of time, and when you try to change it, you need to step over fear.

Fear can be strong or weak depending on the power of persuasion. Man is not born successful. We are often not brought up to be successful people. It is very important to act in spite of personal fear. Say to yourself: "Yes, I'm scared, but I'll do it." As long as you procrastinate, your phobia grows, exulting, becoming a powerful weapon against you. The longer you delay, the more you grow it in your mind. But as soon as you begin to act, the fear will immediately disappear. It turns out that fear is an illusion that does not exist.

The cure for fear is to accept your phobia and, resigned, walk towards it. You shouldn't fight it. Admit to yourself: "Yes, I'm scared." There is nothing wrong with that, you have the right to be afraid. The moment you recognize it, it exults and then weakens. And you start taking action.

How to get rid of fear? Evaluate the worst case scenario of the expected development of events by connecting the logic. When fear appears, think about the worst-case scenario if suddenly, no matter what, you decide to act. Even the worst case scenario is not as scary as the unknown.

What causes fear? The most powerful weapon of fear is the unknown. It seems terrible, cumbersome and impossible to overcome. If your assessment is really real and the terrible state does not go away, then you should think about whether in this case the phobia acts as a natural defensive reaction. Maybe you really need to give up further action, because your negative emotion saves you from trouble. If the fear is not justified and the worst case scenario is not so terrible, then go ahead and act. Remember that fear lives where there is doubt, uncertainty and indecision.

The cure for fear is to remove doubt and there will be no room for fear. This state has such power because it causes negative pictures in the mind of what we do not need and the person feels discomfort. When a person decides to do something, then doubts evaporate instantly, because the decision is made and there is no turning back.

What causes fear? As soon as fear arises in a person, then a scenario of failures, as well as failures, begins to scroll in the mind. These thoughts negatively affect emotions, and they control life. The lack of positive emotions greatly influences the occurrence of indecision in actions, and the time of inaction perpetuates in the individual his own insignificance. A lot depends on decisiveness: get rid of fear or not.

Fear keeps the attention of the human mind on the negative development of the event, and the decision concentrates on the positive outcome. When we make a decision, we focus on how wonderful it will be when we overcome fear and eventually get a good result. This allows you to positively tune in, and most importantly, fill your mind with pleasant scenarios, where there will be no room for doubts and fears. However, remember that if at least one negative thought associated with a negative emotion arises in your head, then multiple similar thoughts will immediately arise.

How to get rid of fear? Act in spite of fear. You know what you're afraid of, and that's a big plus. Analyze your fear and answer yourself the questions: “What exactly am I afraid of?”, “Is it really worth it to be afraid?”, “Why am I afraid?”, “Does my fear have a reason?”, “What is more important for me: to make an effort over yourself or never achieve what you want? Ask yourself more questions. Analyze your phobias, because the analysis takes place at a logical level, and fears are emotions that are stronger than logic and therefore always win. After analyzing and realizing, a person independently comes to the conclusion that fear has absolutely no meaning. It only worsens life, making it anxious, nervous and dissatisfied with its results. Are you still afraid?

How to get rid of fear? You can fight against fear with feelings (emotions). To do this, sitting comfortably in a chair, scroll through the scenarios in your head of what you are afraid of and how you do what you are afraid of. The mind is incapable of distinguishing imaginary events from real ones. After overcoming the imaginary fear in your head, it will be much easier for you to cope with the task in reality, since the model of events has already strengthened at the subconscious level.

In the fight against fears, the method of self-hypnosis, namely the visualization of success, will be effective and powerful. After ten minutes of visualization, well-being improves and it is easier to overcome fear. Remember that you are not alone in your phobias. All people are afraid of something. This is fine. Your task is to learn to act in the presence of fear, and not pay attention to it, being distracted by other thoughts. Fighting fear, a person weakens energetically, because negative emotion sucks out all energy. A person destroys fear when he completely ignores it and is distracted by other events.

How to get rid of fear? Train and develop courage. When you are afraid of rejection, there is no point in fighting it by trying to minimize the number of rejections. People who are unable to cope with fear reduce such situations to nothing and, in general, do almost nothing that makes them unhappy in life.

Imagine that training for courage is akin to pumping up muscles in the gym. First, we train with a light weight that can be lifted, and then we gradually switch to a heavier weight and try to lift it already. A similar situation exists with fears. Initially, we train with a slight fear, and then switch to a stronger one. For example, the fear of public speaking in front of a large audience is eliminated by training in front of a small number of people, gradually increasing the audience several times over.

How to overcome fear?

Practice normal communication: in line, on the street, in transport. Use neutral themes for this. The point is to overcome small fears first, and then move on to more significant ones. Practice constantly.

How to overcome fear in other ways? Boost your self-esteem. There is some pattern: the better you think of yourself, the less phobias you have. Personal self-esteem protects against fears and its objectivity does not matter at all. Therefore, people with high self-esteem are able to do more than people with objective self-esteem. Being in love, people overcome a very strong fear in the name of their desires. Any positive emotion helps in overcoming fears, and all negative ones only hinder.

How to overcome fear?

There is a wonderful statement that the brave is not the one who is not afraid, but the one who acts regardless of his feelings. Proceed in stages, taking minimal steps. If you are afraid of heights, gradually increase the height.

Do not attach great importance to some moments of your life. The lighter and more insignificant the attitude to life moments, the less anxiety. Give preference to spontaneity in business, as careful preparation and scrolling in your head provokes the development of excitement and anxiety. Of course, you need to plan things, but you should not get hung up on this. If you decide to act, then act, and do not pay attention to the trembling of the mind.

How to overcome fear? Understanding the specific situation can help with this. A person is afraid when he does not understand what exactly he needs and what he personally wants. The more we fear, the more clumsily we act. In this case, spontaneity will help, and do not be afraid of failures, negative results. In any case, you did it, showed courage and this is your small achievement. Be friendly, a good mood helps in the fight against fears.

Self-knowledge helps in overcoming fears. It happens that a person himself does not know his capabilities and is not confident in his abilities, due to the lack of support from others. With harsh criticism, the confidence of many people drops sharply. This happens because a person does not know himself and receives information about himself from other people. It is important to know that understanding other people is a subjective concept. Many people often cannot understand themselves, let alone give a real assessment to others.

Knowing yourself means accepting who you are and being yourself. It is human nature to act without fear when one is not ashamed to be oneself. By acting decisively, you express yourself. Overcoming your fears means learning, developing, becoming wiser, stronger.

Fear (anxiety), as well as aggression, is one of the most important mental phenomena of a person, the research of which often gives rise to entire trends in psychology.

In modern psychiatry and psychology, it is customary to distinguish fear as “an emotion that arises in situations of threat to the biological or social existence of an individual and is directed at a source of real or imagined danger”; and anxiety as "an emotional state arising in situations of uncertain danger" and having an intrapsychic origin.

In the concept of dynamic psychiatry, fear (anxiety), like aggression, is a central human function located in the unconscious core of the personality and acting as the most important indicator and regulator of the relationship of the individual with the environment, which is necessary as a condition for the manifestation of activity, the acquisition of new experience, the maintenance and development of the Self. -identities. In other words, it is anxiety that allows the subject to navigate correctly in the complex world of object relations, to cope with reality, to contact a person with himself, with his unconscious, and, thereby, be able to establish contacts with other individuals and groups. At the same time, it is important to note that a person’s anxiety arises in any situation that requires confirmation of one’s identity, and, in fact, is an energy-regulatory mechanism of overcoming (coping-) behavior.

For the normal development of I-identity in conditions of various kinds of danger, a certain level of fear (anxiety) is required, and especially the ability to coexist with it. This ability allows using anxiety to solve the problems of socio-psychological adaptation, actions in the real world without losing one's integration and integrity, to differentiate real threats and "objectively" unfounded fears and fears.

1. Constructive fear

Constructive fear thus plays the role of a mechanism that mobilizes and develops coping with anxiety; inhibiting excessive activity, controlling the limits of active "experimentation", permissible curiosity and healthy curiosity in the process of realizing one's self-identity based on flexible coordination of the level of the subject's internal activity with the real danger and complexity of the current situation.

Being formed (like other central functional components of the "I") in a productive symbiosis (early relations with the mother and the primary group), it forever retains its interpersonal character, providing the opportunity in threatening situations to seek help and accept it from others, as well as, if necessary, provide assistance to those in real need.

Constructive fear has an important signaling, protective and orienting function, for example, in assessing the degree of danger. Constructive fear makes a person capable of establishing contact with others, accepting help, coping with losses, separation, death of loved ones, opening the boundaries of one's Self, thereby further developing one's own identity, i.e. "makes a man a man."

A constructive personality is characterized by psychological stability (tolerance) to anxious experiences and the ability to make informed, balanced decisions in situations of responsible choice, both in everyday (stationary) and extraordinary (extreme) conditions. It is also characterized by the ability to contact and actively involve other people to resolve their own difficulties, doubts, fears and fears, as well as the ability to feel the disturbing experiences of others and provide support in overcoming them.

2. Destructive fear

Destructive fear is a deformation (distortion) of the regulatory component of the mechanism of coping with anxiety, with the loss of activity, which ensures the mental integration of the individual.

The inability to assimilate the experience of an adequate, differentiated attitude to dangerous and threatening situations leads to "overwhelming" anxiety, exceeding the degree of real danger, and as a result, to disorganization and socio-psychological maladaptation.

The reason for the deformation of the self-function of fear is considered to be the atmosphere of "hostile symbiosis" in the early phase of individual development (ontogenesis), leading to a generalized perception of the threat, "flooding" the child's weak self and preventing the normal integration of life experience, the ability to "share" and jointly experience anxiety in a symbiotic contact with mother. The basic distrust of the world formed in this way in the child leads to excessive frustration of his sense of security, unconsciously accompanying the personality in all its subsequent relations with reality and deformation of interpersonal interaction as the most important way to overcome the perceived threat.

At the behavioral level, destructive fear is manifested by an inadequate reassessment of real threats, difficulties, problems; inability to adequately behave in dangerous situations, up to panic manifestations; fear of establishing new contacts and close, trusting human relationships; fear of authority; fear of any surprises; difficulty concentrating; pronounced bodily vegetative reactions (sweating, palpitations, dizziness), fears for one's own future; inability to seek help and support in difficult life situations.

Destructive-anxious individuals are characterized by increased anxiety, a tendency to worry and unrest for the most insignificant reasons, difficulties in organizing their own activity, a feeling of lack of control over the situation, indecision, timidity, shyness, spontaneousness, difficulties in self-realization, expanding their life experience, helplessness in situations that require mobilization and confirmation of identity, overflowing with all sorts of fears for their future, inability to truly trust either themselves or the people around them.

One of the goals of humanstructural therapy is to transform destructive fear into a constructive force, i.e. perception of it as an engine for the development of a person's identity, because each new step towards one's own identity is associated with the opening of the boundaries of the Self and, thereby, with fear. In this regard, the limit of readiness to endure fear (to coexist with it) determines the possibility of positive changes in the course of psychotherapy.

3. Scarcity fear

Deficiency fear, in contrast to destructive fear, means underdevelopment or blocking of the danger warning mechanism and the inability to coexist with fear, to endure it, leading to subjective rejection and ignoring of danger. It always denotes the fear of fear, leading to emotional detachment and superficiality in relationships with others, avoiding situations of revealing one's "I", and ultimately - clashes with one's own identity.

The reason for the underdevelopment of the self-function of fear is the atmosphere of "cold" and indifferent primary symbiosis (mother's attitude), in which the child is not broadcast related to him emotional states, experiences, fears and anxiety of the mother, which leads to blocking the development of the mechanism of mediated "mastery" of danger. At the same time, not only the regulatory, but also the existential - signal component of anxiety suffers, which manifests itself in the inability to "feel" fear in general, the impossibility of coexisting with anxiety and intolerance of experiences associated with a mental reflection of danger, which is not perceived by the child's consciousness as such.

The lack of the ability to subjectively feel fear sooner or later leads to a face-to-face encounter with objective danger, the psychotraumatic consequences of which determine the subsequent pathogenic dynamics of the development of this I-function.

The functional deficit of constructive fear compensatory involves other I-functions in the process of adaptation, thus deforming the integral I-structure of the personality.

At the behavioral level, deficiency fear is manifested by an underestimation or complete disregard for objective danger, a feeling of boredom, fatigue and spiritual emptiness and emotional "hibernation"; a pronounced compensatory desire for extreme situations, allowing at least for a while to get rid of “emotional non-existence”, “wake up”, feel an emotional shake-up (“adrenaline in the blood”), feel real life; non-perception of fear and emotional states experienced by others, leading to emotional non-participation, inadequacy in assessing the actions and actions of others, avoidance of collisions with the inner “I” of another person, emotional smoothing and superficial nature of contacts and relationships with others; inability to assimilate a new, developing life experience.

Deficit-anxious individuals are characterized by: the absence of an alarm reaction, both in normal and stressful situations (an impression of psychological stability), a tendency to take risks, ignoring objective danger, a tendency to emotionally devalue important life events, deep feelings and emotional relationships (situations parting with significant others, loss of loved ones, etc.); the absence of visible difficulties in interpersonal relationships with the inability to achieve sufficient emotional depth, the inaccessibility of true complicity and empathy.

As a means of unconscious protection from one's own fear, deficiency fear often serves as the basis for a substitutive tendency (tropism) to use alcohol, drugs, stay in a criminal environment, as well as adherence to various ideologies of power.

Three different aspects of fear (constructive, destructive, deficient) can be qualitatively established and quantitatively measured using the appropriate scales of G. Ammon's I-structural test and the Psychodynamically Oriented Personality Questionnaire (POLO).

Fear

fear) Traditionally considered as one of the primary emotions along with joy, anger and sadness, C. is the emotion of avoiding a consciously recognized, usually external, real danger. Unlike fear, anxiety is the emotion of avoiding perceived but mostly unrecognized dangers, while phobias are irrational obsessions and are characterized by careful avoidance of specific objects or situations. The words "fear", "anxiety" and "phobia" are sometimes mistakenly used interchangeably. In certain respects, this confusion can be understood, since all three words mean a state of arousal (arousal), resulting from a person's awareness of a lack of strength and ability, or the inability to cope with some threatening situation, and similar physiologists correspond to fear, anxiety and phobias. states. Physiological changes. The aspects accompanying S. represent the physiologist. changes caused mainly by the biochemical causative agent, adrenaline. Adrenaline prepares the skeletal muscles for increased stress, which can occur in a rescue situation (flight) or when protecting oneself and one's property (attack). If the individual, following the excitation, is not included in the c.-l. kind of physical activity, this leads to unpleasant physiology. changes such as trembling in the arms and legs, general weakness, and heightened awareness of one's own breathing and heartbeat. An increase in heart rate, an increase in systolic blood pressure and respiratory rate are the result of the body's efforts to redirect blood flow from the areas of the stomach, head, neck and face to different muscle groups, which are in great need of it. If the outflow of blood from the cerebral cortex is too fast, there is an inhibition of arbitrary cortical function, and people. loses consciousness. This entails a sharp decrease in respiratory and cardiac rhythms - something similar occurs in the posture of stupor, observed in animals. William James and Carl Lange independently came to the conclusion that the experienced somatic state is emotion: in short, we are afraid because we tremble. Beginning in the mid-1950s, cognitive psychologists challenged this James-Lange theory by demonstrating that thoughts themselves can evoke the same physiologists. changes that can be observed in a real situation of danger. The confusion and loss of control that occurs when the individual does not know how to avert a threat to life can lead to feelings of fear. The idea that S. is acquired is not new, but this in no way detracts from its popularity. At the beginning of the 20th century, John B. Watson experimentally demonstrated the conditioned or acquired aspects of fear, i.e., a neutral or even previously preferred object began to cause a fear reaction after it was combined with a fear-inducing BR. Despite the fact that such learning, apparently, characterizes phobic reactions to a greater extent, it is not difficult to detect the presence of similar assoc. and in C itself. Questions about whether the fear of death is a natural (natural) force that ensures the preservation and reproduction of the species, or is it an artificial formation due to maternal attitudes, perceived security, or some irrational idea of ​​the importance of the life of each person. in ob-ve, for a long time will serve as a subject for discussion. It is probably more important to discuss the utility than the innateness of S. death. The most obvious benefit of S. death is the avoidance of life-threatening situations. At the same time, those who confront dangerous situations and try to save others are revered in society. Heroic deeds are, first of all, a reflex to the horror of death. Christianity also uses the S. of death as a means of inducing commitment to lead a righteous earthly life with the promise of a second rebirth, in the image of Christ who has risen from the grave, and gaining salvation and eternal life. See also Fears of children, Fears of people at different stages of life, Anxiety, Emotions D. F. Fisher

FEAR

Negative acute emotion that can arise in an environment of real threat to the individual. In a number of cases, it is important to suppress fear and display sufficient self-control and subordination of oneself to volitional self-orders, because. fear disorganizes the mental activity of a person.

FEAR (ICD 291.0; 308.0; 309.2)

a primitive intense emotion that develops in response to a real or imagined threat and is accompanied by physiological reactions resulting from the activation of the autonomic (sympathetic) nervous system and defensive behavior when the patient tries to avoid danger by running away or hiding.

FEAR

an emotion that arises in situations of threat to the biological or social existence of an individual and is directed at a source of real or imagined danger. An affective mental state of expectation of danger, in which real danger threatens from an external object, and neurotic - from the demand of attraction. Unlike pain and other types of suffering caused by the real action of dangerous factors, it occurs when they are anticipated.

Depending on the nature of the threat, the intensity and specificity of the experience of fear varies in a fairly wide range of shades: fear, fear, fright, horror. If the source of danger is not identified or recognized, the resulting state is called anxiety.

Functionally, fear serves as a warning of impending danger, allows you to focus on its source, encourages you to look for ways to avoid it. In the case when he reaches the strength of affect (fear, panic, horror), he is able to impose stereotypes of behavior - flight, numbness, defensive aggression.

In the social development of a person, fear acts as one of the means of education: for example, the formed fear of condemnation is used as a factor in the regulation of behavior. Since in the conditions of society the individual enjoys the protection of legal and other social institutions, an increased tendency to fear loses its adaptive meaning and is traditionally assessed negatively.

Formed reactions of fear are relatively persistent and are able to persist even with the understanding of their meaninglessness. Therefore, the cultivation of resistance to fear is usually aimed not at getting rid of it, but at developing skills to control oneself when it is present. Inadequate reactions of fear are observed in various mental illnesses (-> phobia).

According to Z. Freud, fear is a state of affect, a combination of certain sensations of a series of pleasure-displeasure with the corresponding innervations of tension discharge and their perception, and also, probably, a reflection of a certain significant event. In a state of fear, predominantly neurotic, a reproduction of the trauma of birth can be seen.

Fear arises from the libido, serves self-preservation and is a signal of a new, usually external danger. The origin of fear is twofold:

1) as a direct consequence of the traumatic factor;

2) as a signal of the threat of a recurrence of this factor. Fear realizes repression and corresponds to the repressed desire, but is not equivalent to it.

There are three main types of fear: real fear, neurotic fear and fear of conscience. The only place of concentration of fear is I. Usually, fear of a specific object acts as a fear, in pathological cases - as a phobia. One of the most important varieties of fear is free fear. The affective state of fear that occurs in a situation of unexpected danger is fright. Hysteria of fear is interpreted as a neurosis, the main symptom of which is a variety of phobias.

According to A. Adler, fear comes from the suppression of aggressive desire, which plays a major role in everyday life and in neurosis.

FEAR

Feeling of internal tension, immediate danger to life in anticipation of threatening events, actions. Accompanied by a variety of vegetative disorders. It can be expressed in various ways - from an indefinite feeling of uncertainty, danger to horror. According to K. Leonhard, one of the phases of happiness psychosis is fear.

S. IN THE HEAD (German: Kopfangst). The affect of fear due to unpleasant sensations in the head (headaches, a feeling of fullness or compression of the brain, a feeling of emptiness in the head, dizziness). Often S.v. occurs with acute senestopathosis with appropriate localization of the sensations experienced by the patient.

C. DAY (Latin pavor diurnus). Fears in young children, similar to those of the night, but occurring in the daytime, during the afternoon nap.

S. OBSTACIENT. See phobia.

C. NIGHT (Latin pavor nocturnus). States of pronounced fear and motor excitement during nocturnal sleep. They occur with a narrowed or rudimentary twilight-clouded consciousness, after awakening they are amnesic. They are observed in children of preschool and primary school age, often accompanied by sleepwalking and deceptions of perception. There are [Kovalev V.V., 1979] S.n. overvalued and delusional content, psychopathologically undifferentiated (these categories do not differ from similar fears observed in the daytime) and paroxysmal S.N., periodically recurring and timed to a certain time of night sleep, more often 2 hours after falling asleep. Sometimes there is a loss of urine and a bowel movement. Paroxysmal S. n. considered as a manifestation of temporal lobe epilepsy. S.n. can be observed in somatogenic asthenia.

Dictionary-reference book for parents with children with disabilities / Ed. L.G. Guslyakova, S.G. Miracle

FEAR

fear) is an emotional state caused by imminent danger and is usually characterized by unpleasant subjective sensations of a person along with physiological and behavioral reactions. Fear differs from anxiety in that it always has a specific object. Accompanying physiological changes in the body may include increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, increased sweating, etc. Changes in a person's behavior are associated with the fact that he tries to avoid objects and situations that cause him fear; these changes can be very strange and completely unacceptable for normal life (for example, fear of open spaces). Such specific, unacceptable fears for normal life are called phobias. Bsta-blockers help to reduce the physiological manifestations of fear and are used to treat short-term fears (for example, fear of knowing the results of a past exam). When taking tranquilizers (for example, diazepam), the risk of developing a dependence on them increases in a person, therefore, in the fight against unacceptable for normal life or persistent fears, behavioral or cognitive therapy is more often preferred.

Fear

Specificity. It occurs if an individual has an impulse and a conscious goal to leave the situation, but continues to remain in it due to external reasons. Under such conditions, local fear can become generalized. As shown in the experiments of I.P. Pavlov and J. Wolpe, on the basis of generalized fear, learning occurs and fear takes the form of personal non-localized anxiety, or, being associated with a wide range of more or less random objects or situations, becomes a phobia. According to H. Eysenck, high levels of such personal factors as neuroticism and introversion are the prerequisites for the emergence of anxiety.

FEAR

An emotional state that occurs in the presence or anticipation of a dangerous or harmful stimulus. Fear is usually characterized by an internal, subjective experience of intense arousal, a desire to flee or attack, and a range of sympathetic responses (see autonomic nervous system). Fear is often distinguished from anxiety on one (or both) of two grounds: (a) fear is seen as involving specific objects or events, while anxiety is seen as a more general emotional state; (b) fear is a reaction to a danger that is present at the moment, anxiety is a reaction to an expected or assumed one. See phobia, specific, persistent, irrational fear.

one of the main types of human attitude to the world. The study of S. plays an important role in psychology, philosophy, and theology.

Religion, notes P.A. Florensky, is first of all the S. of God, and whoever wants to penetrate into the sanctuary of religion must learn to be afraid. “Lord, instill in me the root of the good, your fear, in my heart” (John Chrysostom). Nothing grows in religion without this root. God is great and terrible for everyone and in everything, any religion is permeated with this inexplicable S. of God. S. - the beginning of wisdom, or true wisdom, leading to life. S., according to Florensky, is close to amazement, which philosophers consider the beginning of philosophy. In order to know, one must touch the object of knowledge, and the sign of this touch is the shock of the soul, S. He pulls out of everyday life and reveals something completely new. And the new is always scary, because it appears in a mysterious, unusual form. “Before primary phenomena, if they are naked to our feelings, we experience a special kind of eerie feeling, reaching fear” (J.W. Goethe). The source of S. is not in the unusualness and incomprehensibility of the new, but in the feeling of the transcendence of what is. “The non-local opened up, and the world felt fluid, shaky, unsteady: the existing faded before the truly existing. And with the one who happens, our very existence also faded: we ourselves turned out to be a trembling flame among the windy spaces, - on the border of nothingness, barely not bearing. But then we also found our eternal support - in the Existing from the Ages. Our last humiliation is our greatest exaltation. The fear of God is dual-acting... It is a window in our reality, from where other worlds are seen. This is a gap in earthly existence, from where streams feed and strengthen it from another world rush ”(Florensky).

"WITH." - the most important concept of existential philosophy. For the first time, S. Kierkegaard distinguished S. or fear of c.-l. specific circumstances and indefinite, unaccountable S.-longing. The same distinction is central in the philosophy of M. Heidegger, for which S. opens the last possibility of existence - death. S. pushes a person out of existence to nothingness. This transcendence is a condition for the perception of beings as a whole, a condition for the comprehension of being. If our being were not pushed into nothing beforehand, we could not stand in relation either to beings as a whole or to ourselves. Without what is put forward into nothing, without a courageous peep into nothing in the state of S., there is no possibility of questioning beyond the existent, beyond its limits, there is no possibility of turning one's face to being.

In the psychological aspect, S. is an obstacle to the realization of the personality, which in our time lives in a constant state of S.: in front of the authorities, in front of the threat of unemployment, in front of violence, war, terrorism, etc. S. in this respect is perhaps the most important problem of social life, which determines a person's behavior and his attitude towards others. Socially determined ethics, N.A. Berdyaev, there is always ethics S. “Social everyday life creates an ethics of fear, regenerating the horror caused by the transcendent abyss into everyday care and terrorizing a person with future punishments. But she also creates another image in which there is no longer fear and which is lower than fear - vulgarity ... Vulgarity is the final settlement on the lowland plane, when there is no longer only longing for the heavenly world and the sacred horror of the transcendent, but there is no longer fear either ” (N.A. Berdyaev).

In connection with the discovery of the unconscious by German idealism (especially Schelling) and the Romantics, fear becomes the subject of philosophical analysis. S. Kierkegaard in his profound study "The Concept of Fear" (1844) distinguishes between ordinary fear-fear caused by an external cause (Furcht), and unconscious fear-longing, fear-horror (Angst). The latter, according to Kierkegaard, is a form of human experience of "nothing", which opens up during the Transition from the state of innocence as a natural state to the state of guilt as a condition of freedom, or spirit. “In a state of innocence, a person is defined not as a spirit, but as a soul in direct unity with its natural basis. The spirit in a person sleeps... In this state - peace and tranquility; but at the same time there is something else present here, which, however, is not strife and contention, for there is nothing to argue with. What; therefore, is there? Nothing. But what effect does nothing have? It breeds fear. This is the deep secret of innocence: it is at the same time fear ”(Kierkegaards. Der Begriff Angst. V., 1965, S. 40). The essence of metaphysical fear is ambivalent: it is “sympathetic antipathy and antipathetic sympathy” (ibid., p. 41); fear is an attraction and at the same time aversion to the object of fear - nothing that is realized as a temptation to violate the prohibition. “Fear is the dizziness of freedom, which arises insofar as the spirit wants to realize a synthesis, and freedom looks into its own possibility and grabs a limb to hold on. In a state of dizziness, freedom falls impotently... At that moment everything changes, and when freedom rises again, it sees that it is guilty” (ibid., p. 57). The act of freedom as the assumption of selfhood, as the transition from innocence to guilt, is a fall into sin that occurs on the border of consciousness and the unconscious, and therefore incomprehensible to the mind.

Fear is comprehended by Kierkegaard in essence in the context of anthropogenesis, understood theologically. In the same context, but not from the point of view of theology, but rather from the point of view of psychopathology, the founder of psychoanalysis 3. Freud investigated the nature of fear. Analyzing the phenomenon of taboo in primitive societies, Freud sees in it an analogue of the fear that accompanies the neurotic states of the mentally ill. Like Kierkegaard, Freud emphasizes the ambivalent nature of fear and links it to the life of the unconscious. Taboo, according to Freud, is a very ancient prohibition, imposed from the outside by some authority and directed against the strong desires of people. The fear of transgressing the prohibition and at the same time the attraction to the forbidden is a characteristic feature not only of primitive consciousness: here an anthropological structure is revealed, determined by the relationship of consciousness and the unconscious. Consciousness, according to Freud, is a system of prohibitions in relation to (chap. sexual) desires, which as a result are forced out into the unconscious, giving rise to painful mental states, including unreasonable fear, which is evidence of neurosis and requires treatment - revealing by the psychoanalyst the nature of the repressed desire, the patient's awareness of it and the mitigation or even abolition of "censorship of consciousness". The Freudian interpretation of fear is based on the enlightenment concept of man and his freedom, according to which lack of freedom is always the result of external violence against human nature. If for Kierkegaard freedom is originally associated with a feeling of fear and guilt, which testifies to the normal life of the spirit and which a free person must take upon himself, then for Freud the feeling of guilt must be eliminated as a symptom of mental distress.

The problem of fear is also considered by representatives of existential philosophy. Distinguishing, following Kierkegaard, fear of a concrete danger and unconscious metaphysical fear, Heidegger sees in the latter an integral element of finite human existence. “Before-what fear is being-in-the-world as such... Before-what fear is completely indefinite... Fear does not know what it is that it fears... In front-of what fear is revealed this “nothing and nowhere "..." (Sein und Zeit. Tub., 1960, S. 186). Fear reveals death as the last possibility of human existence. Sartre's existential fear (angoisse) is interpreted as a person's fear of himself, of his own opportunity and freedom. “Fear arises not because I can fall into the abyss, but because I can throw myself into it” (Sartre J. P. Letre et le neant. P., 1943, p. 66).

Unaccountable fear-longing is ultimately the fear of death, which cannot be completely eliminated in a finite being, which is a person, but can be enlightened with the help of religious faith.

Lit.: Fear. M., 1998; Kundia. Die Angst als abendlandische Krankheit. Z., 1948; Silva-TaroucaA. Die Logic der Angst. Innsbruck, 1953; Vestdijk S. Het.wezen van de angst. Amst., 1968; Schober D. Angst, Autismus und Moderne. Fr./M.-B.-Bem-N. Y.-P.-Wen, 1998.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Fear This term has other meanings, see Fear (meanings). Wiktionary has an article "fear" Child in fear

Fear- an internal state due to a threatening real or perceived disaster. From the point of view of psychology, it is considered a negatively colored emotional process.

Fear in psychology

Psychologically, fear is an emotional process. In the theory of differential emotions by K. Izard, fear is attributed to basic emotions, that is, it is an innate emotional process, with a genetically predetermined physiological component, a strictly defined mimic manifestation and a specific subjective experience. Fear is caused by real or imagined danger. Fear mobilizes the body to implement avoiding behavior, running away.

Fear in the psychology of communication

Fear as a basic human emotion, signaling a state of danger, depends on many external and internal, innate or acquired causes. Cognitively constructed causes of fear: feeling of loneliness, rejection, depression, threats to self-esteem, a sense of imminent failure, a sense of one's own inadequacy. Consequences of fear: emotional states of uncertainty, strong nervous tension, prompting a person to flee, search for protection, salvation. The main functions of fear and the emotional states accompanying it are: signal, protective, adaptive, search.

Phobias

Main article: Phobia

Mental disorders in which certain situations or objects that are not dangerous cause anxiety and fear are called "phobias".

Fear in culture

It was the awareness of the finiteness of one's existence, or, to be more crude, the fear of death, that ritualized the life of primitive man. The ritual, leveling fears, made it possible to accumulate cultural information, improving the methods of its conservation.[ source not specified 517 days] The ways, regulators and results of human existence have changed. Not the last role was played by fear in the emergence of the state. It can be said that one of the factors in the creation of communities was a complex of fears. The consequence of this complex was the desire to unite in order to fight together against the dangers.

If we talk about religions that have occupied (and still occupy) such a significant place in a person’s life, then fear also occupies a key place in each of them. And here fear rises to the metaphysical level and includes not only the problem of life and death, but also the moral aspect. Death itself becomes a kind of border, a place of transition to another world. And how a person lived his life depends on what the other world will turn out to be for him. In this case, the represented source of fear is not in objective reality (that is, not in the surrounding world), but outside of direct knowledge. In a sense, it can be considered that fear had a great influence on the development of such a criterion as morality.

Fear occupies a separate place in art and literature, such as: the genre of the gothic story (or gothic novel), the cinematic genre of the horror film. Epic and mythological folklore, folk superstitions are one of the most commonly used sources for these works.

Man's fear

The course of the emotion of fear in different situations in different people can vary significantly, both in strength and in influence on behavior.

Fear can manifest itself as an agitated or depressed emotional state. A very strong fear (for example, horror) is often accompanied by a depressed state. In addition to the general term "fear", the terms "anxiety", "fright", "panic", "phobias", etc. are used for various negative emotional states that are close in nature. For example, a short-term and strong fear caused by a sudden strong stimulus is called "fright", and a long-term, mild, diffuse fear is called "anxiety".

Psychiatric disorders such as phobias can cause a person to experience fear frequently and intensely. A phobia is an obsessive, irrational fear associated with a certain object or situation that a person cannot cope with on his own.

Some philosophers, especially those who approach this phenomenon from purely moral positions, consider fear to be a harmful emotion with bad consequences. Other philosophers, especially those who view fear as a predominantly biological phenomenon, on the contrary, consider this state to be beneficial because it alerts to dangerous situations. Both points of view are not mutually exclusive, since the emotion of fear, like the sensation of pain, ensures the self-preservation of the individual, and becomes unproductive or dangerous only in the most intense and prolonged manifestations.

Degrees and types of fear

Fear can be described in different terms depending on the severity: fright, horror, panic.

Professor Yu. V. Shcherbatykh proposed his own classification of fears. He divides all fears into three groups:

• biological,
• social,
• existential.

The first group includes fears that are directly related to the threat to a person's life, the second represents fears and fears for a change in one's social status, the third group of fears is associated with the very essence of a person, is characteristic of all people. Social fears are caused by situations that may pose a threat not to a person's life or health, but to his social status or self-esteem of the individual (fear of public speaking, social contacts, responsibility, etc.). Existential fears are associated with the intellect and are caused by reflections on issues affecting the problems of life, death and the very existence of a person. This is fear of death, of time, of the meaninglessness of human existence, and so on.

Based on this principle, the fear of fire is in the first category, the fear of public speaking is in the second, and the fear of death is in the third. Meanwhile, there are also intermediate forms of fear, standing on the verge of two sections. These include, for example, the fear of disease. On the one hand, the disease has a biological nature (pain, damage, suffering), but on the other hand, it has a social nature (shutdown from normal activities, separation from the team, reduced income, dismissal from work, poverty, etc.). Therefore, this fear is on the border of groups 1 and 2 of fears, the fear of depth (when swimming) is on the border of groups 1 and 3, the fear of losing loved ones is on the border of groups 2 and 3, etc. In fact, in every fear in that or otherwise, all three components are present, but one of them is dominant.

It is human nature to be afraid of dangerous animals, situations and natural phenomena. The fear that arises about this is genetic or reflex in nature. In the first case, the reaction to danger is recorded at the genetic level, in the second (based on one's own negative experience) it is recorded at the level of nerve cells. In both cases, it makes sense to control the usefulness of such reactions with the help of reason and logic. It is possible that these reactions have lost their useful significance and only prevent a person from living happily. For example, it makes sense to be wary of snakes, and it is foolish to be afraid of spiders; one may reasonably be afraid of lightning, but not of thunder, which cannot cause harm. If such fears make a person uncomfortable, you can try to rebuild your reflexes.

The fears that arise in situations dangerous to life and health have a protective function, and therefore are useful. Fear of medical manipulations can be harmful to health, as it will prevent a person from establishing a diagnosis or treatment in time.

Physiology

The patient, whose amygdala was destroyed due to Urbach-Wiethe disease, showed a complete absence of fear.

Two neural pathways of fear

The development of a sense of fear is determined by two neural pathways that, ideally, function simultaneously. The first of them, responsible for the development of basic emotions, reacts quickly and is accompanied by a large number of errors. The second reacts more slowly, but more accurately.

fast way

The first path allows us to quickly respond to signs of danger, but often works as a false alarm. The second way allows us to more accurately assess the situation and respond to the danger more accurately. In this case, the feeling of fear initiated by the first way is blocked by the functioning of the second way, which evaluates certain signs of danger as not real.

In the first path (low, short, subcortical), the emotional stimulus, reflected in the sensitive nuclei of the thalamus opticus, closes on the amygdala nuclei of the thalamus opticus, causing an emotional response.

A long way

In the second path (high, long, cortical), the emotional stimulus, reflected in the sensory nuclei of the thalamus, ascends to the sensory regions of the cerebral cortex and from there is sent to the nuclei of the amygdala (almond-shaped) complex, forming an emotional response.

In phobias, the second pathway does not function adequately, which leads to the development of a feeling of fear in response to stimuli that do not carry danger.

see also

• Anxiety
• Phobia
• Neurosis
• Psychoanalysis
• elaboration
• Statmin - "fear gene"

Notes

1. The article "Fear" in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language of Vladimir Dahl"
2. Leontiev, Alexey Nikolaevich. Needs, motives and emotions(Russian). - Moscow, 1971.
3. Izard, Carroll Ellis Theory of differential emotions // Psychology of emotions= The Psychology of Emotions. - Peter, 2007. - S. 54. - 464 p. - (Masters of Psychology). - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-314-00067-9 ISBN 978-5-314-00067-0
4. Izard, Carroll Ellis Fear and anxiety. // Psychology of emotions= The Psychology of Emotions. - Peter, 2007. - S. 292. - 464 p. - (Masters of Psychology). - 3000 copies. - ISBN 5-314-00067-9 ISBN 978-5-314-00067-0
5. Goryanina V. A. Psychology of communication: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2002. - 416 p.
6. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th revision = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: Tenth Revision. - M.: Medicine, 2003. - T. 1-4. - 2440 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 5-225-03268-0, ISBN 5-225-03269-9, ISBN 5-225-03280-X
7. Shcherbatykh Yu.V. Get rid of fear. - M.: Eksmo, 2011. - 304 p. ISBN 978-5-699-45683-3
8. Feinstein, Adolphs, Damasio and Tranel The Human Amygdala and the Induction and Experience of Fear - Current Biology, Published online: December 16, 2010
9. Richard Alleyne A woman with no fear could help traumatized soldiers - The Telegraph, 12/16/10
10. A unique case: a woman lives in the USA who does not experience fear - NEWSru.com, 12/17/10
11. Joseph le Doux. The Emotional Brain. Weidenfield & Nicholson Ltd., London 1998

Literature

• Freud Z. “On the legitimacy of isolating a symptom complex from neurasthenia called “fear neurosis””
• Ilyasov FN Phenomenon of fear of death in modern society // Sociological research. 2010. No. 9.
• Berzin A. Work with a sense of fear.
• Shcherbatykh Yu.V., Ivleva E.I. Psychophysiological and clinical aspects of fear, anxiety and phobias. - Voronezh, 1998.- 282 p. ISBN 5 88242-094-6
• Shcherbatykh Yu.V. Psychology of fear.- M.: Eksmo, 2007.- 512 pp. ISBN 978-5-699-11053-7

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FEAR is:

FEAR FEAR is one of the main types of human attitude to the world. The study of S. plays an important role in psychology, philosophy, and theology.
Religion, notes P.A. Florensky, is first of all the S. of God, and whoever wants to penetrate into the sanctuary of religion must learn to be afraid. “Lord, instill in me the root of the good, your fear, in my heart” (John Chrysostom). Nothing grows in religion without this root. God is great and terrible for everyone and in everything, any religion is permeated with this inexplicable S. of God. S. - the beginning of wisdom, or true wisdom, leading to life. S. according to Florensky, is close to amazement, which philosophers consider the beginning of philosophy. In order to know, one must touch the object of knowledge, and the sign of this touch is the shock of the soul, S. He pulls out of everyday life and reveals something completely new. And the new is always scary, because it appears in a mysterious, unusual form. “Before primary phenomena, if they are naked to our feelings, we experience a special kind of eerie feeling, reaching fear” (J.W. Goethe). The source of S. is not in the unusualness and incomprehensibility of the new, but in the feeling of the transcendence of what is. “The non-local was opened, and the world felt fluid, shaky, unsteady: the existing faded before the truly existing. And with the one who happens, our very existence also faded: we ourselves turned out to be a trembling flame among the windy spaces, - on the border of nothingness, barely not bearing. But then we also found our eternal support - in the Existing from the Ages. Our last humiliation is our greatest exaltation. The fear of God is dual-acting... It is a window in our reality, from where other worlds are seen. This is a gap in earthly existence, from where streams feed and strengthen it from another world rush ”(Florensky).
"WITH." - the most important concept of existential philosophy. For the first time, S. Kierkegaard distinguished S. or fear of c.-l. specific circumstances and indefinite, unaccountable S.-longing. The same distinction is central in the philosophy of M. Heidegger, for which S. opens the last possibility of existence - death. S. pushes a person out of existence to nothingness. This transcendence is a condition for the perception of beings as a whole, a condition for the comprehension of being. If our being were not pushed into nothing beforehand, we could not stand in relation either to beings as a whole or to ourselves. Without protrusion into nothing, without a courageous peep into nothing in the state of S., there is no possibility to question beyond the existent, beyond its limits, there is no possibility to turn one's face to being.
In the psychological aspect, S. is an obstacle to the realization of the personality, which in our time lives in a constant state of S: in front of the authorities, in front of the threat of unemployment, before violence, war, terrorism, etc. S. in this respect is perhaps the most important problem of social life, which determines a person's behavior and his attitude towards others. Socially determined ethics, N.A. Berdyaev, there is always ethics S. “Social everyday life creates an ethics of fear, regenerating the horror caused by the transcendent abyss into everyday care and terrorizing a person with future punishments. But she also creates another image in which there is no longer fear and which is lower than fear - vulgarity ... Vulgarity is the final settlement on the lowland plane, when there is no longer only longing for the heavenly world and the sacred horror of the transcendent, but there is no longer fear either ” (N.A. Berdyaev).

Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Gardariki. Edited by A.A. Ivin. 2004.

FEAR 1) in psychology is denied. an emotion resulting from a real or imagined danger that threatens the life of an organism, a person, or the values ​​it protects (ideals, goals, principles and T. P.). 2) One of main concepts of existentialism. It was introduced by Kierkegaard, who distinguished between the usual "empiricism." fear-fear ( German Furcht), caused by a specific object or circumstance, and an indefinite, unaccountable fear-longing ( German Angst) - metaphysical. S., unknown to animals, whose object is nothingness and which is due to the fact that man is finite and knows about it. In Heidegger, S. opens up to "existence" its last opportunity - death. Sartre has metaphysical, existential S. (angoisse) is interpreted as S. in front of himself, in front of his opportunity and freedom. 3) Early psychoanalysis, also distinguishing rational S. before ext. danger and deep, irrational S., interpreted the latter as the result of non-actualized life aspirations, the suppression of unfulfilled desires. IN modern neo-Freudianism, S. becomes, as it were, a universal irrational state associated with the irrational character modern bourgeois society, and ch. source of neurosis. A number of theories on the origin of religion dating back to antiquity (Democritus, Lucretius, in modern times - Hume, Holbach, Feuerbach and others) , consider S.'s feeling as the cause of the occurrence religious ideas and beliefs; see Religion.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editors: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983.

FEAR in Heidegger's philosophy is a state in which human existence, due to its own being, finds itself in front of being itself. The cause of fear is the very being in the world. Fear separates human existence and reveals it, thus, as a possible being, as a free being, free in understanding oneself and choosing oneself. According to Sartre, fear is the fear of oneself due to freedom of an indeterminate nature, which cannot be foreseen. see also Technique.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. 2010.

FEAR (in p s and c o l o g and i) - negative. an emotion arising as a result of a real or imagined danger that threatens the life of an organism, a person, the values ​​\u200b\u200bprotected by it (ideals, goals, principles, etc.). S. has a different degree of intensity of experience and different forms of expression (see Emotions, Expressive movements). It is characteristic of the entire animal world and fulfills a certain. biological, adapt. functions (cf. the classic description of S. in the book of Ch. Darwin "The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals", 1872). Mass S., covering and infecting social groups and strata, as well as society as a whole, is expressed in a specific way. forms, to-rye studies social psychology. In the era of the formation of religions. S.'s consciousness takes on the features of reverent horror before the higher and incomprehensible. S. in front of alienated forces in an exploitative society (see Alienation) becomes one of the regulators of social behavior. A. Spirkin. Moscow. C. (Angst - German; angoisse - French; anxiety - English) - as one of the main. concepts of existential philosophy, is introduced by Kierkegaard, who distinguished between the usual "empirical" fear-fear (Furcht), caused by a specific object or circumstance, and indefinite, unaccountable fear-longing (Angst). According to Kierkegaard, Angst is the metaphysical S.; its subject is nothing, and it is a form of human experience of "nothing". "What effect does nothing have? It creates fear" (Kierkegaard S., Werke, Bd 1 - Der Begriff Angst, Hamb., 1964, S. 40). Precisely because man is finite and knows about his finiteness, he is aware of the metaphysical. fear-longing, unknown to animals. In Heidegger, S. acts as one of the existentials, since through it the existential structure of existence is revealed, namely, its finiteness. S. opens before existence its last possibility - death. Sartre has an existential S. (angoisse), in contrast to the usual S., which occurs before some kind of definition. the object of the external world, is interpreted as S. in front of himself, in front of his opportunity and freedom. "Fear (angoisse) does not arise from the fact that I can fall into the abyss, but because I can throw myself into it" (Sartre J. P., L "être et la néant, P., 1943, p. 66). P. Gaidenko. Moscow. Early psychoanalysis, also distinguishing between rational S. in the face of external danger and deep, irrational S., interprets the latter as the result of non-actualized life aspirations, the suppression of unfulfilled desires; irrational S. appears here as a way of functioning of the Super-I (Super-Ego). In modern neo-Freudianism (Horney, Fromm, etc.), the concept of S. acquires a special meaning: S. (anxiety) becomes here, as it were, a global irrational state associated with existence in an irrationally functioning modern. society, and source of neurosis. So, Horney S. - main. factor in the formation of neurotic. constructive personality types. A number of theories of the origin of religion, dating back to antiquity (Democritus, Lucretius Car, in modern times - Hume, Holbach, Feuerbach, etc.), consider the feeling of S. as the cause of the emergence of religions. ideas and beliefs (see Religion, section History of teachings about religion). D. Lyalikov. Moscow. Lit.: Künzli A., Die Angst als abendländische Krankheit, Z., 1948; Silva-Tarouca A., Die Logik der Angst, Innsbruk, 1953; Vestdijk S., Het wezen van de angst, Amst., 1968.

Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by F. V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970.

FEAR FEAR (German Angst; French angoisse; adgl. anxiety) is a painful, painful state of mind caused by a danger threatening a person and a feeling of one's own powerlessness in front of it. Fear can be caused by external circumstances that pose a threat to life; in this case, its subject is quite specific, and such fear can be characterized as psychological. But there is another kind of fear - metaphysical, the subject of which cannot be clearly defined, since it does not have an external source and is caused by internal causes. Metaphysical fear is related to religious, mystical fear. The Old Testament describes man's fear of the power and majesty of God, for example, the fear of the people of Israel before the appearance of God at Sinai: “All the people saw thunder and flames, and the sound of a trumpet, and a smoking mountain; and when they saw it, the people retreated and stood afar off. And he said to Moses: You speak to us, and we will listen; but lest God speak to us, lest we die. And Moses said to the people: Do not be afraid; God has come to test you, and that his fear may be before your face, that you may not sin” (Exodus 20:18-20). The same fear was experienced by Moses before the Burning Bush (Ex. 3:6) and Jacob after his night vision (Gen. 28:17). The New Testament describes the fear that the miracles of Jesus cause in His disciples (Mark, b, 49-50). The fear of God, combined with love for God, is evidence of the depth of faith and the source of wisdom: “The beginning of Wisdom is the fear of the Lord” (Ps. 110:10). In connection with the discovery of the unconscious by German idealism (especially Schelling) and the Romantics, fear becomes the subject of philosophical analysis. S. Kierkegaard in his profound study “The Concept of Fear” (1844) distinguishes between ordinary fear-fear caused by an external cause (Furcht), and unaccountable fear-longing, fear-horror (Angst). The latter," according to Kierkegaard, is a form of human experience of "nothing", which opens during the Transition from the state of innocence as a natural state to the state of guilt as a condition of freedom, or spirit. with its natural basis. The spirit in man sleeps... In this state there is peace and tranquility, but at the same time there is something else that is not, however, dispute and contention, for there is nothing with which to argue "What then; therefore, there is? Nothing. But what effect does nothing have? It gives rise to fear. This is the deep secret of innocence: it is at the same time fear" (Kierkegaards. Der Begriff Angst. V., 1965, S. 40). The essence of metaphysical fear is ambivalent: it is “sympathetic antipathy and antipathetic sympathy” (ibid., p. 41); fear is an attraction and at the same time aversion to the object of fear - nothing that is realized as a temptation to violate the prohibition. “Fear is the dizziness of freedom, which arises insofar as the spirit wants to realize a synthesis, and freedom looks into its own possibility and grabs a limb to hold on. In a state of dizziness, freedom falls powerlessly... At that moment, everything changes, and when freedom rises again, it sees that it is guilty” (ibid., p. 57). The act of freedom as the assumption of "selfhood", as the transition from innocence to guilt, is a fall into sin that occurs on the border of consciousness and the unconscious, and therefore incomprehensible to the mind. Kierkegaard comprehends fear in essence in the context of anthropogenesis, understood theologically. In the same context, but no longer with 3. Freud, analyzing the phenomenon of taboo in primitive societies, Freud sees in it an analogue of the fear that accompanies the neurotic states of the mentally ill. Like Kierkegaard, Freud emphasizes the ambivalent nature of fear and connects it with the life of the unconscious. Taboo, according to Freud, is a very ancient prohibition imposed from the outside by some authority and directed against the strong desires of people. Fear of transgressing the prohibition and at the same time attraction to the forbidden is a characteristic feature not only of primitive consciousness: here an anthropological structure is revealed, determined by the relationship of consciousness and the unconscious. Consciousness, according to Freud, is a system of prohibitions in relation to (chap. sexual) desires, which as a result are forced out into the unconscious, giving rise to painful mental states, including unreasonable fear, which is evidence of neurosis and requires treatment - identification by the psychoanalyst of the nature of the repressed desire, awareness of it by the patient himself and mitigation or even abolition of “censorship of consciousness”. The Freudian interpretation of fear is based on the enlightenment concept of man and his freedom, according to which lack of freedom is always the result of external violence against human nature. If for Kierkegaard freedom is originally associated with a feeling of fear and guilt, which testifies to the normal life of the spirit and which a free person must take upon himself, then for Freud the feeling of guilt must be eliminated as a symptom of mental distress. The problem of fear is also considered by representatives of existential philosophy. Distinguishing, following Kierkegaard, fear of a concrete danger and unconscious metaphysical fear, Heidegger sees in the latter an integral element of finite human existence. “Before-what fear is being-in-the-world as such... Before-what fear is completely indefinite... Fear does not know what it is that it fears... Before-what fear is, this “nothing and nowhere” is revealed. “...” (Sein und Zeit. Tub., 1960, S. 186). Fear reveals death as the last possibility of human existence. Sartre's existential fear (angoisse) is interpreted as a person's fear of himself, of his own opportunity and freedom. “Fear arises not because I can fall into the abyss, but because I can throw myself into it” (Sartre J. R. L "être et le néant. P., 1943, p. 66). Unaccountable fear-longing there is ultimately the fear of death, which cannot be completely eliminated in the finite being, which is man, but can be enlightened with the help of religious faith. Lit .: Fear. M., 1998; , 1948; Silva-Tarouca A. Die Logik der Angst. Innsbruck, 1953; Vestdijk S. Het.wezen van de angst. Amst., 1968; Schober D. Angst, Autismus und Moderne. Fr./M.-B.-Bem -N. Y.-P.-Wen, 1998. P. P. Gaidenko

New Philosophical Encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001.

What is fear?

What is fear and how to control it?

Fear is a constant companion of most people, especially in modern urban environments where violence and confrontation with each other have become the norm. Of all the emotions that a person is only able to experience, we are best acquainted with fear, because it is fear that has the greatest influence on us. Life without fear is almost impossible for many people; after all, fear is an integral part of our lives. It is as much an integral part of our daily life as other emotions, and therefore it is useless to try to rid ourselves of fear.

We have to admit - fear will not go anywhere!

But instead of just accepting it, you can change how you deal with fear. After all, fear is an emotion that you can learn to control, to use to your advantage, instead of allowing this strong emotion to have a negative effect on you. In fact, fear is a powerful weapon that will help you survive in an extreme situation if you make some efforts to master it and learn how to direct its energy in a positive direction.

How to do this is the subject of this article. From it you will learn how to turn an emotion that most people consider negative into a powerful invisible weapon that can multiply your capabilities in a dangerous situation. To begin with, let's try to figure out what fear is and why it has such an effect on us.

What is fear?

Let's take the following definition as a starting point: "Fear is a negative emotional experience, a feeling of anxiety that a person experiences in the face of impending danger"

When the brain senses danger, it releases adrenaline, which in turn triggers the so-called "fight or flight" response. This is a huge adrenaline rush that can be felt in the epigastric region. It forces us to respond in one way or another to perceived danger: either stay and resist (fight) or flee (flight). The problem is that often this reaction leads a person into a stupor. You literally stand rooted to the spot and unable to move or make clear decisions about what to do next. That's why so many people see fear in a negative way - it negatively affects their condition.

Talk:Fear

Project "Psychology and Psychiatry" ( Level "IV", Importance "medium")

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neural pathways

Information about the two neural pathways of fear is taken from this source. Joseph le Doux .The Emotional Brain. Weidenfield &Nicholson Ltd., London 1998 (The low and the high roads of the amigdala)--Eugene Gaufman 18:59, 28 Jun 2004 (UTC).

It would be nice to show how both ways work with an example. -- Alexei obs 12:59 June 22, 2013 (UTC)

Opinion

I agree with a lot. but there is fear, as a feeling that is not conscious and disturbing, but there is a healthy feeling that warns danger, real danger, and this manifests itself on a conscious (human level), and not on a "hysterical" animal and not conscious. Kesler

BolshoiBrat 13:25, December 5, 2015 (UTC) I think people confuse feelings of perception and fears. Fear is awareness! but being terribly afraid or loving is something completely different. (BolshoiBrat)BolshoiBrat 13:25, December 5, 2015 (UTC)

I somehow came across an interesting theory of overcoming fear: panic fear with uncontrolled behavior (the oldest version) is the result of an unpredictable situation. ( What is an unpredictable situation, if not a situation, information about which is missing in the memory-set of emotional patterns of behavior.-- Evgeny Gaufman 13:38, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC))

In your opinion, there is no clear emotional image - hence the panic. Then the method is to think, imagine the worst consequences yourself and tune in to them (hope for the best, but prepare for the worst). Then it turns out that there are two different types of fear: with a vivid image of future consequences and, conversely, without it. Fear of confidence and fear of uncertainty. And, perhaps, not only different parts of the brain are involved here, but also different mediators. And maybe even a mixture. :-) “I know that it will be bad, but I don’t know when and how.” “I know how to deal with it, but I’m not sure that the result will please me.” And so on. :-) Panic (unforeseen and unpredictable behavior), it seems to me, develops when there is no reception of the received information in the set of emotional images of behavior. Then the secondary signs of the received information initiate associative and, as an option, the image of the unknown, torment and suffering - Fear. Other options - Fun - "Feast during the Plague". If the received information does not have any representation in the set of emotional images at all, then, probably, one should expect ignoring this information, no matter what real danger it carries. All these variants are presented in Brueghel's Triumph of Death --Eugene Gaufman 13:38, 28 Nov 2004 (UTC) Panic-collective, it's already an axiom, the instinct of herd and behavior of human groups very clearly describes this form of human madness. well, it won’t work just to panic alone, even simply by definition (after all, panic catches one or two and immediately infects “everyone”) It’s not an axiom, of course. "Panic Attack" is a prime example of a lonely panic attack. --Nikolay Swamp_Dog Kovalev 11:21, December 22, 2009 (UTC)

Not working link

Taming fear. Vladimir Lvovich Levi - the link does not work the book is available at this link http://www.fictionbook.ru/author/levi_vladimir_lvovich/priruchenie_straha/levi_priruchenie_straha.html

Negative feeling?

Is it always a bad feeling? What about those people who tend to experience fear, the feeling remains the same, but the subject perceives it a little differently, can we talk about rejection here?

The behavior of people seeking to experience fear is usually explained either through "acting out" or through "autoaggression".--Nikolay Swamp_Dog Kovalev 11:13, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

Definition of Fear

The definition is taken and revised from Dahl's dictionary - the oldest and most authoritative source in the Russian language, which most accurately reflects the understanding of people. There is a psychological definition, but it is only one point of view and cannot be the basis of an article about fear.--Lavitas Victor 16:46, 18 December 2009 (UTC)

Firstly, attach links to sources, and secondly, I disagree with you. The article "gravity" does not begin with the definition of "a force that pulls things down". In Dahl's dictionary, the definition is not because it "most accurately reflects people's opinions", but because it was published 150 years before the advent of the science of psychology.--Nikolay Swamp_Dog Kovalev 15:32, 18 December 2009 (UTC) Sorry, but me Dahl's dictionary in paper form. You can go to the library and look there. As you yourself admit, psychology, as a science, is very new, and the scientific method is very difficult to apply to psychology, since there is a lot of subjectivity in it, and you, as a psychologist, must understand this. And Dahl's dictionary covered the numerous and centuries-old folk experience in understanding various phenomena, which Dahl simply put together. Therefore, the point of view of the most authoritative dictionary should come first, while psychology, as a new doctrine, has the right to its point of view, but it cannot be monopolistic. By the way, "fear" and "gravity" are phenomena of a different order. One is a scientific phenomenon, and the other is a state that refers to the inner self of a person. Moreover, a lot of confusion was introduced into the definition of this state, and if you look at modern dictionary entries, you will see that in it one concept is expressed through another similar one (from the series "fear is anxiety", and "anxiety is fear".). If we introduce only a psychological definition of fear, such as "negative emotion", then this may be understandable for psychologists, but not for ordinary people. Because ordinary people can be far from the psychological classifications of "positive and negative emotions." While the concept of "gravity" is widely known and does not require explanation. --Lavitas Victor 16:46, 18 December 2009 (UTC) In general, the article on fear needs to be reworked to include a variety of points of view. There is a religious point of view on the concept of fear, there is a point of view of real universally recognized masters in the field of fear, such as Stephen King.--Lavitas Victor 16:43, December 18, 2009 (UTC) I am a psychologist ... And therefore your phrase that it is difficult to apply the scientific method to psychology, it causes me sadness and great annoyance ... No, not difficult - the scientific method is the only method that is used in psychological research. Another thing is that for most people who are far from this science, all psychology looks like shamanism and guesswork on coffee grounds, but this, as I think you understand, is not enough to consider it subjective. I believe that it will be useless to argue about which definition (Dal or psychology) is more "correct". I propose to use the standard Wiki method for resolving such disputes - to develop a preamble that will mention the existence of both views on the concept. Both "fear" and "gravity" are scientific terms that describe specific phenomena in the real world. Definition " long-range fundamental interaction to which all material bodies are subject”- also far from ordinary people, but with due desire, you can read the relevant articles and figure it out. If we introduce definitions in the spirit of " force that pulls down”- these will not be more understandable, but simply definitions that do not correspond to reality. “Anxiety” and “Fear” are, by the way, almost the same thing, only “fear” is a feeling, and “anxiety” is an emotion. I agree that the article needs to be reworked - at the moment (and at the moment before your edits) it is a chaotic pile of unreliable information, and equally does not reflect any psychological or any other point of view. --Nikolay Swamp_Dog Kovalev 09:12, 21 December 2009 (UTC) Thank you for your participation and your interest in this topic. Despite the fact that we have different points of view, I think in a constructive dispute we can come to the truth. Moreover, you are a psychologist, and I studied different religions and was fond of masters in the field of horror and fear. Let's discuss the preamble here, but I suggest that it be short and concise and objective enough not to take the position of psychologists or religious figures. That's why I settled on Dahl's dictionary. By the way, I submitted an already revised article, because in the original it sounds like this: " an anxious state of mind from fright, from a threatening or imaginary disaster."By the way, I do not agree with you that fear is a feeling, and anxiety is an emotion. Both of these concepts can be attributed to both feelings and emotions. But the difference between them is only in the degree and nature of the manifestation. After all, people say:" I had a feeling of fear." Or "a feeling of anxiety". About the scientific method in psychology, with your permission, we will not discuss it here, but we will discuss it in an article about psychology. --Lavitas Victor 10:51, December 21, 2009 (UTC) My preamble suggestion: the internal state of a person or animal, due to a threatening real or perceived disaster. (here is a link to Dahl) From the point of view of psychology, it refers to feelings. (here I will also try to find a link ...)"I doubt that one can come to the truth :) Well, yes, I'm not interested in this:" The basis for including information in Wikipedia is not its "truth", but its verifiability. ". When I said “feeling” and “emotion”, I did not mean the everyday meanings of these words, but scientific terms. At the everyday level, emotions and feelings in general, it seems to me, do not differ. In addition, people say “I have a feeling of fear” and “I have a taste” and “I feel bad”, but this does not mean that fear, taste and illness are phenomena of the same order. So if you look at the definitions of feelings and emotions from the point of view of psychology, you will see that anxiety, in general, is most likely an emotion, since we react with anxiety to a dangerous situation, and not to a dangerous person or animal. At the same time, fear is more of a feeling, since we are most often afraid of someone or something ... Unfortunately, I have hardly read literature on specific emotional processes, so I rely more on the logic of definition than on knowledge - in principle, my reasoning can be safely considered conjecture. As for the "degree of manifestation" - I would not agree. And fear can hardly be manifested, and anxiety can be strong to the point of unbearability. As I wrote below about fear in religion, without reference to Dahl, what you have provided is classified on Wikipedia as "original research". As, unfortunately, and my edits in this article. That's why I keep them to a minimum.--Nikolay Swamp_Dog Kovalev 11:09, 22 December 2009 (UTC) Regarding your preamble. You put human fear and animal fear in the same category, although there is a separate category for animals in this article. This is important to separate, because the methodology for studying fear in animals and humans is different, and what people are afraid of is not necessarily afraid of animals. Then, Dahl's article focuses on the "anxious state of the soul." Of course, this can be rephrased as "internal state" or "state of the inner "I" of a person", but in this way we "castrate" Dahl's article, depriving it of a very important part. I also offer for your consideration my translation of good fear dictionary entries from respected English sources: "Fear is the unpleasant feeling you get when you think you're in danger." (original: "Fear is the feeling unpleasant you have when you think that you are in danger." Collins COBUILD Dictionary.) (Original: "an unpleasant emotion caused by exposure to danger, expectation of pain,etc." Oxford Dictionary) Interestingly, authoritative sources use both "emotion" and "feeling" to describe fear. Moreover, "feeling" is used more from the point of view of the person himself, and "emotion" refers to the description of feelings by third parties. Therefore, I think that Dahl's version is universal and we will not need to resort to original research to make the preamble understandable. --Lavitas Victor 13:04, 23 December 2009 (UTC) Yes, perhaps it's better to omit the mention of "humans and animals"... And generally not to raise this topic without citing authoritative sources... The question is extremely controversial... The statement about that fear is a "state of mind" is at least incomplete. Any emotional process also includes a complex of physiological reactions. There is no fear without the release of adrenaline. That's why I write "internal state", because the "soul" - in any case, no matter how you understand it, is also a part of the "internal" for a person. So this is not a reduction in Dahl's definition, but an extension of it. Psychology divides emotional processes into "negative" and "positive" - ​​this is a more general, IMHO, formulation than "pleasant" and "unpleasant". In order to prevent the words "negative" and "positive" from being perceived as synonymous with "good" and "bad", I usually use "negatively colored" and "positively colored". Fear arises not only when think that you are in danger. Actually fear is how you feel that you are in danger. Understand(think) you are sometimes much later. Authoritative sources, if there is no special need for this, often do not bother with the accuracy of classification and call all emotional processes some simple word like "feeling", "emotion" or "affect". That doesn't change the classification. If you leave everything as it is, just adding a reference to Dahl to the preamble, I will not mind, because this is according to the rules. I'll just try to find AI for my statements. But, generally speaking, what I'm insisting on here is not ORISS. If you wish, you can attach the same references that I used in the article "emotional process" to substantiate my statements. I just want to find better sources. --Nikolay Swamp_Dog Kovalev 13:50 December 23, 2009 (UTC)

Fear in religion

I suggest discussing this article before it is posted on the Wiki.

"In Christian religions, fear is considered a positive phenomenon that a person should have in relation to God. The manifestation of fear in relation to the wrath of God, obedience and observance of the commandments, is an important moral and ethical basis for the behavior of a believer. Another component is fear in relation to committing a sin. Moreover, Christian dogmas dwell on this in detail, starting from the expulsion of Adam and Eve and ending with a detailed description of the horrors of Hell and the Apocalypse, which is detailed in the last book of the New Testament written by John the Theologian.Thus, in Christian religions, fear is used as an important and universal tool, in order to push a large number of believers to unquestioning observance of the commandments.In a similar way, fear is used in Eastern religions, for example, in Islam, Hinduism and many others.

No, you don't seem to understand. In Wikipedia, according to the rules, you can not publish information that is not taken from other sources (your own head is not considered "another source"). If you have analyzed the Old and New Testaments, you must first publish the result of your analysis elsewhere, and only then here, referring to your publication (be sure to refer!). Any information that is not supported by links to authoritative sources from Wikipedia can and even need to delete. So my complaint is not about the content, but about the form.--Nikolay Swamp_Dog Kovalev 14:32, December 21, 2009 (UTC) Another option is to link directly to the Bible for each of your statements. --Nikolay Swamp_Dog Kovalev 06:40, 22 December 2009 (UTC) And this will be our own research based on primary sources. I think we need to look for secondary ones. --Ourcastle 13:33 December 22, 2009 (UTC) Not necessarily. You can do a simple layout. The main thing is that conclusions that are not in the sources appear in the article. --Nikolay Swamp_Dog Kovalev 13:13, 23 December 2009 (UTC) Victor, I think you will take into account both the opinion of the author above and my previous answer to your question regarding my own research, I also understand that this is not a forum, nevertheless I wanted to note that you did not take into account in your text martyrdom, which is a victory over the fear of death. --Ourcastle 19:49, 21 December 2009 (UTC) Victor, you are obviously not in the subject of Christian doctrine. Even Chrysostom or someone else from the Fathers formulated the concept of three types of faith: "the faith of a slave" who is afraid of punishment; a "mercenary" who expects a reward and a "son" who fulfills the commandments solely out of love for God. By the way, hell is practically not described in Scripture, and the Apocalypse is not at all about horrors, as you can see by reading Orthodox interpretations (the works of Andrew of Caesarea are considered the most important), or by listening to wonderful conversations on this topic by Oleg Stenyaev, Daniil Sysoev or Alexei Osipov . And do not forget that the dogma in Christianity (except for a number of Protestant denominations) is based not only on Scripture, but also on Tradition, so an independent analysis of the Bible can lead to conclusions that are completely inadequate to the really existing Christian teaching. Alexander. 93.80.87.73 17:59 July 6, 2010 (UTC)

Fear of God

Sources for an article or for general education. So far found:

• Why is the fear of God necessary? Quotes from saints.
• Fear of God. What does it mean? Priest George Chistyakov
• Question about humanity. The common remedy against all kinds of human pleasing is the acquisition of the fear of God.

As for the attitude of religion (in this case, Orthodoxy) to the general concept of fear, it seems to me that this article reveals the topic - the agony of loneliness. Pneumatology of fear. Part IV. Archbishop John (Shakhovskoy). --Ourcastle 13:31, 22 December 2009 (UTC)

"The way to not be afraid" or "The renunciation of fear"

The fear that a person is mentally ill committing crimes, whether they are hidden or punished for them. he committed physical violence against other people and earned authority on this.I was afraid to ask what he means by authority, but the person said that this is how he earns.The question is how to promote Russian society

Mushrooms

1. Nutritional value of mushrooms
2. Nutritional value of mushrooms. Categories of mushrooms