Junker schools of the Russian Empire (not to be confused with Military Schools).
Junker of the Elisavetgrad School with his mother.
So atypicaltypicala cadet - a cadet at the Junker School - is not a boy, from those who have already served in the army...
Junker of the Kazan Junker Infantry School (until 1909).
Junker schools were intended for military education by cadets ( Junker - not onlystudent of the Military or Junker School of the Russian Empire, but also
rank/rankin the Russian Empire army- M.K.) and non-commissioned officers from volunteers before their promotion to officers. Initially, such schools were created at corps headquarters; they did not have a single organization. By the beginning of 1863, there were schools at the 4th Army Corps in Voronezh, at the 2nd Army Corps (School of Troops of the Kingdom of Poland) and in Finland (School of Troops Located in Finland). The schools at the 1st and 3rd Army Corps were closed in July 1863 due to the move of the corps headquarters from Voronezh to Kursk, and the school at the 4th Corps was also closed.
As a new type of military educational institution, cadet schools appeared in 1864. According to the project approved on July 14, their staff was determined to be 200 people (company). Junker schools were created at district headquarters. They were called infantry or cavalry and according to the city where they were located. At the end of 1864, the Vilna and Moscow cadet schools opened. In 1865, the Helsingfors (for 100 cadets), Warsaw, Kiev, Odessa, Chuguev, and Riga schools (for 200 cadets each), as well as the Tver and Elisavetgrad cavalry schools (for 60 and 90 cadets, respectively), were organized, and in 1866 - Kazan and Tiflis (for 200 cadets each). In 1867, the Orenburg School was formed for 200 people (including 120 Cossack officers from the Orenburg, Ural, Siberian and Semirechensk Cossack troops).
In 1868, the staff of the Tver school was increased to 90 cadets, the Elisavetgrad school - to 150, and the Helsingfors school was reduced to 90. In 1869, the staff of the Warsaw, Moscow, Kazan, Kiev and Chuguev schools was increased to 300 people, and two new schools were opened: Petersburg infantry for 200 cadets and Novocherkassk Cossack sergeant for 120 sergeants of the Don and Astrakhan Cossack troops. In 1870, the Stavropol School was added to them for 30 cadets and 90 officers of the Kuban and Terek Cossack troops.
Thus, a network of cadet schools was created very quickly. If by the end of 1868 there were 13 schools for 2,130 people, then by the beginning of 1871 there were 16 schools for 2,670 infantry, 270 cavalry and 405 Cossack places (11 infantry for 2,590 people, 2 cavalry for 240, 2 mixed for 320.1 Cossack department for 120, as well as 2 Cossack departments for 75 people at the Warsaw and Vilna schools). In 1872, the Irkutsk cadet school was opened for 60 military officers and 30 infantry cadets. In 1878, the Stavropol and Orenburg schools were transformed into Cossack schools (since 1876, the Cossack department was also in the Elisavetgrad School); Cossack troops now had a total of 655 vacancies in cadet schools instead of 330 in 1871. The Helsingfors School was closed in 1879, and by 1880 there were 16 schools with a total staff of 4,500 people, of which:
· 3,380 places were for infantry (Moscow, Chuguev, Kiev, Odessa and Kazan schools - 400 people each, Warsaw - 350, Vilna and Tiflis - 300 each, St. Petersburg and Riga - 200 each, and a department in the Irkutsk school for 30 cadets);
· 450 places - for cavalry (Tverskoye - for 150 and Elisavetgradskoye - for 300) and
· 670 places - for the Cossack troops (Novocherkassk and Stavropol - 120 each, Orenburg - for 250, a department in the Irkutsk school - for 60 and departments in the Warsaw, Vilna and Elisavetgrad schools - for a total of 120 officers).
The cadet schools accepted graduates of military gymnasiums or corresponding civilian educational institutions, as well as volunteers; from 1869, non-commissioned officers conscripted could also enroll. Volunteers, in principle, were not obliged to enter the school, but could become officers only after the final exam for the school or completion of the course. Otherwise, in terms of length of service, they were equal to non-commissioned officers called up by conscription. To enter the school, they had to serve in the rank of non-commissioned officer for 3 months, receive approval from their superiors and pass an entrance exam in five general education subjects (those who completed six classes of the gymnasium took an exam only in the Russian language and had to get at least 7 points).
The course consisted of two classes: junior general and senior special. The volume and content of special education were dictated by the knowledge and skills necessary to command a battalion. Upon completion of the course, the cadets returned to their regiment and were promoted to officers upon honoring their superiors. At the same time, those released under the 1st category were released after the camp training on the recommendation of the authorities, regardless of the presence of vacancies in the regiment, and those released under the 2nd category - only for vacancies. The program of cadet schools in the early 80s. changed, but only slightly. Their release in 1866-1879. ranged from 270 to 2836 people and totaled 16,731 people.
Junker schools by the 80s. XIX century basically satisfied the army's need for officer cadres, and it became possible to increase the requirements for their educational training. With the development of the network of cadet schools, the production of officers as officers of persons who had not completed the training course was stopped, but most of the officers were trained by cadet schools. Now the task was to provide education to as many officers as possible at the level of military schools. C Simultaneously in 1886-1888. Departments with a military school course (for graduates of civilian secondary educational institutions) were opened at the cadet schools. Since 1888, a military school course was introduced at the Moscow Junker School and at the departments of the Kyiv and Elisavetgrad schools. In 1887-1894. These courses at cadet schools provided 1,680 officers, and in 1895-1900. - another 1800. As a result, since the 90s. graduates of military schools and military school courses of cadet schools began to predominate in the total number of graduates.
In total, cadet schools (including those with a military school course) graduated 17,538 officers from 1865 to 1880, and 25,766 from 1881 to 1900.
The recruitment of cadet schools was carried out at the expense of persons who had received incomplete secondary education (pro-gymnasiums, city schools, etc.) or who had graduated from the 6th grade of gymnasiums and educational institutions equal to them (i.e., having the rights of volunteers of the 1st category in education). The latter entered without competition, having received a score of at least 7 points in the only exam - the Russian language. The majority of those who studied at cadet schools completed the course in the 2nd category. For example, in 1888, 8 people graduated from the Kazan school in the 1st category, and 22 in the 2nd category, Tver - 12 and 40, respectively, Kiev - 12 and 119, Irkutsk - 4 and 32, St. Petersburg - 24 and 70 , Odesskoe - 23 and 88, Vilenskoe - 11 and 68, Tiflisskoe - 18 and 76, Elisavetgradskoe - 20 and 75.
With the transfer of cadet schools to a military school course, they began to gradually transform into military schools. At the beginning of the 20th century. after such a transformation of the Moscow, Kiev and Elisavetgrad cavalry schools, 10 cadet schools remained: 7 infantry schools (Petersburg, Vilna, Kazan, Odessa, Chuguev, Irkutsk and Tiflis), 1 cavalry (Tverskoe) and 2 Cossack schools (Novocherkassk and Orenburg). But since 1903, these schools also switched to a 3-year term of study with a significant increase in the volume of programs for both general education and military subjects (the former were now allocated 36 hours a week, the latter - 45). The graduation rules also changed: graduates were now divided into three categories. To graduate in the 1st category, you had to have an average score of at least 10, in military subjects - no less than 7, and in combat service - no less than 9; for the 2nd category - a total score of at least 7 and indicators equal to the 1st category in military subjects and combat service; All others who received a positive mark on the exams (at least 6 points) were graduated in the 3rd category. Graduates of the 1st and 2nd categories were awarded the rank of second lieutenant, and the 3rd (as from military schools) - non-commissioned officer with the right to be promoted to officer for vacancies, but not earlier than a year of service.
The class composition of cadet schools was very different from the composition of military schools and, even more so, cadet corps: due to the difference in the sources of recruitment, hereditary nobles in these schools were less than 20%. Even together with the children of personal nobles, officers and officials, their number was slightly more than half in the 80s. and less than 40% at the beginning of the 20th century, while peasants, townspeople and Cossacks made up a quarter in the 80s. to almost half at the beginning of the 20th century.
In 1911, all cadet schools were transformed into military schools and ceased to exist as a type of military educational institution.
UDC 355.23(47)"18/19":94(47).081/.083
Grebenkin A.N.,
Associate Professor of the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
under the President of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Historical Sciences (Russian Federation, Orel)
RULES FOR ADMISSION TO MILITARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1863-1917.
The article analyzes the rules of admission to Russian military educational institutions in 1863-1917. The author examines the main trends in social policy in the field of training of officer personnel using the example of changing requirements for social origin, etc. level of training. entering military educational institutions. The article concludes that the government is gradually moving away from. principle “military school is for. nobles" etc. makes a bet on creating a corps of hereditary officers who would... was constantly replenished with talented representatives of all classes.
Key words: Russian, empire, military education, cadet corps, nobility, officer.
The system of military educational institutions created in Russia in the first half of the 19th century was designed to provide the army and navy with well-educated officers. In addition, cadet corps also had an important social function, giving a “start in life” to the children of bankrupt nobles and orphans of officers killed in the war. For the cadets and cadets themselves, obtaining a military education was the first step towards a successful career, and not only a military one. The knowledge acquired in cadet corps and special schools could also be useful in the civil service. However, despite the fact that not only the heads of the military department, but also Nicholas I himself paid a lot of attention to military educational institutions, by the middle of the 19th century. The crisis in the military educational department became obvious. The cadet corps provided the army with only a third of the officers it needed, the rest received military training directly during their service. Among the cadets and cadets there were many over-aged, depraved youngsters who were tolerated within the walls of the military
these schools only because they belonged to the noble class. At the same time, non-nobles, even talented ones, were denied access to military education1.
The Milyutin military educational reform, aimed at separating general education from military special education and humanizing the relationship between teachers and students, provided for a radical restructuring of the old cadet corps. In 1863 - 64 their transformation into military gymnasiums and military schools began. New admission rules were also developed for newly created military educational institutions. These rules gave non-nobles, although on a very limited scale, the opportunity to receive military education.
Military gymnasiums, created on the basis of general classes of cadet corps, had the goal of “providing the children of nobles intended for military service with preparatory general education and upbringing”2; Thus, they, like the cadet corps, retained the status of privileged noble educational institutions. However, an exception was made to this rule - the Orenburg-Neplyuevskaya and Siberian military gymnasiums were not boarding schools for the nobility. In the first of them the sons of persons from the tax-exempt classes of the Orenburg region studied, in the second - the sons of officers and officials who served and served in the Siberian region. The special status of these two gymnasiums was emphasized by the fact that their graduates had to study at the specially established Fourth Military School in Orenburg.
Pupils of military gymnasiums were divided into state-owned, self-funded and visiting.
The following were credited to the treasury account: at the expense of the government - minor nobles in accordance with the merits of their fathers and the degree of orphanhood according to the seniority of the ranks (as was the case in the old cadet corps), at the expense of the government and various institutions - minor nobles according to special regulations (one - annually in a certain number, others - for special vacancies provided to them) and, finally, for specially donated capital - minor nobles on the basis that were
determined by patrons when donating these capitals3. In addition, young nobles aged 14 to 17 who successfully passed the exam were enrolled in gymnasiums at public expense, if they had previously received education at the expense of their parents4.
Self-paid and visiting pupils received education on a paid basis: a fee of 200 rubles was paid for a self-funded student. per year (in the Orenburg-Neplyuevskaya and Siberian gymnasiums - 125 rubles); the fee for a visitor was equal to the fee charged to a student at a civil gymnasium located in the same city. In the Siberian Military Gymnasium, the fee for self-cost was 25 rubles. silver per year. At the same time, the sons of persons of all classes were allowed to come to the Orenburg-Neplyuevskaya and Siberian gymnasiums.
Applications for admission to the public account were submitted to the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions (for admission to the Siberian and Orenburg gymnasiums - to local governors-general), requests for determination of their own costs and those who came - to the directors of the gymnasiums. The nobles had to provide a certificate of nobility from the heraldry or a copy of the minutes of the noble deputy meeting on the sending to the heraldry of documents on the basis of which the minor was included in the noble genealogy book; for children of persons who received nobility by rank and order, service records of their fathers or decrees on their resignation were required. For minors of non-noble origin, certificates of state rights were required. In addition, it was necessary to provide a metric certificate of birth and baptism and a signature of the petitioner with an obligation to take the minor back at the request of the gymnasium.
Applicants took an entrance exam according to the program of the class they were supposed to enter in accordance with their age (10-12 years old - in 1st grade, 11-13 - in 2nd grade, 12-14 - in 3rd grade, 13-15 - in the 4th, 14-16 - in the 5th and 15-17 - in the 6th). Kyrgyz children were admitted to the Siberian Military Gymnasium without an exam.
To two-year military schools (1st Pavlovsk, 2nd Konstantinovsky and 3rd
Aleksandrovskoe), created on the basis of special classes of cadet corps, applicants were accepted both by exam and without an exam.
The following were accepted without an exam: 1) graduates of military gymnasiums; 2) hereditary nobles who received secondary education; 3) young people of all classes who received education in civil and religious higher educational institutions. Graduates of military gymnasiums were transferred to schools by order of the Chief Director of military educational institutions. Graduates of civilian educational institutions were admitted to admission on preferential terms, since there were too few graduates of military gymnasiums to ensure enrollment in schools. At the same time, applicants with higher education entered the 2nd Konstantinovsky Military School for 1 year in a special military class established for them5.
All applicants who did not have a certificate of secondary education were examined at the military schools themselves according to the programs established for the junior class of special schools.
Thus, the doors of military schools were wide open to non-nobles.
Young people who wanted to enter the school came personally to the boss and submitted an application to the highest name, attaching a metric certificate of birth and baptism and documents of origin; those entering without an exam were required to present certificates and diplomas. Those entering military schools had to be at least 16 years old; for health reasons they had to be fit for military service.
Applicants were also admitted to three-year special schools (Nikolayevskoye Engineering and Mikhailovskoye Artillery) both with and without an exam6.
According to the exam, all 3 classes (junior, middle and senior) were accepted into young people who belonged to hereditary nobles or enjoyed the rights of first-class volunteers upon entering military service, as well as cadets and first-class volunteers who were already in the military service.
be in the troops. Those entering the junior and middle classes had to be between 16 and 20 years old; those entering the senior class are from 17 to 24 years old.
The following were accepted without an exam: into the junior class - graduates of military gymnasiums, into the senior class - harness cadets and cadets who graduated from military schools and refused to become officers in order to continue their education.
The documents that young people who were not in military service had to present were identical to those presented by the parents of minors entering the military gymnasium (metric certificate and documents of origin). In addition, it was required to undergo a medical examination to determine fitness for military service.
Those entering the junior class were examined in knowledge of the Law of God, the Russian language, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, general and Russian history, geography, drawing and one of the foreign languages of their choice - French, German or English.
To be enrolled, it was necessary to obtain at least 8 points on average in all exam subjects (on a 12-point scale) and not have less than 6 points in any of the mathematical subjects7.
Those entering the middle class were additionally examined according to the junior class program, those entering the senior class were examined according to the junior and middle class programs8.
At the same time, graduates of secondary and higher educational institutions took exams only in military, natural and mathematical sciences, graduates of university mathematical departments were examined only in military and natural sciences, graduates of natural sciences - only in military and mathematical sciences.
All those admitted to special schools received full government support.
Finally, in 1864, two-year cadet schools were established, primarily intended for the training of officers9 from persons who did not have a secondary education (who served in the regular troops of cadets and volunteers, and
also non-commissioned officers and chief officers’ children of irregular troops)10. It was possible to enter by exam, depending on the level of initial training, both in the junior and senior classes. Without an exam, those who had a higher or secondary education (including graduates of military gymnasiums), as well as those expelled from military schools for failure in science were admitted to the senior class11. Those who had incomplete secondary education (6 classes of gymnasium) were accepted without competition, passing only one exam - in the Russian language. After the introduction of all-class conscription in 1874, “junker schools became the gates through which people from non-noble backgrounds, including peasant and bourgeois children, entered the officer corps”12. At the same time, representatives of the lower classes, who received their primary education in pro-gymnasiums and city schools and, thanks to their abilities and perseverance, entered the cadet schools, represented a more advantageous contingent than those who were expelled from secondary schools for failure or bad behavior. It should be noted, however, that graduates of cadet schools, who did not have good training and had almost no chance of receiving higher military education, found it difficult to make a good career - the ceiling for most of them was the position of company commander in the infantry and the rank of captain.
In 1867, the Regulations on military schools were approved: First (Pavlovsky), Second (Konstantinovsky), Third (Alexandrovsky), Fourth (in the city of Orenburg), Nikolaevsky Cavalry, Mikhailovsky Artillery and Nikolaevsky Engineering13. The schools accepted persons from classes that were not subject to conscription duties, and, in addition, those who served in the troops of cadets and non-commissioned officers of these classes. Graduates of military gymnasiums, as well as those who graduated from secondary educational institutions (the latter within a year after receiving a certificate) were accepted without exams. Preference was given to applicants who graduated from military gymnasiums. Graduates
military schools had the right to refuse promotion to officers and transfer as cadets to the senior class of special schools14. Young people of all classes who had received higher education were accepted into special classes at military schools (which were to be created in the image of a special military class at the Konstantinovsky School)15. Those who received a higher education in physics, mathematics or natural sciences could, after passing an exam in military sciences, enter the senior classes of special schools.
In 1873, two military gymnasiums were opened exclusively for incoming students (3rd St. Petersburg and Simbirsk); Representatives of all classes were admitted to them16. In 1874, the 3rd Moscow Military Gymnasium was added to them.
In 1877, the rules for admission to military gymnasiums were changed. The categories of minors entitled to education at government expense have been revised; children of military personnel who did not belong to the class of hereditary nobles were allowed to be admitted to the gymnasium, in accordance with the merits of their fathers and the degree of orphanhood (thus, the sons of military chief officers, who had lost their father or mother, enjoyed preference over the sons of colonels, and orphans of chief officers officers - an advantage over the sons of generals)17.
The cadet corps, recreated in 1882 on the basis of military gymnasiums, had the goal of “providing minors destined for military service in the officer rank, and mainly the sons of honored officers, with a general education and upbringing appropriate to their purpose”18. Thus, secondary military educational institutions lost their pro-noble character and began to focus on the children of officers, the proportion of hereditary nobles among whom was steadily falling.
All cadets were divided into interns, who were fully supported by the corps, and external students, who only attended classes. In turn, the interns were divided into state-funded, supported by government funds, fellows, supported by interest on capital donated
by different institutions and persons, and at their own expense, maintained at their own expense. Only scholarship holders and those on their own could be external students; an exception was made for the sons of persons in the military training service - they could be free externs of the corps in which their fathers served.
The sons of military and some non-military persons could become state-paid interns (according to the highest ranks, the orphans of generals and officers who died in the war belonged, the lowest included the sons of chief officers and priests who served at least 10 years in the military department), as well as those enlisted out of turn, according to the regulations, minors belonging to the following categories: 12 pupils from the children of officers of the Don Cossack Army, 2 pupils from the children of officers of the Astrakhan Cossack Army, 77 pupils from the children of officials who served in the Turkestan region, etc.19. The Siberian Corps included the sons of officers and officials who served in Siberia or the Turkestan region, and the Donskoy Corps included the sons of serving and retired officers and officials who belonged to the Cossack class of the Don Army.
Scholarship recipients were minors who met the requirements contained in the provisions of one of the scholarships.
All those who could be considered state-owned, and, in addition, the sons of all officers, the sons of officials of the military and civil departments who belonged to the hereditary nobility, and the sons of non-serving hereditary nobles could become self-kost. In addition, the sons of personal nobles, merchants and honorary citizens were accepted into the Nicholas Corps. The sons of civil officials who did not belong to the hereditary nobility were admitted to the Siberian Cadet Corps as self-paid interns.
The sons of officers, officials of the military and civil departments who belonged to the hereditary nobility, and the sons of non-serving hereditary nobles could become external students of the cadet corps. As an external student at the Nikolaevsky cadet
In addition, the sons of personal nobles, merchants and honorary citizens could enter the Simbirsk corps, the sons of persons of all classes.
The fee for self-employed interns ranged from 550 rubles. (in the Nikolaevsky building) up to 125 rubles. (in the Orenburg and Siberian buildings).
Those entering the cadet corps had to be between the ages of 10 and 18; they were enrolled in classes appropriate to their age and performance on the admissions exam20.
Changes made to the rules for admission to cadet corps during the reign of Alexander III were aimed at their unification and the creation of a corps of hereditary military personnel.
Particular attention was paid to external students, who, coming to the buildings only for classes, studied poorly, were difficult to influence by teachers and caused many problems. Under Alexander III, the number of cadet externs was reduced to a minimum, and cadet corps, converted from military gymnasiums, established at one time exclusively for newcomers, were either closed or transferred to boarding schools. Thus, in 1886, the Alexander Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg was transferred to a boarding school; in 1887, the general rules for admission to the Simbirsk Corps were extended21. The 3rd Moscow Cadet Corps was closed in 1892. Since 1887, only those who had the right to enter the state kosht began to be enrolled in external cadet corps; after the fourth grade they had to be transferred to interns. Thus, the sons of non-serving hereditary nobles lost the right to external education22. In 1890, it was clarified that only the sons of hereditary nobles who served in these corps in class ranks had the right to enter cadet corps as free external students23.
The Regulations on Military Schools of 1894 established a new procedure for admission. From now on, schools were staffed with graduates of cadet corps and young people belonging to the category of persons who were granted the right to
admission to cadet corps who have reached the age of 17 and received a certificate of knowledge of the full course of the cadet corps or other secondary educational institution24. Graduates of cadet corps had preference for admission. They were enrolled in schools in the first place, and those who graduated from civilian secondary educational institutions were enrolled only in the vacancies remaining after enrollment as cadets25. Thus, admission to military schools “from outside” was limited. In addition to the desire to create a corps of hereditary officers, this measure was dictated by the fact that the annual graduation from the cadet corps by that time was quite sufficient to ensure the filling of all vacancies in military schools, and the need to recruit graduates of gymnasiums and real schools, which, in contrast from former cadets who had no prior military training, was no longer needed.
In parallel, measures were taken to improve the level of training of officers. In 1886, a department with a military school course was created at the Moscow Junker School. Applicants who had at least 6 years of high school education were admitted there by exam. Subsequently, such departments were created at other cadet schools.
At the beginning of the 20th century. cadet schools began to transform into military schools, and by 1910 this process was completed. The training of “second-class” officers with primary general education and limited military training was discontinued. From now on, to become an officer, it was necessary to have at least completed secondary education. At the same time, the “old” military schools - Pavlovskoe and Aleksandrovskoe, as well as the Nikolaevskoe Cavalry School - continued to accept young people who had received an education in the cadet corps or had the right to do so. However, their graduates did not enjoy any advantages during their service26.
At the beginning of the 20th century, as the class structure eroded and the tradition of officer dynasties was destroyed, the cadet corps lost the remnants of its elitism.
In 1906, the right to education in cadet corps at the expense of the treasury was granted to the sons of serving and retired officers, military and naval doctors, military chaplains and persons who were or were in active educational service in the military educational department, including number of assistants at departments and clinics of hospital and academic and doctors of the clinic of nervous and mental illnesses of the Imperial Military Medical Academy, subject to their fathers having served for 10 years or acquiring the right to retain their uniform upon retirement27. The requirement for 10 years of service was not imposed if: 1) the applicants’ fathers died in the service and their children were left orphans; 2) were killed or died from wounds received in battle28; 3) suddenly died or lost their sight or mind while in service; 4) were awarded the Order of St. George.
On the eve of the First World War, the government took a number of measures that were actually aimed at turning the buildings into all-class educational institutions. In October 1912, the right to official education in cadet corps was given to the children of ensigns who participated in battles and were awarded the insignia of a military order or were under the patronage of the Alexander Committee for the wounded in the 1st or 2nd class29. From November 1912, in the places remaining after the enrollment of cadets who had the right to government education, it was allowed to accept sons of persons of all classes as self-employed pupils30. Similar changes were made to the rules for admission to certain military educational institutions. In the Khabarovsk Cadet Corps, 4 supernumerary self-cost vacancies were established for the sons of Cossacks of the unprivileged class of the Amur Cossack Army31. At the same time, children of civil officials of at least class VIII who graduated from one of the secondary educational institutions, as well as children of persons of all classes who received higher education, were admitted to the privileged Naval Corps.
At the beginning of the First World War, in conditions of an acute shortage of junior officers, the educational qualification requirements for those entering military schools were lowered.
now first up to 6th grade of the gymnasium, then up to 5th grade and, finally, to city schools33. Soon the schools turned into 4-month courses for accelerated training of officers, which accepted students who had not completed their studies, men aged 40-45, and even girls. Undoubtedly, after the end of hostilities, the pre-war rules for recruiting military educational institutions would have been restored, but the revolution of 1917 led to the death of cadet corps and military schools.
Thus, the desire to create a professional officer corps that fully met the tasks facing it led to the government moving away from its traditional reliance on the hereditary nobility and placing the interests of the officer corporation at the forefront. If military gymnasiums were positioned as educational institutions of the nobility, then the post-reform cadet corps were no longer such. In an effort to build a clear scheme for officer training: military gymnasium (cadet corps) - military school, the government, however, in the 60s and 70s. XIX century was forced to resort to admitting graduates of civilian educational institutions to military schools. But as soon as the annual graduation from the cadet corps
allowed all vacancies in military schools to be filled, access to schools for young people “from outside” was practically stopped. The cadet schools that trained “second-class” officers had the same temporary nature: at the first opportunity they were transformed into full-fledged military schools. At the same time, interest in recruiting people with higher education prompted the creation of preferential conditions for them to receive military training in the shortest possible time.
At the beginning of the 20th century, when processes in Russian society began to undermine class barriers, it became clear that it was not possible to create an officer caste. The contingent of cadet corps began to expand due to the children of those who had at least some connection to the army - they received the right to be educated in military educational institutions at the expense of the treasury. By the beginning of the First World War, the class system had completely disintegrated, there was no longer any point in maintaining the previous privileges, and cadet corps began to turn into all-class educational institutions. Perhaps, over time, public military schools would have been created on their basis, but 1917 put an end to the history of military education in the Russian Empire.
1 Only since 1857 were non-nobles who had a higher education able to become external students in cadet corps and study military science for a year before being promoted to officer. However, there were very few such people.
2 clause 2 of the Highest approved Regulations on military gymnasiums // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XLI. Dept. 2nd. 43738.
3 Ibid. P. 6.
4 Ibid. P. 7.
5 §§ 1, 2, 4 of the Highest approved Rules for admission to military schools: 1st Pavlovsk, 2nd Konstantinovskoe and 3rd Aleksandrovskoe // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XL. Dept. 1st. 42026.
6 clause 1 § 1 of the Rules for the admission of young people to the Nikolaevskoye-Engineering and Mikhailovskoye-Artillery schools, approved on February 20, 1865 // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XL. Dept. 1st. 41824.
7 Lit. “a” and “b” § 3 Additional rules for admission to the Nikolaevskoye-Engineering and Mikhailovskoye-Artillery Schools approved by the Highest on February 20, 1865 // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XL. Dept. 1st. 41824.
8 Note 1 to § 5 Rules for the admission of young people to the Nikolaevskoye-Engineering and Mikhailovskoye-Artillery Schools, approved by the Supreme on February 20, 1865 // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XL. Dept. 1st. 41824.
9 Unlike military schools, cadet schools graduated not officers, but ensigns - officer candidates who were forced to wait for a vacancy to open in their regiment, sometimes for several years.
10 Art. 1 department I of the Highest approved Regulations on cadet schools // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XLIII. Dept. 1st. 45612.
11 Ibid. Art. 13.
12 Mikhailov A.A., Filyuk S.O. Reforms of Russian military educational institutions in the 1860s. Alternative projects and results // Military History Journal. 2011. No. 6. P. 35.
13 The highest approved Regulations on military schools: First (Pavlovsky), Second (Konstantinovsky), Third (Alexandrovsky), Fourth (in the city of Orenburg), Nikolaevsky Cavalry, Mikhailovsky Artillery and Nikolaevsky Engineering // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. XLII. Dept. 1st. 44723.
14 Ibid. Art. 10.
15 Ibid. Art. eleven.
16 Volkov S.V. Russian officer corps. M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2003. P. 148.
17 lit. “d” part II of the schedule of minors accepted for education in military gymnasiums, approved on July 11, 1877 // PSZRI. Collection 2nd. T. LII. Dept. 3rd. Adj. to 57565.
18 hours 1 chapter I of the Highest approved Regulations on Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T.VI. 3517.
19 Appendices 1 and 2 to the Highest approved Regulations on Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T.VI. 3517.
20 tbsp. Chapters 7 and 11 III of the Highest approved Regulations on Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T.VI. 3517.
21 On the application of general rules for the admission of minors to the Simbirsk Cadet Corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. VII. 4357.
22 On changing the rules for admitting incoming students to cadet corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. VII. 4770.
23 On the right to enter cadet corps as free external students of children of high ranks serving in military educational institutions (Circular on military educational institutions of 1890, No. 18) // Pedagogical collection. 1890. No. 8. Official part. P. 34.
24 Art. Chapter 11 II of the Highest approved Regulations on military schools // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. XIV. 11007.
25 Ibid. Art. 13.
26 Suryaev V.N. Officers of the Russian Imperial Army. 1900-1917. M.: “Russian Historical Society”, “Russian Panorama”, 2012. P. 17.
27 art. 2 Highly approved Rules on the admission to cadet corps of state-paid and self-paid interns and on the transfer of self-paid and incoming cadets on state support // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. XXVI. Part 1. 28159.
28 Children of class officials of all departments who died in the war or died from wounds received in battles also received the right to government education in cadet corps.
29 Order of the military department of October 26, 1912 No. 583 // Pedagogical collection. 1913. No. 2. Official part. pp. 15-18.
30 Order of the Military Department of November 15, 1912 No. 628 // Pedagogical collection. 1913. No. 5. Official part. P. 55.
31 On the establishment in Khabarovsk of the Count Muravyov-Amur Cadet Corps of 4 supernumerary self-employed vacancies for the sons of Cossacks of the unprivileged class of the Amur Cossack Army // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. XXXIII. Dept. 1st. 40706.
32 On changing the conditions for admission of students to the Marine Corps // PSZRI. Collection 3rd. T. XXXIII. Dept. 1st. 40543.
33 "Chuguevtsy". Historical and everyday collection of the association of the Chuguev Military School. Issue edited by I.A. Zybina. Belgrade, 1936 // GARF. F. R-6797. Op. 1. D. 2. L. 39 vol.
Grebenkin A.N., e-mail: [email protected]
Associate professor of the department of theory and history of state and law of the Russian Academy of National Economy and Civil Service under the President of the Russian Federation, Candidate of Historical Sciences (Russian Federation, Orel). The paper analyzes the rules of admission to Russian military schools in 1863-1917. The author discusses the main trends of social policy in the field of officer training as an example of change of requirements to social background and the level of applicants" knowledge entering military schools. RULES OF ADMISSION TO MILITARY SCHOOLS OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE IN 1863-1917 The article concludes that the government is moving away from the principle of "military school - for the gentry" and relies on the creation of the body of hereditary officers that would be constantly replenished with talented representatives of all classes.
Key words: Russian Empire, military education, military school, the nobility, officer.
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Military academies
Military schools
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Cadet Corps
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Schools and educational units
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Warrant Officer Schools
During WWII, in addition to the transfer of military and special schools to an accelerated course of training (3-4 months for infantry and 6 months for cavalry, artillery and engineering troops) with the production of those who completed the course to the rank of warrant officer, the following schools for training warrant officers were additionally opened:
Schools of the Petrograd Military District:- 1st Petrograd School of Ensigns (temporary)
- 2nd Petrograd School of Ensigns (temporary)
- 3rd Petrograd School of Ensigns (temporary)
- 4th Petrograd School of Ensigns (temporary)
- / / , from the summer of 1915 4th Tiflis School of Ensigns
- Petrograd (Ust-Izhora) School of Ensigns of Engineering Troops
Story
In Russia, the beginning of specialized military educational institutions (HEIs) was laid by Peter the Great, who in 1698 founded in Moscow the “School of Numbers and Land Surveying”, Pushkarsky Prikaz, then in 1701 the “School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences” to prepare young people for service in artillery, engineers and navy. In 1712, an “engineering school” for 100-150 students was opened there. In 1719, two schools were established in St. Petersburg: an artillery school and an engineering school, and then the Moscow engineering school was closed. Also, by the Decree of 1721, Garrison schools were established. In 1732, at the suggestion of Minich, an “Officer School” was opened in St. Petersburg, which, when the naval cadet corps was established in 1743, was renamed the “land cadet corps”; in 1766, the size of this corps was expanded to 800 students and it was given the name “Imperial Corps”, and in 1800 it was named the 1st Cadet Corps. The artillery and engineering schools, united in 1758 and transformed in 1762, were also renamed the artillery and engineering cadet corps, and in 1800 - the 2nd cadet corps. Emperor Paul I, even before ascending the throne, founded a military school in Gatchina in 1795, which was transformed 3 years later into the Imperial Military Orphanage, and in 1829 into the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps (in St. Petersburg). In 1802, the Corps of Pages was reorganized into a military educational institution. In 1807, a volunteer corps was founded, first from one battalion, and then from two, then called the “noble regiment”. In 1812, a Finnish topographical corps was established in the area of Gapaniemi (Kuopios province), transferred in 1819 to the city of Friedrichsgam and transformed into the Finnish cadet corps. In 1819, the engineering school founded in 1804 was renamed the Main Engineering School, as it became a higher engineering school as a result of the addition of officer classes in 1810, and in 1820 an artillery school was founded. In 1823, a school of guards ensigns consisting of one company was established under the guards corps, and in 1826 a squadron of guards cavalry cadets was formed under it. In addition, cadet corps gradually arose in different provinces, organized at the expense of the treasury or the local nobility, as well as donations from individuals (Arakcheev, Bakhtin, Neplyuev), so that in 1855, in addition to the above-mentioned eight Military Educational Institutions, there were 11 more cadet corps of the 1st class and 5 corps of the 2nd class. The first were divided into 3 courses: preparatory, general and special; the latter had only junior classes, and their students were transferred to 1st class buildings to complete their education. In 1855, in all these institutions there were up to 6,700 students, and the average annual graduation of officers was about 520 people. After the Eastern War of 1853-1866. It was recognized as necessary to reorganize military educational institutions in order to raise general educational requirements and place high school students in conditions as close as possible to military life, so that when they graduate as officers they are fully prepared for all the requirements of the service. For this purpose, special classes were separated from general ones with education from the first military schools with a purely military organization, and from the second - military gymnasiums, general education. Then, due to the fact that military educational institutions were not able to provide the army with all the number of officers it needed, more cadet schools were established, and military gymnasiums were established to prepare for entry into them. In addition, special schools of the military department were established (see Pyrotechnics School, Technical School, Weapons School, Topographers, Paramedics and Veterinary Paramedics). To unite all orders for military educational institutions and establish a uniform direction in them, already in 1805 a special council was established under the chairmanship of Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich. After his death (1831), Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich was appointed head of the page and cadet corps. In 1842, the “Regulations on the management of the chief head of military educational institutions” were published. In 1849, the heir to Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich, the future Tsar Alexander II, was appointed chief commander. Upon his accession, the main department was turned into the main headquarters of the E.I.V. for military educational institutions, and the chief of staff was given the rights of the chief commander of these institutions. In 1860, the title of chief head of military educational institutions was restored, and until 1863 it was held by Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich. In 1863, the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions was included in the Ministry of War.
By the end of 1881, a plan for new transformations had been developed. It was decided, among other things: 1) to restore the name of military gymnasiums as cadet corps, since it more accurately defines their direct purpose; 2) while preserving the general educational course and general principles of education established in these institutions, equalize them in the means of maintenance and give the entire structure of their internal life a character that would more fully meet the purpose of establishing preparatory military educational institutions; 3) from now on, fill the positions of educators exclusively with military officers and 4) leaving the previous division of pupils into groups by age and class, assign the names of companies to these groups with the establishment of the position of company commanders again. Military pro-gymnasiums are to be abolished, retaining only two of them (renamed “military schools”) specifically for the upbringing and basic education of minors who are removed from the corps due to incapacity or moral depravity.
In 1892, Russian Military educational institutions were divided into: 1) those under the jurisdiction of a special main department and 2) subordinate to other departments. The 1st group includes: a) the page corps of His Imperial V. and the Finnish cadet corps with general and military school courses; b) military schools, infantry: 1) Pavlovskoye, 2) Konstantinovskoye, 8) Aleksandrovskoye and cavalry Nikolaevskoye (at which a special Cossack hundred was formed in 1890), c) cadet corps 1st, 2nd, Aleksandrovsky, Nikolaevsky ( in St. Petersburg), 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th Moscow, Oryol Bakhtin, Petrovsky Poltava, Vladimir, Kiev, Mikhailovsky and Voronezh, Polotsk, Pskov, Nizhny Novgorod Count Arakcheev, Simbirsk, Orenburg Neplyuevsky , 2nd Orenburg, Siberian, Tiflis, Sumy and Donskoy; d) two military schools, in Yaroslavl and Volsk.
The 2nd group included: a) 4th military academies and 1st military medical academies (see Military academies); also schools: Mikhailovskoye Artillery and Nikolaev Engineering, which are under the jurisdiction of the corresponding main departments of the War Ministry; b) cadet schools: 8 infantry schools - in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Vilna, Kiev, Kazan, Chuguev, Odessa, Tiflis, and 2 cavalry schools - in Tver and Elisavetgrad; 1 for foot and horse cadets - in Irkutsk and 3 for Cossacks - in Novocherkassk, Stavropol and Orenburg. These schools are under the jurisdiction of the main headquarters, and the Cossack schools are under the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Cossack Troops; but in terms of training, all cadet schools are subordinated to the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions; c) military topographical school - under the jurisdiction of the General Staff; d) special schools of the artillery department: technical, pyrotechnic and 2 weapons (Tula and Izhevsk) - under the jurisdiction of the Main Artillery Directorate; e) artillery schools: Don (Novocherkassk) and Kuban (Maikop) - under the jurisdiction of the main directorate of the Cossack troops; f) military paramedic schools in St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv, Novocherkassk and Irkutsk and 8 paramedic schools at the Orenburg, Omsk and Tiflis military hospitals, as well as schools for veterinary paramedics at military veterinary hospitals under the jurisdiction of the Main Medical Directorate; g) 17 schools for soldiers’ children of the guard troops (with 8 infantry and 6 cavalry regiments and 3 rifle battalions) - under the jurisdiction of the guards. Finally, in 1888, 2 preparatory schools were established in Irkutsk and Khabarovsk, from where students, upon successful completion of the course, are transferred to the Siberian cadet corps. These schools are subordinate to local military commanders.
During the First World War of 1914-1918, numerous schools for accelerated training and retraining of officers and military specialists were organized.
In the period from 1865 to 2000 (we will limit ourselves to the end of the 20th century in this somewhat specific study) more than a dozen secondary, higher and academic military educational institutions functioned in Riga - what do we know about them, their teachers and cadets, about their buildings, barracks and other elements of everyday life?
Let's start with the Riga Infantry Junker School (1865 - 1886).
As part of the effort carried out by the Minister of War of the Russian Empire Dm. Milyutin's military reforms (carried out at the same time as other transformations under Emperor Alexander II) in the 60s of the 19th century opened military schools called cadets in every military district or significant part of the Empire. Therefore, in addition to the previously existing schools at the 4th Army Corps in Voronezh, at the 2nd Army Corps (School of Troops of the Kingdom of Poland) and in Finland (School of Troops located in Finland), the Vilna and Moscow Junker Schools were opened at the end of 1864 schools. In 1865, the Helsingfors (for 100 cadets), Warsaw, Kiev, Odessa, Chuguev, and Riga schools (for 200 cadets each), as well as the Tver and Elisavetgrad cavalry schools (for 60 and 90 cadets, respectively), were organized, and in 1866 - Kazan and Tiflis (for 200 cadets each). In 1867, the Orenburg School was formed for 200 people (including 120 Cossack officers from the Orenburg, Ural, Siberian and Semirechensk Cossack troops).
In 1868, the staff of the Tver school was increased to 90 cadets, the Elisavetgrad school - to 150, and the Helsingfors school was reduced to 90. In 1869, the staff of the Warsaw, Moscow, Kazan, Kiev and Chuguev schools was increased to 300 people, and two new schools were opened: Petersburg infantry for 200 cadets and Novocherkassk Cossack sergeant for 120 sergeants of the Don and Astrakhan Cossack troops. In 1870, the Stavropol School was added to them for 30 cadets and 90 officers of the Kuban and Terek Cossack troops. Thus, a network of cadet schools was created very quickly. If by the end of 1868 there were 13 schools for 2,130 people, then by the beginning of 1871 there were 16 schools for 2,670 infantry, 270 cavalry and 405 Cossack places (11 infantry for 2,590 people, 2 cavalry for 240, 2 mixed for 320.1 Cossack department for 120, as well as 2 Cossack departments for 75 people at the Warsaw and Vilna schools). In 1872, the Irkutsk cadet school was opened for 60 military officers and 30 infantry cadets. In 1878, the Stavropol and Orenburg schools were transformed into Cossack schools (since 1876, the Cossack department was also in the Elisavetgrad School); Cossack troops now had a total of 655 vacancies in cadet schools instead of 330 in 1871. The Helsingfors School was closed in 1879, and by 1880 there were 16 schools with a total staff of 4,500 people.
The cadet schools accepted graduates of military gymnasiums or corresponding civilian educational institutions, as well as volunteers; from 1869, non-commissioned officers conscripted could also enroll. The course consisted of two classes: junior general and senior special. The volume and content of special education were dictated by the knowledge and skills necessary to command a battalion. Upon completion of the course, the cadets returned to their regiment and were promoted to officers upon honoring their superiors. At the same time, those released under the 1st category were released after the camp training on the recommendation of the authorities, regardless of the presence of vacancies in the regiment, and those released under the 2nd category - only for vacancies. The program of cadet schools in the early 80s. changed, but only slightly. Their release in 1866-1879. ranged from 270 to 2836 people and totaled 16,731 people.
Junker schools by the 80s. XIX century basically satisfied the army's need for officers, and it became possible to increase the requirements for their educational training, which was considered insufficient. With the development of the network of cadet schools, the production as officers of persons who had not completed the training course was discontinued, but most of the officers were trained by cadet schools. Now the task was to provide education to as many officers as possible at the level of military schools. For this purpose, in 1886 it was decided to reduce the total staff of cadet schools from 4500 to 2800, but in reality it was reduced to 3620 people (Riga and Warsaw schools were closed). Since then, future army officers from the Baltic region had the opportunity to enter the Vilna Infantry Junker School (since 1910 - the Vilna Military School), where future Latvian military leaders usually entered, as well as the geographically close military schools of St. Petersburg and Moscow.
What was the difference between cadet and military schools?
The first military schools appeared in 1863, when the senior (special) classes of the cadet corps (except for the Page, Finland, Orenburg and Siberian) were consolidated into three military schools, which were named: the first - Pavlovsky, the second - Konstantinovsky and the third - Aleksandrovsky. In 1865, on the basis of the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers, the Nikolaev Cavalry School (for 200 cadets) was formed, and therefore, from 1866, graduation into the cavalry from other schools was stopped.
In the 1880s, the ratio of graduates from military and cadet schools was 26 and 74%. In the total number of graduates of cadet schools, those who had the 1st category made up a very small percentage, and the majority of those who received the 2nd category waited for many years with the rank of ensign for promotion to officers for vacancies in their unit, reaching the rank of warrant officer (later second lieutenant) then , when their peers from military schools managed to go far ahead on the career ladder. If in their service training and knowledge of the life of the lower ranks, ensigns graduating from cadet schools were for the most part superior to officers who graduated from military schools, then in their general education and theoretical military training they were significantly inferior to them, as a result of which the composition of officers in the infantry and cavalry troops was heterogeneous — among them we can distinguish those who graduated from the military and those who graduated from cadet schools. The latter were appointed to responsible positions as commanders of individual units relatively rarely; they usually ended their careers with the rank of lieutenant colonel.
It can be said that military schools located in the main military cities of the Russian Empire from ancient times (starting in particular from the School of the Pushkar Prikaz, the Gentry Cadet Corps, the Corps of Pages, the Tula Alexander Noble School and the School of Guards Ensigns) trained the officer elite, and the cadet schools were called to massively train a sufficient number of combat officers for the rapidly growing army, which was being transferred to a new recruitment system - instead of many years of service of relatively few recruits, the armies of all leading European states switched to recruitment by conscription, with the service of the maximum possible number of representatives of each year of birth for a limited time, thanks to why an army mobilization reserve was created from military-trained and conscripted soldiers and officers.
Among the graduates of the Riga Infantry Junker School, the life path of the son of a Latvian peasant I.I. is interesting and indicative. Krastynya:
KRASTYN Ivan Ivanovich (1863 - after 1915).
Commander of the 97th Livland Infantry Regiment in 1914 - 1915.
Born December 3, 1863. From the peasants of the Livonia Province. Lutheran confession.
Having received a general education at home, on May 27, 1883, he entered military service as a private as a volunteer of the 3rd category in the 97th Livland Infantry Regiment. On August 13, 1883 he was sent to the Riga Infantry Junker School. On September 3, he arrived at the school and was enrolled in the junior class. On July 22, 1884 he was transferred to the senior class. On December 18, 1884 he was promoted to non-commissioned officer. On August 2, 1885, after completing the 1st category college course, he was promoted to lieutenant officer.
On August 5 he arrived in Dinaburg to his regiment. On July 27, 1886 he was promoted to second lieutenant (seniority September 1, 1885). On January 15, 1888, he was appointed acting battalion adjutant (confirmed in the position on August 17). On March 2, 1890, he was promoted to lieutenant (seniority on September 1, 1889). On September 7, 1890, he was appointed head of weapons and acting as regimental quartermaster (confirmed in office on September 25). From November 28, 1893 to January 1, 1894, he was on a business trip to Oranienbaum at the Officer Rifle School. On February 20, 1894 he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd degree. He was also awarded medals - silver in memory of the Reign of Emperor Alexander III (March 17, 1896) and for his work on the population census (July 7, 1897). On April 15, 1897, he was promoted to staff captain (seniority March 15, 1897). On August 27, 1897, he was appointed commander of a non-combatant company of the regiment (he was confirmed in office on December 12). He was awarded prizes for excellent shooting on August 9, 1899 and August 11, 1900. On June 8, 1900, he was appointed commander of a combat company. On October 22, 1900, he was promoted to captain (seniority on May 6, 1900). On October 24, 1904, he was appointed acting superintendent of the 63rd Field Mobile Hospital. On November 5, 1904, he took over the hospital and on November 18, as part of the hospital, he went to the Far East. Did not take part in hostilities. For his labors and excellent and diligent service, he was awarded the Order of St. Anne, 3rd degree (June 2, 1905), St. Stanislav, 2nd degree (presented on October 10, 1905, awarded on April 13, 1906) and a dark bronze medal in memory of the war with Japan (January 21, 1906). On May 15, 1906, upon the disbandment of the hospital, he was sent back to the regiment. On May 15, 1906, he was appointed commander of the 11th company, on June 20 - acting head of the economy, on July 23 - commander of the 4th company, on November 10 - commander of the 15th company. From October 10, 1907 to February 8, 1908, he was sent as part of a regiment to Vindavu, Courland Province, to pacify the Baltic Region. On April 8, 1909, he was appointed commander of the 3rd company. On April 24, 1909, for distinguished service, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel (seniority on April 11, 1909). From October 4 to October 14, 1909, according to a secret order from the head of the 25th Infantry Division, he was on a business trip to the city of Mogilev.
In 1914 he was promoted to colonel. In this rank he served as part of the regiment during the Great War. In August 1914, he distinguished himself in the very first battles in East Prussia (Battle of Gumbinen). For distinguished service in cases against the enemy in East Prussia, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree with swords and bow (November 1914). In the fall of 1914, he was appointed temporary commander of the regiment. In January 1915, he distinguished himself with the regiment in multi-day battles for the village of Gumin, for which he was awarded the Arms of St. George (October 8, 1915). By the summer of 1915, he commanded the 1st battalion of the regiment in Poland. In the fall of 1915, he was appointed commander of the 443rd Sosnisky Infantry Regiment. (RGVIA, fund 409, inventory 1, d. 2430).
Pavlovsk Military School (1894−6 November 1917) - infantry military school of the Russian Empire, in St. Petersburg. The school's temple holiday is May 21, the day of remembrance of Saints Equal to the Apostles Constantine and Helen. School holiday - December 23. Created in August 1863 by decree of Emperor Alexander II from special classes of the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps, which donated its banner to the school. The future Minister of War, Major General Pyotr Semyonovich Vannovsky, was appointed head of the school.
Cadet of the 1st Cadet Corps. 1914
Chamber-page in a court uniform. 1900s
Juncker of the Pavlovsk School in the portrait hall. 1908.
Pupils of the 1st Cadet Corps at ballroom dancing classes. 1910s
Head of the Nikolaev Military Academy D.G. Shcherbachev with his son. 1909
Lieutenant General A.N. Kuropatkin with his son. 1910
Members of the British delegation on the occasion of the accession to the throne of King George V and their entourage in the park in front of the side facade of the Winter Palace. 1910 
V.D. Butovsky - aide-de-camp, chairman of the examination committee, member of the Pedagogical Committee of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions. 1913 
Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk Military School on August 25, 1913. Pole vaulting
Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk Military School on August 25, 1913. Demonstration of bayonet fighting skills. 
Celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk Military School on August 25, 1913. Overcoming barbed wire barriers. 
Junker of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School during field exercises. Red Village. 1913
Officer's Court of Honor of the Life Guards of the 1st Artillery Brigade. 1913
Band of the Naval Guards crew on the parade ground before entering the parade. May 1912
A group of officers of the Life Guards Jaeger Regiment on the day of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Kulm. 1913
Marine guards crew. Officers in a car on Palace Square. 1914
Reception hall of the Smolny Institute. Among the visitors are students of military educational institutions. 1913.
Chief of the 3rd Elisavetgrad Hussar Regiment, Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna with the wives of the regiment officers. Peterhof. August 5, 1913. 
Performance by the orchestra of the 4th Imperial Infantry Battalion on the stage of the Lower Park in Peterhof. 1913. 
Minister of the Imperial Court and Appanages Count V.B. Fredericks in the uniform of the Life Guards Horse Regiment. 1913
A group of officers of the 8th Ulan Voznesensky regiment of Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna in front of the large Peterhof Palace. August 5, 1913 
Before departure. Gatchina aviation school. 1913.
Military airplane competition. Aviators I.I. Sikorsky (right), Lieutenant General N.V. Kaultbars (center) in the world's first multi-engine airplane "Russian Knight". 1913 
Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich and the commander of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment, Major General S.V. Evreinov. 1914
Sergeant of the Siberian Fifty of the Third Hundred of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment in ceremonial uniform. 1914 
Fanfarists of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. 1914
Monument to the commander-in-chief of the Russian army on the Danube, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (senior) on Manezhnaya Square in St. Petersburg on the day of its opening on January 13, 1914 
Baron P.N. Wrangel. 1914
Naval Minister Admiral, Adjutant General I.K. Grigorovich (center) with engineers of the Baltic Shipyard. 1914
Major General, commander of his own e.i.v. convoy, Prince Yu.I. Trubetskoy. 1914
Infantry General A.A. Brusilov. 1914
A platoon of palace grenadiers on Palace Square. 1914
A platoon of mounted officers and a cadet of the Nikolaev Cavalry School during a horse riding exercise. 1914
Head of the Academy, Major General D.G. Shcherbakov with a group of professors and teachers. 1914
Emperor Nicholas II and King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony walk around the guard of honor of the Life Guards Cuirassier Regiment at the Tsarskoye Selo station. June 7, 1914 
A group of officers and soldiers with relatives before being sent to the active army. 1916
House of the Army and Navy. A group of officers on the stairs. March 1916
