Human - this is a generic concept that indicates the relation of a being to the highest degree of development of living nature - to the human race. The concept of "man" affirms the genetic predetermination of the development of actually human features and qualities.
Individual is a single representative of the species "homo sapiens". As individuals, people differ from each other not only in morphological features (such as height, bodily constitution and eye color), but also in psychological properties (abilities, temperament, emotionality).
Individuality - this is the unity of the unique personal properties of a particular person. This is the originality of his psychophysiological structure (type of temperament, physical and mental characteristics, intellect, worldview, life experience).
Personality (from Latin persona - person) is a human individual who is the subject of conscious activity, possessing a set of socially significant features, properties and qualities that he implements in public life (a person with socially significant qualities).
The ratio of individuality and personality is determined by the fact that these are two ways of being a person, two of his different definitions. The discrepancy between these concepts is manifested, in particular, in the fact that there are two different processes of the formation of personality and individuality.
The formation of a personality is a process of socialization of a person, which consists in the development of a generic, social essence. This development is always carried out in the concrete historical circumstances of a person's life. The formation of personality is connected with the acceptance by the individual of social functions and roles developed in society, social norms and rules of behavior, with the formation of skills to build relationships with other people. A formed personality is a subject of free, independent and responsible behavior in society.
The formation of individuality is the process of individualization of an object. Individualization is the process of self-determination and isolation of the individual, its isolation from the community, the design of its separateness, uniqueness and uniqueness. A person who has become an individual is an original person who has actively and creatively manifested himself in life.
In the concepts of "personality" and "individuality" various aspects, different dimensions of the spiritual essence of a person are fixed. The essence of this difference is well expressed in the language. With the word "personality" such epithets as "strong", "energetic", "independent" are usually used, thereby emphasizing its active representation in the eyes of others. Individuality is said to be "bright", "unique", "creative", referring to the qualities of an independent entity.
Man, as a biosocial being, is multifaceted: he can interact with other people and perform different roles. In social science, there are several concepts related to a person. Let's learn briefly about a person, an individual, a person.
Man, on the one hand, is a biological species that has the characteristics of an animal. On the other hand, he is a social being and develops only in society.
Mowgli, the hero of the work of R. Kipling, lived among wolves. Such cases also happened in life, but children who lived among animals had difficulty returning to human society, had a developmental lag, did not know how to talk, it was no longer possible to teach them what their peers could do.
Let's understand the concepts and identify the correlation of concepts - a person, an individual, a personality, an individuality.
- Individual - a single individual. This concept denotes a person as a living being of a given species, without highlighting his social qualities;
- Personality - a person who has the qualities acquired by him in the process of life, who knows how to interact with other people;
- Individuality - a person with special qualities of character, unique, distinguishing him from other people.
Personality
The first and most important quality inherent in a person is consciousness, that is, an understanding of one's activities, the ability to set goals, dream, and reflect one's attitude to the world around.
Personality traits:
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- awareness of oneself in society, one's "I";
- the ability to engage in various activities (depending on age - play, learning, work);
- the ability to acquire the knowledge and skills necessary for successful activity.
All people are individuals, but there are those who do not meet the requirements of society: a criminal personality, an undeveloped personality, and so on.
Respect for the individual. Society approves or condemns the individual.
Your attitude depends on:
- from human labor;
- from the attitude to the surrounding world;
- from their evaluation of themselves.
Individuality
Each person is an individual. It is unique in nature and different from other people :
- appearance: physique, eye and hair color, facial features;
- character traits: someone is active, talks a lot, needs communication and friends, and someone loves loneliness;
- abilities for a particular activity: singing or music, drawing, sports.
Strong personality
Often in society there are people who are called strong personalities. They are characterized by the ability to give up personal interests in favor of other people, their homeland, to overcome serious difficulties.
Ludwig van Beethoven, a world-famous composer, lost his hearing early, and then his eyesight, but despite this, he continued to compose music and share it with others. Now his works do not lose popularity, but few people know that their author wrote, literally feeling the music.
What have we learned?
The concepts of man, individual, personality, individuality are united by the fact that they all characterize people as biological and social beings with natural properties and qualities acquired in the process of life and interaction with other members of society. Such a system of concepts helps to streamline the properties of a person and consider him from different angles. An individual is a biological being, one of all people. Personality - possessing a number of social qualities. Individuality is a set of properties and features that is unique in nature. Each person is an individual, personality and individuality.
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Target: to give an idea of the concepts of "man", "individual", "personality"
Tasks:
Educational:
- To characterize the concepts of individual, individuality, personality;
- Reveal the correlation of biological and social conditions for personality development
Developing:
- Contribute to the development of skills in working with the text of the textbook, analysis and generalization
- proposed material
Educational:
- Contribute to the education of respect for the person, the individual.
- Man, approaches to his study.
- Individual and individuality (originality of human manifestations)
- Personality.
Type of lesson: lesson learning new material.
Technology: IT, problem-based learning method
Equipment: computer, multimedia projector
Basic concepts: person, individual, individuality, personality
Homework: paragraph 2, write an essay on the topic “Man is unthinkable outside of society” L.N. Tolstoy
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
2. Checking homework.
Students read poems on a given topic.
Frontal survey on topics covered
Sample questions:
1. What is a society?
2. What areas of public life do you know?
3. Are the spheres of public life interconnected (examples)
3. Introductory conversation
Lesson topic announcement
Setting the goal of the lesson: to characterize the concepts: a person, an individual, a person, to identify the relationship between biological and social conditions for the development of a person.
4. Man, approaches to his study.
In modern science, there are over 800 disciplines that study man and society. Biology, genetics, medicine, psychology, history, sociology are just some of them. Despite the many scientific disciplines, there is still a lot of controversial and unknown in the origin and nature of man and society.
The first man appeared on Earth approximately 2.5 - 3 million years ago. Together with the first people, human society inevitably arose.
Let's take a look at the concept of "person". Who is such a person? (student answers)
Man is an integral biosocial being. At the same time, an organism in a number of other organisms (a representative of Homo sapiens), the creator and bearer of the culture of human society.
There are many theories about the origin of man. Let's get acquainted with some of them.
The main theories of the origin of man
1. To date, many adherents have the theory divine origin, or theological. Within five days, God created light and peace. On the sixth day God created man:
26. And God said, Let us make man in our image, in our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.
27. And God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.
The Koran, the holy book of Muslims, says that Allah created the world with the help of the life-giving word “kun” (“be”). The creation of heaven and earth took two days. It took four days to create what is on Earth. God created the first man from the dust of the earth, “from ringing clay”. God "created him with a better constitution and breathed soul into him."
In Judaism, God is the creator of all things. Brahma created brahmins (priests) from his mouth, kshatriyas (warriors) from his mighty hands, vaishyas (farmers) from his stomach, and sudras (servants) from dusty feet. These are the four main castes in Indian society.
All peoples of the world have their own legends about the creation of the world and man by higher powers.
2. The development of astronautics, the popularity of science fiction, the inability of science to immediately answer many important questions, interest in the paranormal - all this contributed to the emergence ufological theory(from UFO - the English abbreviation for UFO). The essence of the theory is the assumption of the settlement of the Earth by aliens from outer space.
Man almost simultaneously appeared in Central Europe, North America and Southeast Asia, i.e. in regions separated by very large distances. On the walls of the Temple of the Sun in Central America, on the Egyptian pyramids, on the walls of the Sumerian temples, ancient images of aircraft similar to modern spaceships were found.
Natural science (materialistic) theories are associated primarily with the names of Ch. Darwin and F. Engels.
By the beginning of the 19th century, a huge amount of factual material had been accumulated in botany and zoology, which needed to be systematized. New evolutionary theory and it was created. This was done by Charles Robert Darwin. In 1859 he published The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.... The main scientific merit of Darwin is that he identified the driving factor of evolution - natural selection: the preservation, the survival of the fittest organisms in the struggle for existence. Natural selection is based on variation and heredity. But Darwin's theory did not answer the question why man differs from monkeys in upright posture, developed forelimbs, and a large brain volume.
Adherents labor theory agreed that the appearance of the above differences was due to the systematic activity in the manufacture and use of tools, at first primitive, and then more and more perfect. In his work “The role of labor in the process of turning a monkey into a man,” F. Engels concluded: “Labor made a man out of a monkey.” It was under the influence of labor activity and the manufacture of labor tools that such qualitative characteristics of a person as consciousness, speech were formed, various forms of human community developed.
Today there are facts that cannot be explained by this theory. For example, tool making skills are not written into the genes. Each new generation learns again the skills of labor activity.
Anomaly theory was put forward in 1903 by the Russian biologist I.I. Mechnikov in the book “Etudes on the Nature of Man”. Mechnikov writes: “From the sum of all known data, we have the right to conclude that man represents a halt in the development of the anthropoid ape of an earlier era. He is something like a monkey "freak" not from an aesthetic, but purely from a zoological point of view. Man can be considered as an “extraordinary” child of great apes, a child born with a much more developed brain and mind than his parents ... An abnormally large brain, enclosed in a voluminous skull, allowed the rapid development of mental abilities much more powerful than those of his parents ... We know that sometimes extraordinary children are born, differing from their parents in some new, very developed abilities ... We have to admit that some types of organisms do not obey slow development, but appear suddenly, and that in this case nature makes a significant leap. Man probably owes his origin to such a phenomenon.
At that time, the anomaly theory was not widely used. But in the 1960s, the situation changed. Data have accumulated on the impact on a person and even on his genetic code of magnetic anomalies and fluctuations in solar activity. A radiation anomaly has been discovered on the alleged ancestral home of mankind. As a result of volcanic activity several million years ago, the earth's crust broke up in the places of occurrence of uranium ores and the radiation background increased. The monkeys living in this area may have given birth to various mutants, including those who were physically weak, but had a relatively large brain. Trying to survive, the mutants began to use different tools and probably evolved to modern man. But there are no facts that absolutely confirm these assumptions.
Thus, the mystery of the origin of man is still very far from being solved.
Which theory do you think is the most convincing? Why? (student answers)
Nevertheless, two approaches to the study of man can be distinguished.
Undoubtedly, man is an amazing and immensely interesting creature. Since ancient times, man has tried to find out his nature, essence.
Filling in the table “Philosophical search for the essence of man” (working with the text of the textbook)
| Philosophical systems | Statements about the essence of man |
| 1. Ancient philosophy of the East | Man is part of nature Man is part of the Great Triad |
| 2. Philosophy of antiquity | Man is a spiritual and bodily being Man is the measure of everything The nature of man is determined by his soul and body |
| 3. Christian philosophy of the Middle Ages | Man is the image and likeness of God |
| 4. Philosophy of the Renaissance | The beauty of man is consistent with the beauty of the divine Human creativity is limitless |
| 5. Philosophy of the 17th century | “I think, therefore I exist” R. Descartes |
| 6. Philosophy of the Enlightenment | Man is the creator of spiritual life, culture, the bearer of the universal ideal principle - spirit or mind |
| 7. Philosophy of I. Kant | Man is a creature belonging to two different worlds - natural necessity and moral freedom. |
| 8. Humanistic philosophy of the 19th century | Introduction to the science of the concepts of individuality and personality. |
It can be assumed that this table is not complete, because the search for the essence of man continues.
4. Individual and individuality
How often one hears about a person who stands out among others: “He is an individuality!”. Close in sound and origin to this word is the concept of “individual”. In everyday speech, these words are used as equivalent. However, science distinguishes them in meaning. Let's consider these differences.
1. a single representative of the entire human race;
2. man - as one of the people.
For the first time the concept of "individual" was used in his writings by the ancient Roman scientist and politician Cicero. From the Greek "atom" - an individual.
The term “individuality” makes it possible to characterize the differences of a person from other people, implying not only the appearance, but also the totality of socially significant qualities.
Individuality is the unique originality of a person, a set of his unique properties.
Each person is individual, although the degree of this originality may be different. Examples: Leonardo da Vinci, Nicolo Machiavelli.
5. Personality. The concept of "personality" is inextricably linked with the social properties of a person.
Personality -
1. the human individual as a subject of relations and conscious activity;
2. a stable system of socially significant features that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society.
Approaches to the study of personality:
1. Through the essential (most important for understanding a person) characteristics: a) a person is an active participant in his actions;
b) other people's assessment of a person's personality in accordance with the norms;
c) self-esteem.
2. Through a set of functions, roles.
The study of personality through role characteristics necessarily implies a person's connection with social relations, dependence on them.
Thus, the concept of "personality" is connected with the concept of "society".
6. Summing up.
So, in the course of the lessons, we got acquainted with the concepts of a person, an individual, a personality, revealed the correlation of biological and social conditions for the development of a personality.
7. Reflection. Working with basic concepts.
1. Knowledge of the term “individual”
From the list of words below, choose one that fits this sentence.
A person as a separate representative of the human community, a carrier of individually special features is called:
b) the figure;
c) an individual;
d) a person;
e) personality.
2. On the knowledge of the main features that characterize the personality:
From the list of signs, select those that characterize a person as a person:
a) the winner of the erudite contest;
b) a tall person;
c) the “soul” of the team;
d) ready to help at any moment
8. Grading, announcement of homework.
