Before considering the concept of relationships in psychology, we would like to consider such concepts as personality and individual in psychology.
Personality is one of the basic categories of psychological science. In order to understand what a personality is and highlight the main properties that make it possible to describe the mental make-up of a personality, it is necessary to consider this concept as follows: "individual - subject of activity - personality - individuality" in the classical notebook of concepts proposed by B.G. Ananyev that describes a person in in general.
The concept of "individual" embodies the generic identity of a person. An individual can be considered a newborn, and an adult at the stage of savagery, and a highly educated inhabitant of a civilized country.
The psychological relations of a person in a developed form represent an integral system of individual, selective conscious connections of a person with various aspects of objective reality. Relationships connect a person not so much with the external aspects of things as with the object itself as a whole, although in relation to an object or person, different sides can be revealed in connection with different sides, for example, negative and positive properties of the object. Since the properties of the object exist for everyone, and the actions and experiences caused by the object in different people are selective and different, it is obvious that the source of the features of experience and action lies in the individual, in the person as the subject of relations, in connection with the peculiarity of his individual experience.
Studying a person from the position of his relations, we establish his meaningful connections with the surrounding objective reality. Can't be treated at all. Relations oblige to consider their objects. According to what has just been said, one of the important problems of psychology in general, and the psychology of relations in particular, is the further development of a system of concepts and questions of structure in the field of mental formations, in particular in the field of relations.
Being a product of the natural and socio-historical development of man, his relationship to reality requires not only a psychological characterization, but a physiological and socio-historical explanation. The natural basis of these relations is explained by comparative biology, physiology, and especially by IP Pavlov's teaching on higher nervous activity. The basis of the socio-historical understanding of human relations is historical materialism and the facts and provisions covered by it of the general history of the development of mankind, the history of culture and scientific anthropology.
A number of relations appear in a person as relatively independent formations. This, first of all, should include interests, assessments and beliefs.
Considering a person in the totality of his relationships and relationships with the outside world, we consider him as a person. VN Myasishchev said on this occasion that the psychology of impersonal processes should be replaced by the psychology of personality activity.
In order to understand a person in the diversity of his relationship to the world around him and to himself, in order to find the origins and understand the direction of his activity, it is necessary to determine the place, the position that this person occupies in the world. The approach to a person as a person is connected, first of all, with a view of a person as a unit of society (social individual), determined by its place in the social structure. The fundamental feature that distinguishes a person from an animal as a biological individual, a unit of a species, is sociality, belonging to society, society.
Thus, the starting point in considering the personality is its social status, inclusion in the system of social relations.
The relationship plays an essential role in the nature of the interaction process and, in turn, represents the result of the interaction. Those experiences that arise in the process of interaction strengthen, destroy or reorganize relationships. The critical turning point in the relationship is the “explosion”, which was so vividly described and made an essential link in the re-education of the personality of A. S. Makarenko.
Under conditions of free interaction, true relationships can manifest themselves, but under conditions that inhibit or suppress, in conditions of lack of freedom and dependence of one person on another, relations in interaction do not appear, but are hidden and masked.
The subject of relations can be a variety of human activities. There are many transitions from disgust to passionate enthusiasm for activity, and along with a direct relationship, there can also be an indirect one. The direct relationship is determined by the attitude to the process, to the goal and environment of the activity; it is also determined by that psycho-physiological state, which is characterized as an active or passive state. From all this, a direct active-positive relation of the need for activity is formed.
The problem of motivation, as is known, has attracted and continues to attract attention by its connection not only with the problem of will, but also with the study of all human activity. The main motives characteristic of this relationship are the motives of duty or generally moral - motives of honor, attitude towards the person for whom this or that activity is carried out, motives of public benefit, objective necessity or personal benefit. The complex combination of moments that form an attitude can be defined as the structure of an attitude.
Relationships are sometimes viewed as a stereotype. However, as you know, the dynamic stereotype, or otherwise the attitude, is completely determined by past experience. A conscious attitude, growing out of the past, focuses on the prospects of the future. Therefore, it cannot be identified either with a stereotype or with an attitude.
Some psychologists understand relations one-sidedly, as only socio-ethical; meanwhile, these latter represent, although important, but, of course, still not the only part of relations. The study of the correlation of the psyche and somatics shows that a violation of human relations can lead to serious violations of the entire vital activity of the organism. Of course, this takes into account the features of the type of higher nervous activity of a person, understanding it not only in the physiological, but also in the psychological sense, his temperament and character (see also R. L. Zachepitsky and E. K. Yakovleva, E. E. Plotnikov).
So, society creates personality. The individual and society do not oppose each other as two interacting forces. The individual is a member of society and its product.
The relationship "individual-society" is the relationship of generation, formation of personality by society. And at the same time, the generation, formation and development of personalities (historically defined types of personality) is a necessary "component" of the very process of development of society.
Social relations exist (develop and consolidate) in the form of a certain organization of the processes of production, exchange and consumption, certain social institutions, laws, norms and rules.
For a specific person, the organization of the processes of production, exchange, consumption, social institutions, norms exist in the actions of other people in relation to her and in her own actions in relation to other people.
Social relations are manifested at the individual level of a person's social being not as some abstractions or forces standing above people, but as the actions of the bearers of these relations - living concrete people. For the individual, other people act as the personification of social relations. Thus, individual A cannot relate to individual B as the bearer of certain social relations without some (any) social function for A taking on the bodily form of B, his actions, deeds, behavior in general.
On the other hand, in the actions and deeds of the individual, his position, his role and place in the system of social relations is revealed.
The problem of relationships was first posed in Russian psychology by A.F. Lazursky in connection with the study of character, and later V.N. Myasishchev developed a psychological concept that gives a theoretical interpretation of the main forms and types of these relationships. Note that the direction of Lazursky-Myasishchev in the psychological succession of personality began to form somewhat earlier (1917) similar in some aspects to the direction of Western psychology, which posed the problem of attitudes (aiiitude) - a concept close to the concept of "attitude" (R. Likert, R. L. Shank, La Pierre).
The most complex and most dynamic relationship of man to the world around him is expressed in his mental activity.
The psychological relations of a person in a developed form represent an integral system of individual, selective, conscious connections of a person with various aspects of objective reality.
Approaching the analysis of mental activity and meeting with different properties of the human psyche, we are faced, first of all, with the question of their relative role, their connections with each other, as well as the unity that, hiding behind diversity, warns us against views on personality. , as a mosaic of individual properties. In developing this question, we have long put forward the concept of psychic relations, the decisive importance of which is proved by everyday practice in all areas, but is not sufficiently reflected in the psychological literature.
Relations connect a person with all aspects of reality, but with all their diversity, three main categories can be established: 1) natural phenomena or the world of things, 2) people and social phenomena, 3) the subject-personality itself. It cannot be emphasized that the perception of nature is mediated by social experience, and a person's attitude towards himself is connected with his attitude towards other people and their attitude towards him. Therefore, for the typology of characters, of paramount importance are the features of relationships with people, one-sidedly understood as the antagonism of the personal and the public by such authors as Adler, Künkel and others.
Temperament, or, according to I. P. Pavlov, the general type of higher nervous activity, is reflected in all aspects of the personality, its behavior and activity. Temperament is not only the dynamics of reactions, but also the dynamics of relationships. Indifference and passion, stability and instability are manifested both in reactions and in relationships. The idea that relationships turn into character traits (see: V. N. Myasishchev, 1930; B. G. Ananiev, 1947) means that relationships, acquiring stability, severity, greater significance, become characteristic of the individual. In this sense, they become character traits, while remaining relationships.
The problem of character, as you know, is closely related to the problem of temperament, and temperament manifests itself most of all in the dynamics of reactions, i.e. in excitability, pace, strength of reactions, in general psychological tone, which affects mood.
However, here, too, the manifestations of strength, excitability, and the rate of reactions do not have the same effect in different directions and are determined by the attitude towards the object or circumstance that was the reason for the reaction.
Considering that the dynamic characteristics are different at the poles of active and indifferent relations, we must, of course, not forget that human reactions already early lose their directly affective-dynamic character and are intellectually mediated.
The dynamic individual psychological properties of temperament are, at the level of a developed character, a “removed” form, the driving forces of which are determined by a conscious attitude.
Thus, a correct understanding of the structure of character, its level, dynamics and functional characteristics is possible only from the standpoint of the psychology of relationships.
A person is inextricably linked with society, with other people. These connections, acting as the conditions and environment of his life, form his spiritual world, behavior. Intra-family relations act in the form of interpersonal relations carried out in the process of direct communication.
Interpersonal communication is one of the socio-psychological mechanisms of personality formation. The need for it is universal in nature and is the fundamental highest social need of man. It is in the process of communication that a person acquires the skills of speech and thinking, objective actions, masters the basics of human experience in various areas of life, learns and assimilates the rules of human relationships, the qualities inherent in people, their aspirations and ideals, gradually embodying the moral foundations of life experience in their own activities. Thus, intra-family relations are the most important factor in turning a person into an active participant in social and cultural life; they become a model in his further contacts with others.
Henry James
The psychology of relations between people has always been, is and remains one of the most important, most significant topics for the vast majority of people. This, without exaggeration to say, is an eternal topic in which each of us, regardless of with whom and how he is going to build relationships, must understand very well. After all, our satisfaction with ourselves and our lives depends on how we build our relationships with other people, and to put it even more thoroughly, our happiness will depend on this. Therefore, dear readers, I recommend that you pay special attention to this topic. In this article, I will share with you very useful and valuable knowledge about the psychology of relationships that will help you improve your relationships with other people and save you from many unnecessary mistakes in this difficult matter. You will also learn how to build new, good, desired relationships with anyone you want. And this is guaranteed to change your life for the better and make you happier people. So let's study together this eternal and important topic for all of us.
Well, let's start. And to begin with, let's look at the psychology of relationships as broadly as possible in order to fully realize the range of its possibilities. Dear readers, please note that the ability to build relationships, normal, useful relationships with other people is the key to success, well, if not in all cases, then in most cases for sure. Just think how much of everything in our life, including our internal state, depends on relationships with people. Even if there are not very many of these people in your life, but those with whom you communicate and interact are definitely important to you, and they inevitably influence and quite strongly on you and your life. Therefore, your relationship with them should be, let's say, more or less normal, and even better, good. And these relationships depend on you no less than on them. In general, I believe that each of us should take responsibility for relationships with other people. After all, this is so important - to be able to build relationships and maintain them in such a way as to receive from them not only benefit, but also pleasure. To do this, we must take responsibility for this ability on ourselves. Do you agree with me? I'm sure you agree. That is why, I believe that every person should be interested in the psychology of relationships. After all, people are such complex creatures, they have such a rich and mysterious inner world that it’s so easy, without special knowledge, to build with them, well, if not ideal, then at least more or less normal, satisfying your needs and desires, very not easy.
I also want to tell you that the psychology of relationships should be studied not only from books or articles like this one, but from your own life experience. Friends, learn to draw deep conclusions from your relationships with other people - remember that everything that happens in your life happens so that you learn something. Every event in your life, whether good or bad, is a lesson you need to learn. You can benefit from your own life no less than from many of the smartest books, you just need to be very attentive to everything that happens to you and think about it. And as for knowledge, there are many, many, so many that your life will not be enough to master even a small part of them. Therefore, try to choose those that are closest to your life. And relationships with people - with the opposite sex, with parents, with children, with friends, with bosses and with subordinates, and so on - this, in my opinion, and I hope in your opinion too, is a very close to life skill. Therefore, knowledge related to it must be obtained at the expense of many other knowledge, on which your life depends to a much lesser extent. After all, the most important thing in our life and in particular in relations with people is attention, our attention with you. The quality and success of our life with you will depend on who and what we give it to the most. You will pay attention to, let's say, the wrong knowledge and the wrong people, you will become [or remain] unhappy, dissatisfied people with your life. And start giving it to what is needed and to those who need it - everything will be fine with you. I hope you understand and agree with me. Well, now let's talk about the psychology of relationships in more detail.
The meaning of relationships
In everything in this life there must be a meaning, because it is in everything, but we do not always see and understand it. There is this meaning in relationships with different people, but for each of us it can be different, depending on our needs and desires. This is not important, your vision and understanding of this meaning is important. From my point of view, the meaning of any relationship is joy, harmony, peace, love and happiness, no matter what you see it in. Also, with the help of relationships with other people, including with the opposite sex, we satisfy our various needs, both physical and spiritual. In fact, the satisfaction of these needs makes us happy people. But here it is important to understand that the most important thing in relations between people is not to take, but to give. This is the meaning of relationships - to give people joy, to give them love, to make them happy. You can always take what is yours, but giving back is much more difficult. Those who prefer only to take can never build serious, strong, reliable, long-term, happy relationships with other people. You've probably noticed this, perhaps even in your own example. How often do we see how people make claims to each other because they lack something or want something, completely without thinking about the other person, about their partner, friend, comrade, just a random acquaintance. Is it nice to be with such people? Do you want to do something for them? Is it possible to fully open up to them? After all, we see that they do not care about us, they just want to get something from us and are not going to give us anything in return.
Now let's think about what the essence of the relationship is. From the foregoing, we can conclude that we need, as far as possible, to get to know and converge with such people with whom we can build normal relationships in order to receive benefit and pleasure from them, in order to fully enjoy life, achieve our goals, successfully overcome difficulties in order to generally live their fate happily. Without normal relationships with normal people who you can trust, who you can rely on, with whom you can share the most intimate - you simply will not be able to live a full life and fully enjoy it. Thus, the essence of relationships is pleasure and benefit, as well as the opportunity to fully open up next to another person. May not you be able to build relationships with all people that will help you fully open up, because not all people can be allowed into your soul, but only those who deserve it, who can brighten it, and not spoil it. But as for the benefit, it can be extracted from relationships with all people, whatever they may be. Benefit, but not pleasure - keep that in mind.
Relationships can be different, depending on who you are building them with and for what purpose. But if we are talking about such relationships that should fully satisfy us, then it is quite obvious that they should be built only with worthy people. Let there be few of them, and there should be few of them, the main thing is that they be people with whom you will feel good, to whom you can entrust the most intimate thing that is inside you. And, as we found out above, these should be people to whom you can give a part of yourself, for whom you can do good, with all your heart, and not be afraid that they will use your kindness against you. After all, it is pointless to give something to those people who can only grab and give nothing in return, who perceive someone else's kindness as a weakness that they seek to take advantage of. Therefore, it is pointless to build relationships with such people, expecting from them something special, something sublime, something reliable and eternal, which they are simply not able to give you. Born to crawl, he cannot fly. So don't expect more from some people than they can. And you don’t need to give them anything - you don’t need to throw pearls in front of those who trample it. Look for the right people for the kind of relationship you want and need. But do not forget that they need the same worthy people as themselves. Let's say relationships with the opposite sex are only as strong as how well people fit together. You cannot find a good husband by being a bad wife, or a good wife by being a bad husband. And if people who do not correspond to each other do converge, then one of them will certainly begin to suffer. I saw in my life a lot of incompatible couples, and I knew that the relationship between these people would not be long, that the time would come and this whole, initially shaky structure would collapse, which later happened. You have to be able to choose the people you want to build with them - normal relationships, the kind of relationships you need, rather than trying to change people to fit your needs. And you yourself must correspond to the person with whom you are applying for a relationship. And only then can we talk about such things as respect, love, understanding, and so on, which gives a person pleasure from relationships with other people, and in which we see the essence of relationships. As for the benefit, as I said, it can be obtained from relationships with any people, you just need to find the right approach to them in order to extract this very benefit from them.
I don’t know what kind of relationship each of you, dear readers, needs at the moment, but I want to say that building a serious, reliable, lasting and generally successful relationship always comes down to building a kind of system, and a rather complex system, which will reflect your personal qualities, and the qualities of those people with whom you build these relationships. To build this system, you need to have the necessary high personal qualities, which naturally need to be developed in yourself, first of all in yourself. And only then these qualities must be sought in other people. After all, a serious relationship between people is a high degree of organization of these people, requiring them to be responsible, decency, discipline, honesty, openness and many other higher human qualities. Therefore, building normal relationships can sometimes be very difficult if you and those with whom you are trying to build them are not sufficiently developed. You and I know that some people, for various reasons, can only squabble among themselves. They, to their own regret, do not know how to build normal relations with each other, for them this is an impossible task. Such people often conflict, always try to use each other and often betray people close to them. They don't know anything else. Therefore, in order to build, let's say, great relationships, you need to develop as a person, to be aimed at understanding, first of all, yourself, your behavior, your motives, desires, weaknesses. This will help to understand other people better, and what is especially important, thanks to this, a person will become tolerant of many undesirable phenomena in life, because of which he instinctively goes into conflict with others. After all, the less a person understands, the more he may dislike and the more conflict he may be. Relations with people need understanding and patience, then they will be stable.
The purpose of the relationship
The purpose of a relationship determines its meaning. We talked about the meaning of relationships above, now let's talk about what goals you can pursue by building relationships with different people and how the psychology of relationships can help you with this. The goals of the relationship can be very different, and therefore, the relationship can also be different. For some, relationships with other people, and in particular with the opposite sex, is a desire to get their own without giving anything in return, but for someone, this is a mutually beneficial exchange when people help each other satisfy various needs, when they are useful to each other. Well, someone wants to maintain just normal, friendly relations with other people, without any obligations, so to speak, for the soul, that is, to satisfy spiritual needs, to be more precise. But at the same time, one must always remember that any relationship must have a clearly conscious goal, goals. This is necessary so that, firstly, there are no unnecessary people in your life who distract your attention to themselves, and even more so people who can harm you, and secondly, so that you understand not only your own, but and other people's goals and tried, to the best of your ability, to help other people achieve them so that they, in turn, help you achieve your goals. After all, people also maintain relations with you for a reason, you, too, should be something interesting, useful, and beneficial to them.
Well, so that people do not derive one-sided benefit from your relationship with them - always try to find out why they maintain relationships with you or are trying to establish them and why you yourself maintain relationships with these people. Also, think about what other relationships you're doing this to the detriment of. After all, you cannot pay attention to all the people in your life, without exception, and even more so to those potential partners and friends that you don’t even know about yet, but whom you can meet in the future. Therefore, you need to choose - who of them is worthy and who is not worthy of your attention. Therefore, it makes no sense, if there is no goal, to maintain relationships with those people from whom you have absolutely no benefit, either material or spiritual, even purely hypothetical, and even more so with those who harm you, with whom you are uncomfortable, who gives you pain and makes you suffer. Do not forget that life is not so long as to spend it on unnecessary things, meaningless deeds, and even more so on people you do not need.
So never forget the goals you want to achieve by building and maintaining relationships with certain people. Just think about what your needs, desires and feelings underlie your desire to build relationships with different people and with each specific person. What do you want from other people? And what can you and are ready to offer them in return? Do you think this exchange is fair? Do you think other people, another person, will think the same way? For them, your approach to relationships, your desire to get something from them, and your ability to give them something in return - will look attractive? Be sure to think carefully about these questions before you start building relationships with other people based on your interests and desires. Think about what other people might want, don't ignore their interests, but consider them. After all, if you can approach the issue of relationships not only from the standpoint of your own interests, but also from the standpoint of the interests of other people, then it will be easier, much easier for you to build these very relationships with them. And there is a high probability that these relations will turn out to be mutually beneficial and mutually satisfying, and, thanks to this, quite strong.
Relationship Art
Now let's talk about the ability to build successful relationships with people, which we can well call art. Under the art of relationships, I, among other things, about which a lot has been written and said, understand the ability of people to make concessions to each other when necessary. And for this you need to be able to pacify your Ego and curb your egoism. Most relationships come to a standstill just because no one wants to give in, everyone stands on his own, everyone considers himself absolutely right and does not want to sacrifice something for the sake of relationships with other people, including his own truth. But if you do not give in, if you always stand your ground, there will be no normal relations. It is clear that it is also unnecessary to yield always and to everyone, otherwise people will get on your neck, and this will also contribute to the destruction of relations with them, because you cannot be a servant to other people, wanting to maintain normal relations with them - this corrupts them. It is precisely because of the difficulty of determining that situation and even the moment when it is necessary to give in to another person in order to maintain or build a relationship with him, and I call the ability to make concessions the art of relationships. Do you understand the difference? I do not call compliance itself an art, but the ability to yield when necessary. You need to understand, and sometimes feel, when and to whom it is worth giving in in order to save, save, build relationships, and when you need to rest against the horn and stand your ground to the last.
So, the question is, how should we treat other people so that they, in turn, treat us the way we want it? Fine? Badly? Or how? You know, it's not so easy to answer this question. It would seem that you can simplify everything and say that you need to treat people the way you want them to treat you. And this is true, but not in all cases. Wise people know that other people do not always mirror our attitude towards them to us, and sometimes some of them need to be treated very badly in order for them to treat you well. Therefore, the following phrase would be more correct - you need to treat people the way they deserve. But what kind of attitude each individual person deserves to himself is quite difficult to find out, for this you need to get to know this person properly, to understand what he is like. And to be kind to everyone is wrong, just as it is wrong to be evil with everyone. This means that you need to give in only to those people to whom you can and should give in, and only when it is necessary. So for building successful relationships with other people, competent compliance is a very valuable skill, which I call the art of relationships. There are other useful skills that are also important, but this skill, in my experience, is especially important.
Psychology of relations between a man and a woman
In general, the relationship between a man and a woman is a rather subtle form of cooperation, and where it is subtle, it often breaks. Such relationships require from people, as I said above, the ability to yield, the ability to negotiate, the ability to be useful to each other. And so many men and women see in relationships with each other an opportunity to make only their lives better, they do not take into account and therefore do not take into account the interests of their partner and live according to the principle - either me or me. Well, it’s impossible, you see, we are people, rational beings, we don’t need to rely on strength in relations with each other, but on common sense. It is impossible to live happily, building relationships with the opposite sex on fear and violence, on the dependence of one person on another, on the use of one person by another, or, as is now customary, on a consumer attitude towards each other. A man and a woman are two parts of a single whole, they are created for each other, and not to oppose each other, that's what is important to understand. They should see each other as their own reflection and treat each other as each of them treats himself - with understanding and respect. To come to this, you need to know about all the advantages of normal relationships, then people will have a desire to build them, and they will build them, because they have such an opportunity.
You can still very often hear that the relationship between a man and a woman is based on their sexual attraction to each other. In general, this is true, but only partly, from the point of view of physiology. We have a need for intimacy with the opposite sex, and we strive to satisfy it, so we show interest in the opposite sex. But we are talking about psychology, first of all, about the secrets of our mysterious soul. And our soul requires not only bodily, but also spiritual pleasure. So, tell me, dear readers, did you have such a thing that, looking at a person of the opposite sex, you felt at first a slight excitement, gradually turning into ever-increasing heat in your chest, accompanied by some completely inexplicable, but very pleasant experience, as if something beautiful and wonderful awakens in the depths of your soul, something bewitching, which begins to embrace you from the inside, allowing you to experience incredible bliss? I hope that you have experienced something like this in your life, and if not, then rest assured that the time will come and you will definitely experience it.
I want to note that it is not so easy to describe in words all the feelings that people can experience when a special person appears in their life. I’m sharing my own experiences with you, so I don’t even know how to describe them correctly, how to convey to you that state when you seem to feel light in your soul that fills you from the inside and your soul, not the body, but the soul is pure , bright, eternal, reaches out to the soul of another person, wanting to merge with it into a single whole and dissolve in eternity. Is it love? Maybe. Most likely love. But this is not some kind of earthly love, but such a love that, once born, can live forever, and which allows us to feel like something more than what we know about ourselves. And against the background of this great feeling that we are able to experience, that we can enjoy, is it possible to speak of the relationship between a man and a woman, as a relationship between a female and a male? After all, when you know that there is such a feeling that is born in the depths of your soul and that can make you truly happy, don’t you want to experience it, don’t you want to enjoy it forever? Of course you want to. Therefore, no, friends, the relationship between a man and a woman should and can be much more than just sexual attraction. We just need to get to know ourselves better to understand what we can get if we strive not for primitive relationships with each other, but for such relationships through which we experience great bliss.
Summing up all that has been said, I want to note, dear readers, that the psychology of relationships does not stand still - it constantly learns something new about people and their relationships with each other, which allows us to better understand ourselves, our needs, desires, opportunities, from on which our behavior depends. Whatever relationships we are talking about, whether it be relationships between a man and a woman or relationships between friends, work colleagues, parents and children - they are all one way or another the result of our desire to make our lives better. We cannot be loners, we are social beings, so in any case we need to interact with each other in some way. And if so, then it is probably better to do it in such a way that we all feel good, if possible, that we are all satisfied with our relationships with other people. Is it possible? I think so. It is only necessary to adhere to certain rules that bring the necessary order into our lives. About the most, in my opinion, the most important of them, I told you in this article. We must understand that without certain self-limitations, a person cannot be a person, or, if you like, a superman, which we all want to see in ourselves and others. Not strength and not fear, but reason and love should form the basis of our relationships with other people, then these relationships will be successful and happy.
The concept of "relationship" is universal, since it covers the interconnections and interdependencies of a huge number of features and properties of an object. It is possible to determine the content of this term only in applying it to a specific system of scientific knowledge. In psychology, the concept of "relationship" occupies one of the central places, because no psychological category is considered in isolation, everything is in relationship with everything. In domestic science, this term has become stronger thanks to the research of A.F. Lazursky about the inner side of the mental process (endopsyche) and the outer (exopsyche). The external side of the mental in his works was presented as a system of relations between the subject and the external environment.
The concepts of "relationships" were most fully explored and described by V.N. Myasishchev, who assigned them the role of the most important category for describing and understanding the essence of personality in psychology. Myasishchev argued that "based on the fact that the concept of relation is irreducible to others and indecomposable to others, it must be recognized that it represents an independent class of psychological concepts."
Describing the essence of the concept of "attitude" in psychology, V.N. Myasishchev defined its psychological meaning as one of the forms of reflection by the subject of the external world. The personality of a person forms his relations as a result of reflecting at the conscious level the objectively existing relations of society. A personality develops and functions in society at the level of various micro- and macro-systems that form its needs and interests, which largely depend on the characteristics of the subject's nervous system. As a result, a kind of "subjective prism" is obtained, through which a person perceives the influences directed at him from the outside world.
The way a person perceives reality, what leaves a mark on his memory, what develops in thinking, what in his imagination, what attracts his attention, on the one hand, is a fixation of the features of the external world that objectively exists, and on the other, is his attitude to this objective reality to which man himself also belongs.
V.N. Myasishchev argued that the relationship of the individual - her needs, interests, inclinations - are primarily the result of a person's interaction with other people, with the environment, and the result of how much the environment contributes to the development of individual personality traits, including in the field of objective activity. person.
Myasishchev wrote: “The main aspects of the relationship are deeply rooted in the phylogenetic and historical past of a person. They, first of all, differ in the positive and negative nature of the active reactions of a person, which is the basis of the selective objective orientation of his mental activity. The emotional side of the relationship, the most striking example of which is love and hostility, belonged in psychology to the category of feelings.However, it must be taken into account that the field of feelings (or emotions) covers three heterogeneous groups of phenomena - emotional reactions, emotional states and emotional relations.The latter represent to a large extent what is usually called a feeling, but this has not yet been elucidated and genetically is not adequately elucidated.
Myasishchev singled out four signs of relationships as an independent psychological category, to which he attributed: consciousness, selectivity, activity and initiative. He also wrote about the structural characteristics of relationships, that relationships of various proportions are characterized by three main aspects of the psyche as "cognitive, conative and emotive".
Thus, in Myasishchev's theory of relations, a number of relations are independent formations. First of all, these include interests, assessments and beliefs. Therefore, attitude can be described as a force that determines the degree of interest, the degree of expression of emotion, the degree of tension of desire or need. From this point of view, relationships can be seen as the main driving force of personality development.
In modern domestic psychology, problems in developing the theme of the relationship of children to the fine arts are dominated by the activity approach. The peculiarity of the methodology of empirical studies of the understanding of art within the framework of this approach lies in the fact that the child is initially given a norm for understanding art. And in relation to this norm, the conditions are investigated, thanks to which the transition from misunderstanding to understanding is possible. Thus, the emphasis is on the origin of the very ability to understand art. The norm of understanding and the conditions of its origin are analyzed from the point of view of the socio-historical role of art in the development of the human psyche. In particular, the mechanism of meaning-generating systems for understanding art by children is studied: their content, structures and types (Gurzhapov V.A.)
With regard to an orphan child, a child with deprivation disorders, this method seems insufficient, due to the peculiarities of the child's mental development. In order to understand exactly how the potential of art can be used to compensate for the deprivation disorders of orphans, it is necessary to describe the child's attitude to fine art in its "raw form". Back in 1924, I.A. Sokolyansky wrote: "Children's experiences, modernity and the organization of positive knowledge based on these experiences should be the starting points for building a methodology. Children's emotion is the beginning of "knowledge", a source of "interest", "activity". Through the formation of children's emotions, one should proceed to the instillation of knowledge .".
Thus, it seems that methodologically, the study of the attitude of orphans to the fine arts will be determined not only by an active approach, but also by a cognitively effective one. In other words, it is necessary to fix not only understanding or misunderstanding of the plot basis of a work of art, but also the emotions that arise in orphans in the course of presenting stimulus material and working with it.
The category "relationship" is one of the main ones in psychological science, along with such categories as "reflection", "activity", "communication". It performs an epistemological function in the development of problems of character, motives, attitudes, value orientations, personality dispositions, socio-psychological climate, and many others related to the manifestation of a person's subjective properties.
The idea of relation is rich in the space of its potential meanings. It includes the ideas of integrity, subject-object connection, activity, development, actuality-potentiality, interaction, activity, sociality (dialogical), reflexivity, creativity. V.M. Bekhterev, A.F. Lazursky, M.Ya. Basov, V.N. Myasishchev and others.
As E.V. Levchenko notes, the development of the idea of relation was influenced by its embodiment in three areas of knowledge: logic (Aristotle, J. Stuart Mill, M.M. Troitsky), biology (G. Spencer), introspective psychology (I.F. .Herbart, W.Wundt, G.Gefding, K.Stumpf).
Attitude (Krech D, Crutchfield R.S.) is an ordered organization of motivational, emotional, perceptual and cognitive processes of an individual.
Attitude (Alport G.) - a mental and continuous state of readiness to carry out directive influence, the response of the individual to the objects and situations that he encounters.
Attitude (Fuson M.) - the probability of identifying a certain behavior in a certain situation.
Attitude is a mutual reflection of objects, their essential properties, structural and other characteristics (Dictionary-reference book of a practical psychologist).
The development of the category of "relationship" in Russian psychology is associated primarily with the name of V. N. Myasishchev. Through this category, he clarifies the nature of the subjective in a person, reveals the socio-psychological content of the relationship of the individual with its environment, traces the interaction of the motivational components of the psyche in their internal unity, explains the origin of character and sociopaths.
In his "reflexological period" (E.Levchenko's term), V.N. Myasishchev uses the concept of "relationship" in two meanings: 1) the methodological principle of the relationship of the organism to the environment (following V.M. Bekhterev); 2) a part of the mental as a whole, along with mechanisms and states, which has an emotional-need nature.
V.A. Ganzen, V.N. Yurchenko (1981) considered attitude as a central, system-forming characteristic of the entire component composition of the mental state. In the structure of the state, this characteristic represents the level of consciousness and self-awareness of a person. Attitude as a characteristic of consciousness - attitude to the surrounding reality; as a characteristic of self-consciousness, it is self-regulation, self-control, self-esteem, i.e. establishing a balance between external influences, internal state, forms of human behavior.
As noted by L.V. Kulikov (1997), the use of the ideas of the concept of relations provides a solid foundation for studying the content side of mental activity and the content content of the inner world of the individual.
Developing the psychological theory of relations, V.N. Myasishchev proceeds from the heritage of Russian scientists A.F. Lazursky and V.M. Bekhterev. A.F. Lazursky for the first time considers human relations as structural components of personality. He distinguishes them into a single psychic formation, which he calls exopsyche, in contrast to endopsychics (internal psychic formation). V. N. Myasishchev "advances" this problem to the understanding of subjective relations as a "meaningful connection" of a person with the outside world. "Studying a person from the position of his relations, we establish his meaningful connections with the surrounding social reality."
According to V.N. Myasishchev follows that subjective relations are a concentrate of human motivational formations and environmental influences of "social reality". Environmental influences lie in the fact that this or that specific community of people has its own way of life, the way of interpersonal relations, its own traditions, rituals, rituals and norms of life, creating a special context for the realization of human motive forces. As a result of environmental influences, the value orientations of the individual are formed, which can also be considered as a special content of its subjective relations with the outside world.
V.N. Myasishchev considered the attitude of a person as:
The potential manifested in the conscious active selectivity of a person's experiences and actions, based on his individual social experience;
The potential of a person's mental reaction in connection with any object, process or fact of reality.
B.F. Lomov has a position similar to the views of V.N. Myasishchev. In particular, he wrote that the term “subjective relation” is an objective connection of a person with his environment, but in this connection he includes the subjective position of a person in this environment. The attitude includes the moment of evaluation, expresses the partiality of the individual.
The attitude of a person is influenced by the community in which he is included. As a result, an attitude is formed both to this community itself and to other communities. The system of "subjective-personal" relations is the subjective space of the personality, each of the dimensions of which corresponds to a certain subjective-personal relationship (B.F. Lomov).
Subjective attitude is an integral property of a personality that leaves a certain imprint on all mental processes (phenomena). This is especially clearly expressed in the choice and decision-making, as well as in their emotional tone (B.F. Lomov).
In human relations, the emotive (emotional-sensory) and conative (attitude-volitional) functions of his mental activity are embodied. The psychophysiological mechanisms of these functions predetermine the response to external influences, first in the form of an elementary mental relationship, the essence of which lies in the experience of pleasant - unpleasant and in the affective reactions corresponding to this experience.
Psychic relations reveal the degree of attractiveness of an object that favorably or unfavorably affects the human senses. These relationships are distinguished by the involuntary response to the properties of the reflected object.
Relationships are always associated with an object that is reflected in consciousness. Based on this, the relation can be:
a) dispassionate - does not interfere with adequate reflection, but not enough for its depth;
b) passionate - contributes to the depth and richness of reflection;
c) biased - distorted by tendencies in which the subjective components of the attitude make the reflection inadequate, incorrect.
Psychic relations accompany any act of human cognitive activity at a concrete-sensory level of reflection, determining its emotional coloring. They regulate interaction with the object, manifesting itself in the subject's desire for it or in its avoidance.
Consciousness, feeling and will are a procedural trinity in relationships. Will as a mechanism of conscious regulation of human mental activity transforms mental relations into a special class of human relations - psychological relations. "The psychological relations of a person in a developed form represent an integral system of individual, selective, conscious connections of a person with various aspects of objective reality." From this definition it follows that psychological relations, in contrast to mental ones, also have the property of consciousness.
In psychological relations, one's own mental relations to the object and the need for it are reflected, which can change the sign of a person's primary mental relationship to the object.
Psychological relations, in comparison with mental ones, to a greater extent represent the individual essence of a person due to their greater arbitrariness. This feature of psychological relations was also noted by V. N. Myasishchev: “Since the properties of an object exist for everyone, and the actions and experiences caused by the object in different people are selective and different, it is obvious that the source of the features of experience and action lies in the individual, in a person as a subject of relations, in connection with the peculiarity of his individual experience.
The conscious nature and arbitrariness of psychological relations give them a conative character in the sense that they direct a person’s behavior and activities in a certain direction, involving in this process such important mental formations of a person as needs, feelings, interests, beliefs, assessment, and also will, attention, motive. Psychological relations are an integral form of their synthesis, i.e., a systemic formation of a person, revealing his personal meaning.
Psychological relations V.N. Myasishchev considered it as an integral and complex structure of individual connections of the individual with objective reality, which reflects the history of her life path and experience. Needs in this structure were given the role of "basic relation". V.N. Myasishchev explained this by the fact that the “constituting components” of needs are: “a) the subject experiencing needs, b) the object of need, c) a kind of connection between the subject and the object, which has a certain functional neurodynamic structure, manifested in the experience of attraction to the object and in the active striving to master it.
Emotional relationships V.N. Myasishchev considered them as feelings. The area of feelings (emotions) covers three heterogeneous groups of phenomena - emotional reactions, emotional states and emotional relationships. The latter represent to a large extent what is usually called feelings.
In all three substructures of psychological relations, V.N. Myasishchev pointed to the presence of an emotional component. This lower level of manifestation of human relations, in comparison with the emotional-volitional one, is completely differentiated by the concept of “mental relations”.
In the structure of psychological relations V.N. Myasishchev also considers evaluation, defining the class of "evaluative relations", which, in his opinion, are formed on the basis of ethical, aesthetic, legal and other social criteria of people's actions, behavior and life. Through evaluation, the normativity of psychological relations in various forms of their manifestation is determined.
Evaluation presupposes the existence of criteria, standards, units of measurement of the properties being evaluated, which, in the process of comparison, analysis and synthesis, serve as the starting point for making judgments about the quality and level of development of a phenomenon, the nature of its connections, and allow us to correlate objects and social phenomena that are separated from each other. Evaluation is a form of attitude manifestation, its conscious objectification. Evaluative relationships are determined in the context of a person's mental activity, which includes an emotional component in the form of approval - disapproval, and therefore may turn out to be a projection of self-esteem, which is especially noted in cases where people evaluate each other.
In assessments of oneself and other people, according to V.N. Myasishchev, first of all, relations of self-respect and respect for others are manifested, which are transformed into relationships of authority or authoritarian leadership - subordination, etc. Evaluative relations in this process perform the function of converting psychological relations into socio-psychological ones.
In the structure of psychological relations V.N. Myasishchev also considered the beliefs of the individual, which, in his opinion, are based on "a system of requirements combined with knowledge of reality." Beliefs characterize the worldview positions of a person, which include an understanding of social relations and determine the place of the individual in the social structure. Beliefs are reflected in the value orientations of a person.
Revealing the conative function of psychological relations, V.N. Myasishchev included in the structure of these relations will, attention, motive as components that characterize the subjective activity of a person in various circumstances of life. It is no coincidence, therefore, that there are expressions “attentive attitude”, “strong-willed attitude”, etc. These relationships speak of the mobilization of a person’s individual efforts in his practical activities and communication. In the process of communication, they give rise to special types of relationships: independence or dependence, compliance or intolerance, responsiveness or inattention, etc. This means that these relations (attention and will) can manifest themselves in the context of interaction in the form of socio-psychological relations.
In human relations there is an integration of human life experience. Relations characterize the life position of the individual in society. In the process of development of subjective relations, the style of behavior of the individual is formed.
We subscribe to the point of view of L.V. Kulikov (1997), who considers the following aspects of description to be the most important in the structure of relations: objects of relations, substructures of relations and components of substructures, processes and components of relations (Table 1). The structure of relationships is their statics, it is only one side of the relationship.
The objects of psychological relations are: the natural world, the world of people, the "I" of the personality itself. The main processes of relations are: cognition, experience and evaluation, regulation, awareness. Cognition creates the information basis of the relationship. Experience and evaluation are expressed in an emotional response to the object of relations, in acceptance or rejection of it, in the formation of an assessment. Relationships regulate the development of the personality, but at the same time they are themselves regulated by other mental structures. Regulation can be conscious or unconscious. Without awareness of relationships, personal development, the definition of one's goals, and the planning of one's life path are impossible.
The attitude itself is a unity of cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. The sources of relations can be both external and internal, and, as L.V. Kulikov (1997), even imposed by the environment.
The relationship also has a procedural side, which manifests itself in mental states and determines their essential parameters.
Fundamentally important when considering the structure of relationships is to determine the place of the structure of the "I" of the individual. Most often in psychology there are such substructures in the "I" of the personality as "I"-real and "I"-ideal. However, in our opinion, the structure of the “I”, proposed by L.V. Kulikov. In the structure of "I" the author proposes to distinguish the following substructures:
● "I" - the desired, acting as a guide for the individual in self-acceptance, in self-regulation and maintaining self-esteem at a high level.
● "I"-perceived; it is a subjective assessment and understanding of a person himself.
relation) For relation object, see OBJECT. For interpersonal relationships, see INTERPERSONAL. the analytic relationship refers to the interpersonal relationship between patient and analyst, as opposed to the patient's TRANSFER or the analyst's COUNTERTRANSFER. In relationships, a doctor is a patient, a mother is a child, and so on. relationships imply transactions between two participants, and not social status or kinship, i.e. the word is used in a psychological, not a sociological, sense.
ATTITUDE
the subjective side of the reflection of reality, the result of human interaction with the environment. In psychology - in the most general form - the relative position of objects and their properties. The relationship can exist both between changing objects, phenomena and properties (for example, any law as an essential relationship between phenomena), and in the case of a distinguished unchanging object in its connections with other objects, phenomena and properties (for example, the relationship of the subject to the political system).
The formation of a conscious attitude to the object of cognition and action is associated with the development of all components of the stimulation system. Awareness of one's relationship to the environment gives rise to corresponding feelings and emotions, which, in turn, stimulate activity and influence the development of the personality's orientation.
Relationships are endless. It is possible to distinguish spatial, temporal, causal, external, internal, logical, mathematical relations, relations of form and content, relations of part and whole, individual and universal, etc.
A special type of relations are social relations as the relationship between social communities and their properties that arise in the course of joint activities. They can be classified according to the scope of consideration; so they differ:
1) at the level of social communities - class, national, group, family relations;
2) at the level of groups engaged in some activity - production, educational, theatrical relations;
3) at the level of relationships between people in groups - interpersonal relationships;
4) intrapersonal relationships - for example, the emotional-volitional attitudes of the subject in relation to himself, etc.
The term relationship has been used as a basic category in relationship theory (-> the concept of personality relationships).
Attitude (installation)
A hypothetical construct (i.e., something that is not directly measurable, but inferred by a logical path) denoting a state of readiness based on past experience that directs, distorts, or otherwise influences our behavior. Installations can be divided into three components. The cognitive component is our opinion about the object, the emotional component is our feelings towards the object, and the behavioral component is our actual behavior towards the object. Having no definite attitudes, we rely more on the emotional component and express our attitude in simple terms like “like” or “dislike”. Attitudes serve several motivational functions: - Protective function: Attitudes that protect us from negative feelings about ourselves when we project negative feelings onto other people (see Prejudice). - Evaluative-expressive functions: attitudes are a way to express attitudes towards those objects and phenomena that are important to us. - Instrumental functions: we accept certain attitudes and express them as our attitude if they help to achieve recognition or avoid the disapproval of others. - Cognitive functions: Attitudes help us organize the world around us in comparative terms (like likes and dislikes) and allow us to predict certain events.
ATTITUDE
1. In general, a relationship between two or more events, objects, or people. The specific nature of the relationship can vary considerably in the works of different authors. Usually one of the following meanings is meant: 2. Such a relationship between two variables, in which a change in one is accompanied by a change in the other; see here correlation. 3. Such a connection between judgments in which the truth or falsity of one implies the truth or falsity of the other. 4. Such a connection between events, in which one serves as a prerequisite for the other. Note that it is possible, in a sense, to place these last three values on a dimension that reflects the strength of the relationship, since the value 4 suggests a strong causal relationship, which is only hinted at in the value 3 and which is logically absent in the value 2.
ATTITUDE
between the independent and dependent variables is the central component of the experimental hypothesis. The internal validity of the experiment is connected with the reliability of the obtained O.. In a multilevel experiment, it becomes possible to test exact hypotheses about a certain type of quantitative O. - absolute and proportional, and express them in the form of a mathematical dependence. There are types of O. between the independent and dependent variables:
Absolute-absolute O.: equal absolute changes in the independent variable are associated with equal absolute changes in the dependent variable (mathematically - a linear relationship);
Relative-absolute O.: equal relative changes in the independent variable are associated with equal absolute changes in the dependent variable (logarithmic dependence);
Relative-Relative O.: equal relative changes in the independent variable are associated with equal relative changes in the dependent variable (power law).
The number of O.'s included in the hypothesis determines its type: hypotheses with one O. and combined ones are distinguished.
Attitude
a psychological phenomenon, the essence of which is the emergence of a mental education in a person, accumulating in itself the results of cognition of a specific object of reality (in communication it is another person or a community of people), the integration of all emotional responses to this object, as well as behavioral responses ¬vetov on him (V.N. Myasishchev),
