A person constantly needs communication. For information exchange and just for fun. And it’s not enough for him to communicate with the people who are nearby. There will always be something to say even to those who are on the next street, in another city or overseas. It has always been this way. But it was only at the end of the nineteenth century that we had such an opportunity. In this article we will trace the history of the appearance of the telephone, find out who invented the telephone and what difficulties scientists faced.
Over the years, there have been a variety of ways to transmit information. Our ancestors sent letters with messengers and carrier pigeons, burned bonfires, and used the services of heralds.
In the 16th century, the Italian Giovanni della Porta invented a system of speaking pipes, which were supposed to “permeate” the whole of Italy. This fantastic idea was not brought to life.
In 1837, American inventor Samuel Morse created the electric telegraph and developed the telegraph alphabet, which was called " Morse code».
In the 1850s, an unexpected discovery was made by Italian Antonio Meucci, living in New York. Convinced of the positive effects of electricity on human health, he assembled a generator and opened a private medical practice. One day, after connecting the wires to the patient’s lips, Meucci went into the back room to turn on the generator. Once the device is working, the doctor heard the patient scream. It was so loud and clear, as if the poor fellow was nearby.
Meucci began experimenting with the generator, and by the beginning of the 70s, the drawings of the device were already ready. telephony" In 1871, the inventor tried to register his brainchild, but something prevented him. Either the Italian did not have enough money for the registration procedure at the patent office, or the papers were lost during shipment, or perhaps they were stolen.
Who first invented the telephone and in what year
In 1861, German scientist Philip Rice came up with a device that could transmit all kinds of sounds via cable. This was the first telephone. (It’s worth familiarizing yourself with that and its history of creation) Rice failed to register a patent for his invention, so he did not become as widely known as the American Alexander Bell.
On 02/14/1876 Bell took the application to the Patent Office in Washington to patent " A telegraph device that can transmit human speech" Two hours later, Elisha Gray, an electrical engineering major, showed up. Gray's invention was called "A Device for Transmitting and Receiving Vocal Sounds by Telegraph." He was denied a patent.
This device consisted of a wooden stand, an ear tube, a battery (a vessel with acid) and wires. The inventor himself called it a gallows.
The first words spoken on the phone were: “Watson, this is Bell speaking!” If you can hear me, go to the window and wave your hat.”
In 1878, a series of trials against Alexander Bell began in America. About thirty people tried to take away his inventor's laurels. Six claims were dismissed outright. The claims of the remaining inventors were divided into 11 points and considered separately. On eight of these points, Bell's superiority was recognized; on the other three, the inventors Edison and McDonough won the case. Gray did not win a single case. Although a study of Bell's diaries and documents filed by Gray with the Patent Office many years later showed that the author of the invention is Gray.
Development and improvement of the phone
Thomas Edison took charge of the further fate of Bell's invention. In 1878, he made some changes to the structure of the telephone: he introduced a carbon microphone and an induction coil into the circuit. Thanks to this modernization, the distance between interlocutors could be significantly increased.
That same year, the first telephone exchange in history began operating in the small American town of New Chaven.
And in 1887 in Russia, the inventor K. A. Mossitsky created a self-acting switch - the prototype of automatic telephone exchanges.
Who invented the mobile (cellular) telephone
It is generally accepted that the birthplace of the mobile phone is the USA. But first mobile phone The device appeared in the Soviet Union. On November 4, 1957, radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich received a patent for “ Device for calling and switching radiotelephone communication channels" His radiotelephone could transmit audio signals to the base station at a distance of up to 25 kilometers. The device was a box with a dial dial, two toggle switches and a handset. It weighed half a kilo and worked for up to 30 hours in standby mode.
The idea of creating cellular telephone communications appeared back in 1946 at the American company AT&T Bell Labs. The company was engaged in the rental of car radios.
In parallel with AT&T Bell Labs, Motorola also conducted research. For about ten years, each of these companies sought to get ahead of the competition. Motorola won.
In April 1973, one of the employees of this company, engineer Martin Cooper, “shared his joy” with colleagues from a competing company. He called the AT&T Bell Labs office, invited the head of the research department, Joel Engel, to the phone and said that he was currently on one of the streets of New York and talking on the world's first mobile phone. Cooper then went to a press conference dedicated to the miracle of technology that he held in his hands.
Motorola's "firstborn" was named Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. It weighed about a kilogram and reached 25 cm in height.. The phone could work in talk mode for about 30 minutes, and was charged for about 10 hours. And ten years later, in 1983, it finally went on sale. The new car cost a lot of money - $3500 - a little cheaper than a brand new car. But even despite this, there were plenty of potential buyers.
In 1992, Motorola released a mobile phone that could fit in the palm of your hand.
At the same time, the Finnish company Nokia introduced the first mass-produced GSM phone, Nokia 1011.
In 1993, thanks to BellSouth / IBM, the first communicator appeared - a telephone connected to a PDA.
And 1996 is the year the first flip phone was created. This is the merit of the same Motorola.
At this time, Nokia pleased the world with the first smartphone with an Intel 386 processor and a full QWERTY keyboard - Nokia 9000.
The average person makes almost one and a half thousand phone calls a year.
Who invented the touch phone
The great-grandfather of the famous iPhone is considered to be IBM Simon, released in 1994. It was the world's first touchphone. “Simon” cost a lot - $1090. But it was no longer just a phone. It combined the qualities of a telephone and a computer, and it could also be used as a pager or fax. It was equipped with a calculator, calendar, notepad, task list, a couple of games and even an email agent.
The device had a monochrome display with a resolution of 160×293 pixels and a diagonal of 4.7 inches. Instead of the usual keys, a virtual keyboard has appeared. The battery lasted for an hour of talk time or 12 hours of standby time.
The too high price did not allow the model to become popular among users, but it was “Simon” went down in history as the first touchphone.
In 2000, the world saw the first telephone, officially called a smartphone— Ericsson R380. The R380's touchscreen was hidden under a hinged cover with regular buttons. The screen was monochrome, with a diagonal of 3.5 inches and a resolution of 120x360.
The smartphone was based on the new Symbian OS for mobile devices. The R380 supported WAP, a browser, notepad, email client, and games were installed.
In 2007, IBM released the first phone whose sensor responded to the touch of a finger rather than a stylus. It was LG KE850 Prada. This model is also remembered for its unusual design and wide functionality.
In the same year, Apple introduced its famous iPhone to the general public.
Today it is difficult to imagine that just over a hundred years ago humanity could do without television. This technology has become a familiar part of the family, entertaining, educating and informing the rest of the household. In this regard, it will be interesting to find out who invented the first television.
It is very important to note that before the very first television appeared, radio was invented. Here opinions about its “founding fathers” vary: the domestic point of view names the name inventor of radio No. 1 A.S. Popov, and abroad the same problem was studied by Marconi, Tesla, and Branly.
The question of who exactly invented the television cannot be given a definite answer. Next you can name the name of Paul Nipkow. It was he who came up with a special device - a disk named after him. The invention occurred in 1884. It was the radio signal and mechanical scanning that gave rise to television.
Few people know what exactly with the help Nipkow disk It was possible to read the image line by line and transmit it further to the screen. The enterprising John Bird from Scotland in the late twenties of the last century developed the first television based on this principle. He began to successfully implement the created project.
John Logie Baird
The leadership of mechanical television receivers from the Baird corporation of the same name was assigned to such devices until the 30s. The picture was clear, but there was no sound. However, the future was predetermined: it belonged to the cathode ray tube.
Invention and use of CRT
The global trend of technical superiority forced the best minds to work for the benefit of progress: work on the invention of the cathode ray tube (CRT) was carried out in many countries. Again it is worth highlighting contribution of Russian scientists- in 1907, Boris Rosing received a patent for a similar development. But he came to this conclusion based on previous discoveries.
And here we can give a brief excursion into history. You may recall that the German Heinrich Hertz discovered the influence of light on electricity in 1887: this is how photo effect. Then he could not explain in what quality and why the photoelectric effect was needed. This was done for him a year later by Alexander Stoletov, who tried to construct a prototype of modern photocells when the “electric eye” device was invented. After him, many scientists tried to explain the nature of this phenomenon. Albert Einstein can also be included among them.
Other discoveries that influenced the future emergence of television are also important. For example, in 1879, English physicist William Crookes created substances (luminophores) that could glow under the influence of a cathode ray. And Karl Brown even made an attempt to create a future kinescope. Just thanks to this Brownian kinescope and the already mentioned Boris Rosing was able to substantiate the theory of obtaining images in this way. And in 1933, his student Vladimir Zvorykin created the first television with an iconoscope - that’s what he called the electron tube.
It is Zvorykin who is considered the “father” of modern TV. Even the world's first television was created in his American laboratory of the same name (he was an emigrant who left the country after the October Revolution). And in 1939, the first models for mass production appeared.
This led to the fact that in subsequent years the first televisions actively conquered European countries - first in Great Britain, Germany and so on. At first, the entire image was transmitted in optical-mechanical scanning, but then, with an increase in image quality, the transition to beam scanning took place in a cathode ray tube.
The first televisions appeared in the USSR already in 1939 - they began to be produced by the Leningrad Komintern plant. The principle of operation was the operation of a Nipkow disk, and therefore such a set-top box, having a screen of 3 by 4 cm, was necessary connect to radio. Then it was necessary to switch the radio to other frequencies - as a result, it was possible to watch those programs that were broadcast in European countries.
It was also interesting that these first televisions could be made by anyone. Especially for this purpose, the corresponding instructions were published in the Radiofront magazine.
Regular television broadcasting was started in 1938 by the Experimental Leningrad Center. And in the capital, television programs began to air about six months later. Interestingly, each of the television centers in these cities used different decomposition standards, which required the use of certain models of equipment.
- To receive broadcasts from the Leningrad Television and Radio Center, the “VRK” television device was used (in decryption - the All-Union Radio Committee). It was a device with a 130x175 mm screen, the kinescope in which was powered by 24 lamps. Principle of operation - decomposition into 240 lines. Interestingly, in the thirties of the last century, 20 copies of such a device were produced. Such equipment was installed in pioneer houses and palaces of culture for the purpose of collective viewing.
- The Moscow television center broadcast from decomposition into 343 lines- this was perceived by the TK-1 devices. A more complex device with 33 lamps was already implied here. In 1938 alone, 200 of them were produced, and by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War - 2 thousand copies.
The research into human engineering did not stop there - simplified models were bound to appear sooner or later. For example, at the Leningrad Radist plant in 1940, a serial version of the 17TN-1 was proposed, which could reproduce programs from both Leningrad and Moscow television. Production was launched, but only 2 thousand units were produced before the outbreak of hostilities.
You can also give an example of a simplified model called “ATP-1” (Subscriber television receiver No. 1) - it was the prototype of modern cable subscription television. It was produced by the Aleksandrovsky plant before the war.
When did television become color?
All of the above talks about the transfer of black and white images. Scientists continued to work to make it color.
When did color televisions appear? People first began to think about this during the time of mechanical television receivers. One of the first developments was presented by Hovhannes Adamyan, who back in 1908 received a patent for a device capable of transmitting signals. two-color device. It is impossible not to mention John Logie Brad, the same inventor of the mechanical receiver. It was he who, in 1928, assembled a color television that sequentially transmitted three images using a blue, red and green filter.
But these were only attempts. A real leap in the development of color television occurred after the end of World War II. Since all efforts were devoted to civilian production, this inevitably led to progress in this area. This is what happened in the USA. An additional rationale was the use decimeter waves for image transmission.
This led to the fact that already in 1940, American scientists presented the Triniscope system. It was notable for the fact that it used three kinescopes with different colors from the phosphor glow, each of which reproduced a different color of the image.
As for domestic spaces, similar technical developments began to appear in the USSR only in 1951. But a year later, ordinary TV viewers could see a trial color broadcast.
In the 70s, television became a common technical device in many homes around the world. The Soviet space was no exception, the only thing worth noting is that color television receivers remained in our country scarce almost until the end of the eighties of the last century.
Progress does not stand still
Inventors tried to improve the result obtained - this is how the remote control appeared in 1956. Who created such a useful device? It was developed by Robert Adler in 1956. The principle of its operation was to transmit ultrasonic signals, which were modulated by the corresponding commands. The very first remote control could only control the volume and change channels, but even at that time this was a pretty significant statement.
Concerning infrared version of the remote control, then it appeared in 1974 as a result of developments by Grundig and Magnavox. Its birth was dictated by the advent of teletext, which required more precise control, which means that buttons appeared then. And already in the eighties, the remote control was additionally used as an analogue of a gamepad, because then televisions also became an additional monitor to the first household computers and game consoles.
With the advent of VCRs, there was a need for the additional implementation of a component video input (in addition to the already existing analog antenna).
With the beginning of the twenty-first century, the era of picture tubes came to an end - plasma panels and LCD TVs. And by the 2010s, CRT models were practically forced out of the market by flat devices in LCD and PDP formats. Many of them can connect to the Internet and even demonstrate the ability to view 3D content.
Today's television receiver bears little resemblance to its ancestor - it has functions home media center, while maintaining the functions of viewing over-the-air and cable television. And this is not to mention the quality of the image itself, transmitted in high definition (and in top models, ultra-high definition).
With the advent of the first telegraph in 1837, which gave the world the ability to transmit information at a distance, people's lives changed radically. But the appearance of the first telephone, with the help of which remote sound transmission was realized, became a real sensation.
Today, no one can even imagine themselves without a personal mobile phone. Technologies do not stand still; the telephone market is constantly expanding and presents consumers with new, improved models every year. But let's remember how it all began, who invented the first telephone, how mobile phones appeared, and what is the success of modern Apple models.
Creating your first phone
The first telephone was introduced in 1876 in the United States of America, and the creator who patented his invention was. Initially, Bell's telephone worked at a distance of 200 meters, but the scientist did not stop working and improving his invention, and a year later the telephone underwent such modernization that it remained unchanged for another 100 years.
Bell's first phone The creation of the telephone itself was not planned by Bell. The goal facing the scientist was to improve the telegraph - he tried to achieve the transmission of 5 telegrams at the same time. In the process of work, records with different frequencies were created, one of which once failed. Bell's partner got angry and started cursing. And Bell, who was at the receiving apparatus at that time, unexpectedly heard the distant voice of his own partner. From this moment the history of the creation of the first telephone begins.
The “telephone” patent obtained by Bell is considered one of the most profitable both in the United States and in the world. It brought wealth and worldwide recognition to the creator, and the name of Alexander Graham Bell went down in history forever.
First mobile phone
The idea of creating mobile phones appeared in the middle of the 20th century, and again in the United States of America.
In 1947, Bell Laboratories put forward a proposal to create a mobile phone. True, by this they meant a device that would be built into a car, since the weight of the phone was 30-40 kg without a power source. Only in the 70s was it possible to reduce the weight of phones to 14 kg, but the power supply was still located in the car.
Until 1972, Motorola had nothing to do with cell phones; the company's main goal was to create portable radios. Everything changed thanks to a simple company employee, Martin Cooper, who at one random moment came to the conclusion that it was possible to create an oversized cell phone. Having shared this discovery with his colleagues, he began development, which continued for a year.
In 1973, Dyna-Tac was ready. It was a small-sized cell phone by those standards, weighing 1.15 kg and measuring 22.5 * 12.5 * 3.75 cm. It had 10 numeric keys, a call and end call button. The phone had no display. The battery lasted 35 minutes of continuous conversation, but after that it took 10 hours to charge the phone.
To implement the invention, all that remained was to test it in practice. It happened on April 3, 1973 in New York. The first “training” station was installed on the roof of a 50-story building and Martin Cooper personally conducted the experiment by dialing the head of Bell Laboratories and talking to him on a cell phone. It was a triumph, which became the first step in the rapid development and improvement of “handheld” mobile phones.
The emergence of touch phones
This may seem surprising, but the first touchscreen phone was not widely used by users, and the company that created it even refused to continue working in the field of mobile devices.
This happened in 1993. IBM Corporation, specializing in the production of computer equipment, introduced the world's first touchscreen mobile phone, calling it “IBM Simon”. At that time, it represented the maximum in terms of possible characteristics, weighed 0.5 kg, and most of the operations on the display were actually performed with your fingers.
The phone's battery was designed for 1 hour of continuous talk time or 8 hours of standby time. Its RAM was 1 MB, and the developers also provided for receiving e-mail and faxes on the phone.
However, as we have already noted, IBM Simon was not distributed. Firstly, this was due to the inflated price of the phone – $1100. Secondly, the device was unreliable and often needed expensive repairs. As a result, the development company simply liquidated itself from the mobile phone production market.
Apple in the life of a person of the 21st century
Today, Apple products are not only compact devices, the quality of which is noted all over the world, but also the most fashionable brand of the 21st century. People literally cannot imagine their life without an “apple,” and the start of sales of a new company product is always a great success.
It's hard to imagine, but the first iPhone was released 10 years ago. True, the creation of famous smartphones began back in 2002 - by the founder of Apple.
His main idea was to create a device that would meet the needs of consumers: stylish design, built-in player and mini-computer, as well as high power of the phone. But the first iPhone did not live up to the expectations of even Jobs himself; the smartphone lacked power, but the main disadvantage was the low speed of the Internet connection. Therefore, the first iPhone model did not receive mass distribution.
Work on upgrading the product continued, and a year later a new model was introduced - the iPhone 3G. The problem with Internet speed in this model was almost solved, the design was also modernized, and the operating memory was replaced. The success of this model was confirmed by information received from sales: more than 70 countries were interested in the new product.
Afterwards, the iPhone 3G S was released, billed as high-speed. New features have appeared, such as voice control and encryption of personal information. Like the previous model, the new iPhone quickly filled the markets and was sold out.
Today, Apple smartphones are sold with great success in more than 80 countries around the world. iPhones have moved from an affordable smartphone to the “above-average” category, since the cost of even old models rarely falls below 25,000 rubles, and new items cost 130-150 thousand rubles from the start of sales.
- People might consider the inventor of the telephone not Alexander Bell, but Antonio Meucci, who also developed the telephone, but refused to patent his invention for $10, and Bell took advantage of this.
- Today, Nokia is developing a method that will make it possible to recharge a phone using radio waves.
- The first telephone did not have a bell; instead, it used a whistle.
- Waterproof phone models are popular in Japan, as the Japanese even use them in the shower.
- Antarctica also has its own telephone code, starting with +682.
- 150 million mobile phones are sent to landfill every year because they were replaced with an improved device, not because the phone was faulty.
The invention of the telephone and its upgrading to a mobile phone is, of course, a breakthrough for science and an extremely important discovery for humans. Now everyone, regardless of distance, feels close to friends and family, talking with them every day.
Also, modern phones provide instant access to necessary information 24 hours a day. The main thing is to correctly use the achievements of the 21st century and not stop there, because new requests from people lead to world discoveries, being a “push” and a call for development.
The telephone was created during a period that was considered the era of the telegraph. This device was in demand everywhere and was considered the most advanced means of communication. The ability to transmit sound over distances has become a real sensation. In this article, we will remember who invented the first telephone, in what year it happened, and how it was created.
A breakthrough in communications development
The invention of electricity was an important step towards the creation of telephony. It was this discovery that made it possible to transmit information over distances. In 1837, after Morse introduced his telegraph alphabet and broadcasting apparatus to the general public, the electronic telegraph began to be used everywhere. However, at the end of the 19th century it was replaced by a more advanced device.
In what year was the telephone invented?
The telephone owes its appearance, first of all, to the German scientist Philip Rice. It was this man who was able to construct a device that allows one to transfer a person’s voice over long distances using galvanic current. This event occurred in 1861, but there were still 15 years left before the creation of the first telephone.
Alexander Graham Bell is considered the creator of the telephone, and the year of invention of the telephone is 1876. It was then that the Scottish scientist presented his first device at the World Exhibition, and also applied for a patent for the invention. Bell's telephone worked at a distance of no more than 200 meters and had severe sound distortion, but a year later the scientist improved the device so much that it was used unchanged for the next hundred years.
History of the invention of the telephone
Alexander Bell's discovery was made by chance during experiments to improve the telegraph. The scientist's goal was to obtain a device that would allow the simultaneous transmission of more than 5 telegrams. To do this, he created several pairs of records tuned to different frequencies. During the next experiment, a small accident occurred, as a result of which one of the plates got stuck. The scientist’s partner, seeing what happened, began to swear. At this time, Bell himself was working on the receiving device. At some point, he heard faint sounds of disturbance from the transmitter. This is how the story of the invention of the telephone begins.
After Bell demonstrated his device, many scientists began working in the field of telephony. Thousands of patents were issued for inventions that improved the first device. Among the most significant discoveries are:
- invention of the bell - the device created by A. Bell did not have a bell, and the subscriber was notified using a whistle. In 1878
T. Watson made the first telephone bell; - creation of a microphone - in 1878, the Russian engineer M. Makhalsky designed a carbon microphone;
- creation of an automatic station - the first station with 10,000 numbers was developed in 1894 by S.M. Apostolov.
The patent Bell received became one of the most profitable not only in the United States, but also in the world. The scientist became extremely rich and world famous. However, in fact, the first person to create the telephone was not Alexander Bell, and in 2002 the US Congress recognized this.
Antonio Meucci: pioneer of telephone communication
In 1860, an inventor and scientist from Italy created a device capable of transmitting sound through wires. When answering the question of what year the telephone was invented, you can safely name this date, since the true discoverer is Antonio Meucci. He called his “brainchild” a telephony. At the time of his discovery, the scientist lived in the United States of America; he was already old and in a very deplorable financial situation. Soon, a large American company, Western Union, became interested in the development of an unknown scientist.
Representatives of the company offered the scientist a substantial sum for all the drawings and developments, and also promised to provide assistance in filing a patent. The difficult financial situation forced the talented inventor to sell all the material from his research. The scientist waited a long time for help from the company, however, having lost patience, he himself applied for a patent. His request was not granted, and the real blow for him was the message about the great invention of Alexander Bell.
Meucci tried to defend his rights in court, but he did not have enough funds to fight a large company. The Italian inventor managed to win the right to a patent only in 1887, by the time its validity expired. Meucci was never able to take advantage of the rights to his invention and died in obscurity and poverty. Recognition came to the Italian inventor only in 2002. According to a resolution of the US Congress, he was the person who invented the telephone.
The first mention of creating an image on a wall was made in China five centuries BC. However, the actual beginning of the development of photography in the modern sense dates back to 1828, when the first photograph capturing the human figure was created. This became possible as a result of the discovery in 1634 by the chemist Gomberg of the photosensitivity of silver nitrate, and the physician Schulze in 1727 discovered the sensitivity of silver chloride to light. Then Chester Moore developed an achromat lens, and the Swedish chemist Scheele made it possible to ensure the stability of photographs against light (1777).
An interesting and informative history of the invention of photography will be told to the reader further.
The origins of photography
Numerous experiments to create a stable photograph led to the production of a stable photograph on a brass plate using heliography technology (1827), which has survived to this day. The official announcement of the discovery of the daguerreotype by Daguerre and Niepce, made in January 1839 by physicist Francois Arago at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, is officially recognized as the date of the invention of photography.
Development of photography at the first stage
In its development, the 19th century, which was characterized by industrial, fundamental social changes, made the invention of photography a necessity. An actively developing dynamic society could no longer satisfy a man-made image. At the beginning of their appearance, photographs were of an applied nature and were perceived as an auxiliary tool. For example, for the purpose of documenting botanical specimens or for recording specific objects, events, or capturing found artifacts. The now common practice of photographing people and other living objects was difficult and expensive in the early days of photography, a 19th-century invention.
Obtaining a negative consists of several stages:
- The prepared silver plate is placed in a camera obscura.
- After opening the lens, a barely noticeable image appears in the silver iodide layer when exposed to sunlight.
- The image was fixed by treating the removed plate with mercury vapor in the dark and subsequent treatment with a solution of table salt (hyposulfite).
Alternative Methods
Many scientists were involved in the invention of photography. Thus, the English inventor Fauquet Talbot, who worked in the same period as the French, obtained photography, the invention of the century, in a different way. In a camera obscura, an image is obtained on paper soaked in a light-sensitive solution. Then the photograph is developed and fixed, and a positive image is printed from the negative on special paper.
The disadvantage of both methods is the need to stand for a long time (30 minutes) in front of the camera in a motionless state. In addition, the use of heated mercury vapor to obtain a daguerreotype is unsafe for health.
Invention of color photography
Between a photograph in black and white and a color one there is a distance of 30 years. English physicist and mathematician James Maxwell took three color photographs of the same object using filters of different colors. The next invention was the invention of Louis Hiron from France. To obtain color photographs, he used photographic materials sensitized with chlorophyll. By exposing black-and-white plates through color filters, he obtained color-separated negatives. Then the images from the three negatives were combined into one using a chronoscope, and a color photograph was obtained.
Improving Color Photography
Louis Ducos du Hauron, by copying three negatives onto gelatin positives painted in the appropriate colors, simplified the process of obtaining color photography (you already know briefly about the invention). Three gelatin positives folded into a sandwich, illuminated by white light, were projected by one device. At that time, the inventor was unable to bring his idea to life due to the low level of photoemulsion technology. Subsequently, his method became the basis for the emergence of multilayer photographic materials, which are modern color films. In 1861, based on three-color technology, Thomas Sutton took the world's first color photograph. Good photographs were obtained using photographic plates from the Lumiere Brothers, which began to be sold in 1907.
Further development of color photography
The real breakthrough in color imaging came with the invention of 35mm color photographic film in 1935. Surprisingly high image quality was achieved using Kodachrome 25 color film, which had only recently been discontinued. The quality of the film is so high that even half a century later, the slides made at that time look the same as when developed. The disadvantage is that the dyes were introduced at the editing stage, which was only possible in a laboratory located in Kansas.
The first negative film capable of producing color photographs was released by Kodak in 1942. However, until 1978, when film development became available at home, Kodachrome color slides were the most popular and widespread.
Photography equipment
The first camera is considered to be a model developed by the English photographer Sutton in 1861, consisting of a large box with a lid on top and a tripod. The lid did not allow light to pass through, but you could look through it. In the box, using mirrors, an image was formed on a glass plate. The active development of photography dates back to 1889, when George Eastman patented a fast camera, which he called the Kodak.
The next step in the photographic industry was the creation in 1914 by a German inventor named O. Barnack of a small camera into which film was loaded. Based on this idea, ten years later, the Leitz Company, under the Leica brand, began mass production of film cameras with focusing and delay functions when shooting. Such a device made it possible for a significant number of amateur photographers to take pictures without the participation of professionals. The release of Polaroid cameras in 1963, where the picture is taken instantly, led to a real revolution in the field of photography.
Digital cameras
The development of electronics led to the emergence of digital photography. The pioneer in this direction was Fujifilm, which released the first digital camera in 1978. The principle of their operation is based on the invention of Boyle and Smith, who proposed a charge-coupled device. The first digital camera weighed three kilograms, and the picture was recorded for 23 seconds.
The massive active development of digital cameras dates back to 1995. In the modern photo industry market, a huge range of models of digital cameras, video cameras, and mobile phones with built-in cameras are offered. Rich software is responsible for getting a beautiful picture. In addition, you can further edit your digital photo on your computer.
Stages of creating photographic materials
Discoveries in the photographic industry were associated with the desire to capture visual information using technical means and achieve clear, accurate images. Such photographs have educational, artistic value and significance for society and individuals. The main thing in this is to find ways to secure and obtain a stable image of any object.
The first photograph was taken using a pinhole camera on a metal plate covered with a thin asphalt layer. The invention of gelatin emulsion in 1871 by Richard Maddox made it possible to produce photographic materials industrially.
Lavender oil and kerosene were used to wash asphalt from loose and unlit areas. Improving Niepce's invention, Daguerre proposed a silver plate for exposure, which, after holding it in a dark room for half an hour, he held over mercury vapor. The image was fixed with a solution of table salt. Talbot's method, which he called capotonia and which was proposed at the same time as the daguerreotype, used paper coated with a layer of silver chloride. Talbot's paper negatives allowed for a large number of copies to be made, but the image was unclear.
Gelatin emulsion
Eastman's proposal to pour a gelatin emulsion onto celluloid, a new material introduced in 1884, led to the development of photographic film. Replacing heavy plates, which could be damaged if handled carelessly, with celluloid film not only made the work of photographers easier, but also opened up new horizons for camera design.
The Lumière brothers proposed producing the film in the form of a roll, and Edison improved it with perforation, and from 1982 to today it has been used in the same form. The only replacement was that cellulose acetate material was used instead of flammable celluloid. The invention of photographic emulsion made it possible to replace paper, metal plates and glass with a more suitable material. The latest advancement was the replacement of roll film with digital.
Development of photography in Russia
The very first daguerreotype device in Russia appeared literally a year after the invention of photography. Aleksey Grekov, starting in 1840, established the production of daguerreotype devices and offered service and consulting services. The great master of photography, Levitsky, proposed a significant improvement to the device in the form of leather bellows between the stand and the body of the device. Grekov took the lead in the use of photography in printing. In Russia of the 19th century the following were invented:
- Stereoscopic apparatus.
- Curtain shutter.
- Automatic shutter speed adjustment.
In Soviet times, more than two hundred models of cameras were developed and put into production. Currently, the attention of inventors is aimed at increasing the level of resolution.
Information about the invention of cinema
Photography was one of the first steps towards cinema. Initially, many scientists worked to create a device that could bring the drawing to life. After the advent of photography, in 1877, chronophotography was invented - a type of photography that allows you to record the movement of an object using photography. This was a significant step in the development of cinema. The invention of photography is one of the most significant achievements of the 19th century. And it's hard to argue with that.
