Literary language and literary norm. Violations of literary norms and their causes
Literary language- supradialectal subsystem (form of existence) of the national language, which is characterized by such features as normativity, codification, multifunctionality, stylistic differentiation, high social prestige among speakers of the given national language. The property of all who own its standards. It functions in both written and spoken forms.
The language of fiction (the language of writers), although usually guided by the same norms, contains much that is individual and not generally accepted. In different historical eras and among different peoples, the degree of similarity between the literary language and the language of fiction turned out to be unequal.
Literary language- the common written language of one or another people, and sometimes several peoples - the language of official business documents, school education, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture expressed in verbal form, often in writing, but sometimes orally. That is why there are differences between written-book and oral-spoken forms of literary language, the emergence, correlation and interaction of which are subject to certain historical patterns.
Literary language- this is a historically established, socially conscious, language system, which is distinguished by strict codification, but is mobile and not static, which covers all spheres of human activity: the sphere of science and education - scientific style; socio-political sphere - journalistic style; sphere of business relations - official business style.
The idea of the “fixedness” of the norms of a literary language has a certain relativity (despite the importance and stability of the norm, it is mobile over time). It is impossible to imagine a developed and rich culture of a people without a developed and rich literary language. This is the great social significance of the problem of the literary language itself.
There is no consensus among linguists about the complex and multifaceted concept of literary language. Some researchers prefer to talk not about literary language as a whole, but about its varieties: either written literary language, or colloquial literary language, or the language of fiction, etc.
Literary language cannot be identified with the language of fiction. These are different, although correlative concepts.
Language norm- these are the rules of pronunciation, word usage, and the use of grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means accepted in the social and speech practice of educated people.
A linguistic norm acquires a generally binding character due to a number of reasons, including due to its legitimization.
A linguistic norm is a legalized rule for the use of linguistic means.
The initial form of legitimation is the custom of using linguistic means.
The highest form of legitimation at the level of literary language is codification(translated from Latin as “code of laws”).
Codification is a form of systematization of linguistic means, which consists in fixing spontaneously formed language norms, eliminating inconsistencies and contradictions, filling gaps, preferring options and abolishing outdated norms. Codification is carried out by philologists through descriptions in grammars, dictionaries, and reference books. Codification ensures greater stability of the norm and prevents semi-spontaneous and uncontrolled changes. Based on the above, we can give a more precise definition of the language norm.
A linguistic norm is a historically established rule for the uniform, commonly used, legalized use of linguistic means.
What should it be normative speech? It is defined as follows: it must be correct and accurate, brief and accessible, emotional and convincing, actually euphonious, and stylistically consistent.
Of all these positive qualities of literary speech, the main one is correctness of speech, that is, the ability of speaking and writing students to express their thoughts competently, in accordance with the norms that exist in the language.
These are spelling norms related to the writing of words, orthoepic or pronunciation norms, grammatical, lexical, stylistic, punctuation norms, etc.
What are the reasons for violating norms?
1) Insufficient knowledge of language culture (ignorance of grammatical material, rules, inability to apply them in the right situation, etc.).
2) Abuse of dialect words and vernaculars.
3) Clogging the language with jargon and phraseology.
Lack of clarity of thought, ill-conceived statements, a small vocabulary, inability to choose the right, appropriate word, accurately determine its meaning, inability to give a sentence a stylistic coloring - all this entails numerous mistakes.
Mastering language culture begins with mastering language material.
External language culture is manifested in the correct pronunciation of words (for example: contract, quarter, marketing, etc.). There is a so-called internal language culture. This is knowledge of the semantics of words, mastery of terminology, constant work with dictionaries of various types, etc.
Language norms are distinguished by their dynamism. This means that a linguistic norm is a historical category, a changing, developing phenomenon that goes into the passive reserve of the language if a particular word is outdated.
Let's look at an example:
Outdated forms - a large hall, a southern sanatorium, an interesting film, a new piano.
Modern forms - a large hall, a southern sanatorium, an interesting film, a new piano.
It is known that in the Russian language there was a struggle between two generic forms of nouns: the masculine form and the feminine form. In martial arts, the masculine form most often won, as we saw in the examples.
Logical (semantic) errors occur when the laws of logic are violated; the speaker or writer contradicts himself, does not logically connect parts of the message, allows the text to be ambiguous or completely meaningless.
Let's look at an example from students' work:
Oily hair causes a lot of trouble. The drug “London” will help get rid of them.
Man with black hair, come to us.
From this we can conclude: do not violate the laws of thinking, learn logical norms. This is the first requirement for those who speak or write in a particular language.
Lexical errors- this is the result of a violation of the accuracy of the use of words, to be able to select precise, socially characteristic, stylistically significant words to express thoughts - this is the skill of the speaker.
“The word is the clothing of all facts,” wrote M. Gorky. And therefore it is quite natural to demand that these clothes be chosen with taste and to measure. This means that the words in a sentence must be selected with the underlying semantic and stylistic compatibility. The choice of a word is determined by its stylistic features: the environment in which the word falls (within a phrase or broader context) is taken into account.
So, the correct choice of words, their semantic and stylistic compatibility are necessary. If this compatibility is violated, a lexical error occurs, the essence of which is an incorrectly selected word in the text. This can be seen using the example of our students’ work:
I want to lead a humanoid life.
The character is closed, not transparent.
After the physical abuse, everyone calmed down.
Grammatical errors often violate the meaning of the statement. These are errors associated with inversion, tautology, pleonasms, the words “weeds”. Unjustified inversion can lead to ambiguity. For example:
The public is widely preparing to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the writer’s literary activity.
The word broadly must be associated with the word, it should be noted “Any reverse order of words in the text must be aesthetically justified” (A. Peshkovsky).
Pleonasms are verbosity.
Examples: Tell your autobiography, step back, meet for the first time, in the month of March, price list.
Exception: “vacancy”, it has become entrenched in the literary language as the norm.
Coursework on the topic:
“Language norm. The concept of speech error."
Scientific adviser:
Doctor of Philological Sciences,
Professor ____________
Work is done
_________________
Krasnodar, 2010
I. Introduction
II. Chapter I. Concepts of “language norm”
and "speech error"
1.1 Types of norms
1.2 Speech errors
1.3 Main causes of speech errors
III. Chapter II. Speech errors
in everyday life
2.2 Speech errors in the media
2.3 Speech errors
at different levels (word, text, etc.)
IV. Conclusion
V. References
VI. Application
Introduction.
The word is the most important unit of language, the most diverse and voluminous. It is the word that reflects all the changes taking place in the life of society. The word not only names an object or phenomenon, but also performs an emotional and expressive function.
And when choosing words, we must pay attention to their meaning, stylistic coloring, usage, and compatibility with other words. Since a violation of at least one of these criteria, a violation of the language norm can lead to a speech error.
And, my course work is devoted to speech errors and language norms.
First, a few words about the norm in general, regardless of language.
The concepts of normal and norms are important for many types of human activity. There are standards for the production of products (for example, at a factory) and standards, i.e., technical requirements that these products must satisfy. No one doubts the fact that in any civilized society there are norms of relationships between people, norms of etiquette; Each of us has an idea of what is normal for human communication, and what is abnormal, goes beyond the limits of some unwritten norm. And our everyday speech is replete with these words: How are you doing? - Fine!; Well how are you? - Nothing, it’s normal .
Moreover, the norm is invisibly present in our statements that do not contain the words norm or normal. When we evaluate, for example, the height of a person or animal, we can say: - What a tall guy! - or: - This giraffe is a little small for a giraffe, - and thereby compare the height of the guy and the giraffe with some implied growth rate (naturally, different for a person and a giraffe). When we speak: comfortable chair, too dark room, inexpressive singing, we mean (although we are not aware of this) certain generally accepted “norms” for the comfort of a chair, the illumination of the room, the expressiveness of singing.
There is a norm in language too. And this is quite natural: language is an integral part of not only a civilized society, but also of any human society in general. Norm is one of the central linguistic concepts, although it cannot be said that all linguists interpret it in the same way.
Most often, this term is used in combination with “literary norm” and is applied to those varieties of language that are used in the media, in science and education, in diplomacy, lawmaking and legislation, in business and legal proceedings and other areas of “socially important” predominantly public communication. But we can talk about the norm in relation to a territorial dialect - i.e., for example, to the speech of the indigenous inhabitants of the Krasnodar Territory or Moscow region, to professional or social jargon - i.e., to the way carpenters or “thieves in law” speak .
This last statement may seem very dubious and therefore requires clarification.
Linguists use the term norm in two senses - broad and narrow.
In a broad sense, the norm refers to such means and ways of speech that have been spontaneously formed over many centuries and which usually distinguish one type of language from others. That’s why we can talk about a norm in relation to a territorial dialect: for example, normal for northern Russian dialects is okanye, and for southern Russian dialects - akanye. Any social or professional jargon is also “normal” in its own way: for example, what is used in trade argot will be rejected as alien by those who speak the jargon of carpenters; established ways of using linguistic means exist in army jargon and in the jargon of musicians, “labukhs,” and speakers of each of these jargons can easily distinguish someone else’s from their own, familiar and therefore normal for them, etc.
In a narrow sense, a norm is the result of the codification of language. Of course, codification is based on the tradition of the existence of language in a given society, on some unwritten but generally accepted ways of using linguistic means. But it is important that codification is the purposeful ordering of everything related to language and its application. The results of codifying activity - and this is mainly done by linguists - are reflected in normative dictionaries and grammars. The norm as a result of codification is inextricably linked with the concept of literary language, which is otherwise called normalized or codified.
A literary norm, as a result of not only tradition, but also codification, is a set of fairly strict regulations and prohibitions that contribute to the unity and stability of the literary language. The norm is conservative and is aimed at preserving the linguistic means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations. The unity and universality of the norm are manifested in the fact that representatives of different social strata and groups that make up a given society are obliged to adhere to traditional methods of linguistic expression, as well as those rules and regulations that are contained in grammars and dictionaries and are the result of codification. Deviation from the linguistic tradition, from dictionary and grammatical rules and recommendations is considered a violation of the norm and is usually assessed negatively by native speakers of a given literary language.
However, it is no secret that at all stages of the development of a literary language, when using it in different communicative conditions, variants of linguistic means are allowed: one might say cottage cheese- And cottage cheese , spotlights- And spotlights , you're right- And you're right" etc. What kind of rigidity and conservatism of the norm is there?
The fact that options exist within the norm only at first glance seems to contradict the rigor and unambiguity of normative guidelines. In fact, the norm, by its very essence, is associated with the concept of selection, selection. In its development, the literary language draws resources from other varieties of the national language - from dialects, vernacular, jargons, but it does this extremely carefully. This selective and, at the same time, protective function of the norm, its conservatism, is an undoubted benefit for the literary language, since it serves as a connecting link between the cultures of different generations and different social strata of society.
The norm relies on traditional ways of using language and is wary of linguistic innovations. “The norm is recognized as what was, and partly what is, but not at all what will be,” wrote the famous linguist A. M. Peshkovsky.
However, the conservatism of a norm does not mean its complete immobility in time. In Pushkin's times they said: houses, buildings, Now - house, building. A. I. Herzen considered the turnover quite normal make an impact, G.I. Uspensky in “Letters from the Road” mentions a bunch of keys, Leo Tolstoy admitted to one of his correspondents that he remembers very much(we would now say: make an impact, keychain, breadth of understanding, remembers well). Chekhov said into the phone(he reports this in one of his letters), and we - by phone .
The normative status of not only individual words, forms and constructions, but also certain interconnected speech patterns can change. This happened, for example, with the so-called Old Moscow pronunciation norm, which by the second half of the twentieth century was almost completely replaced by a new pronunciation, closer to the written form of the word: instead boyus, laughsa, shygi, zhyra, top, Thursday, quiet, strict, assent, brown,) the overwhelming majority of speakers of the Russian literary language began to speak I'm afraid, laughed, steps, heat, top, Thursday, quiet, strict, assent, brown,) etc.
Speech practice often runs counter to normative instructions, and the contradiction between how one should speak and how one actually speaks turns out to be the driving stimulus for the evolution of the linguistic norm.
So, a literary norm combines tradition and purposeful codification. Although the speech practice of literary-speaking people is generally oriented toward the norm, there is always a kind of “gap” between normative guidelines and prescriptions, on the one hand, and how language is actually used, on the other hand: practice does not always follow normative recommendations. The linguistic activity of a native speaker of a literary language proceeds in constant - but usually unconscious - coordination of his own speech actions with traditional ways of using linguistic means, with what is prescribed by dictionaries and grammars of a given language, and with how the language is actually used in everyday communication. contemporaries.
Undoubtedly, this topic is relevant. Every day, being with friends, family, or just walking down the street, I hear a lot of speech errors, although I didn’t notice them before because I didn’t think about them. And therefore, the purpose of my course work is to identify and destroy those errors that have already become tightly integrated into our speech.
Chapter I. The concepts of “language norm” and “speech error”
Linguistic norms (norms of a literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of a literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is a pattern of uniform, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).
These are the rules for the use of existing linguistic means in a specific historical period in the evolution of a literary language (a set of rules for spelling, grammar, pronunciation, word usage).
The concept of a language norm is usually interpreted as an example of the generally accepted uniform use of such elements of language as phrases, words, sentences.
The norms under consideration are not the result of the invention of philologists. They reflect a certain stage in the evolution of the literary language of an entire people. Language norms cannot simply be introduced or abolished; they cannot be reformed even administratively. The activities of linguists who study these norms are their identification, description and codification, as well as explanation and promotion.
Literary language and language norm
According to the interpretation of B. N. Golovin, the norm is the choice of a single linguistic sign among various functional variations, historically accepted within a certain language community. In his opinion, she is the regulator of the speech behavior of many people.
The literary and linguistic norm is a contradictory and complex phenomenon. There are different interpretations of this concept in the linguistic literature of the modern era. The main difficulty of definition is the presence of mutually exclusive features.
Distinctive features of the concept under consideration
It is customary to identify the following features of language norms in the literature:
1.Resilience (stability), thanks to which the literary language unites generations due to the fact that language norms ensure the continuity of linguistic and cultural traditions. However, this feature is considered relative, because the literary language is constantly evolving, allowing for changes in existing norms.
2. The degree of occurrence of the phenomenon under consideration. Still, it is worth keeping in mind that a significant level of usage of the corresponding language variant (as a fundamental feature in determining the literary and linguistic norm), as a rule, also characterizes certain speech errors. For example, in colloquial speech the definition of a language norm comes down to the fact that it is “frequently occurring.”
3.Compliance with an authoritative source(works of well-known writers). But we should not forget that works of art reflect both the literary language and dialects, vernaculars; therefore, when delineating norms, based on observation of texts of predominantly fiction, it is necessary to distinguish between the author’s speech and the language of the characters in the work.
The concept of a linguistic norm (literary) is associated with the internal laws of the evolution of language, and on the other hand, it is determined by the purely cultural traditions of society (what it approves and protects, and what it fights and condemns).
Variety of language norms
The literary and linguistic norm is codified (gains official recognition and is subsequently described in reference books and dictionaries that have authority in society).
There are the following types of language norms:
The types of language norms presented above are considered to be basic.
Typology of language norms
It is customary to distinguish the following standards:
- oral and written forms of speech;
- oral only;
- only written.
The types of language norms that apply to both oral and written speech are as follows:
- lexical;
- stylistic;
- grammatical.
Special norms for exclusively written speech are:
- spelling standards;
- punctuation.
The following types of language norms are also distinguished:
- pronunciation;
- intonation;
- accents.
They apply only to oral speech.
Linguistic norms, which are common to both forms of speech, relate primarily to the construction of texts and linguistic content. Lexical ones (the set of word usage norms), on the contrary, are decisive in the issue of the correct choice of the appropriate word among linguistic units that are sufficiently close to it in form or meaning and its use in its literary meaning.
Lexical language norms are displayed in dictionaries (explanatory, foreign words, terminological) and reference books. It is compliance with this kind of norms that is the key to accuracy and correctness of speech.
Violation of language norms leads to numerous lexical errors. Their number is constantly increasing. We can imagine the following examples of language norms that were violated:
Language options
They involve four stages:
1. The only form is dominant, and the alternative option is considered to be incorrect, since it is beyond the boundaries of the literary language (for example, in the 18th-19th centuries, the word “turner” is the only correct option).
2. An alternative option makes its way into the literary language as acceptable (marked “additional”) and acts either colloquially (marked “colloquial”) or equal to the original norm (marked “and”). Hesitation regarding the word "turner" began to appear at the end of the 19th century and continued until the beginning of the 20th century.
3. The original norm is rapidly fading away and giving way to an alternative (competing) one; it acquires the status of obsolete (marked “obsolete.”). Thus, the above-mentioned word “turner,” according to Ushakov’s dictionary, is considered obsolete.
4. A competing norm as the only one within the literary language. In accordance with the Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language, the previously presented word “turner” is considered the only option (literary norm).
It is worth noting the fact that in announcer, teaching, stage, oratorical speech there are only possible strict language norms. In everyday speech, the literary norm is freer.
The relationship between speech culture and language norms
Firstly, speech culture is mastery of the literary norms of a language in written and oral form, as well as the ability to correctly select and organize certain linguistic means in such a way that in a specific communication situation or in the process of observing its ethics, the greatest effect is ensured in achieving the intended communication objectives .
And secondly, this is an area of linguistics that deals with the problems of speech normalization and develops recommendations regarding the skillful use of language.
Speech culture is divided into three components:
Linguistic norms are a distinctive feature of a literary language.
Standards of language in business style
They are the same as in the literary language, namely:
- the word must be used according to its lexical meaning;
- taking into account the stylistic coloring;
- according to lexical compatibility.
These are lexical language norms of the Russian language within the framework of business style.
For this style, compliance with the qualities that determine the effectiveness of business communication (literacy) is extremely important. This quality also implies knowledge of existing rules of word usage, sentence patterns, grammatical compatibility, and the ability to distinguish between the areas of application of the language.
Currently, the Russian language has many variant forms, some of which are used within the framework of book and written speech styles, and some - in everyday conversation. In business style, forms of special codified written speech are used due to the fact that their sole observance ensures the accuracy and correctness of the transmission of information.
This may include:
- incorrect choice of word form;
- a number of violations regarding the structure of phrases and sentences;
- The most common mistake is the use in writing of incompatible colloquial forms of plural nouns that end in -а / -я, instead of the normative ones in -и/-ы. Examples are presented in the table below.
Literary norm | Colloquial speech |
Treaties | Treaty |
Proofreaders | Proofreaders |
Inspectors | Inspectors |
It is worth remembering that the following nouns have a zero-ending form:
- paired items (shoes, stockings, boots, but socks);
- names of nationalities and territorial affiliations (Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Kyivans, Armenians, British, southerners);
- military groups (cadets, partisans, soldiers);
- units of measurement (volts, arshins, roentgens, amperes, watts, microns, but grams, kilograms).
These are the grammatical language norms of Russian speech.
Sources of language norms
There are at least five of them:
The role of the norms under consideration
They help preserve the literary language’s integrity and general intelligibility. Norms protect him from dialect speech, professional and social argot, and vernacular. This is what makes it possible for the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural.
The norm depends on the conditions within which speech is realized. Language means that are appropriate in everyday communication may turn out to be unacceptable in official business. The norm does not differentiate linguistic means according to the criteria “good - bad”, but clarifies their expediency (communicative).
The norms under consideration are a so-called historical phenomenon. Their change is due to the continuous development of language. The norms of the last century may now be deviations. For example, in the 30-40s. Words such as diploma student and diploma student (a student who completes a thesis work) were considered identical. At that time, the word "diplomatnik" was a colloquial version of the word "diplomat". Within the literary norm of the 50-60s. there was a division of the meaning of the presented words: the diploma holder is a student during the period of defending his diploma, and the diploma holder is the winner of competitions, competitions, shows marked with a diploma (for example, a diploma holder of the International Vocal Show).
Also in the 30-40s. the word “applicant” was used to describe individuals who graduated from school or entered a university. Currently, those graduating from high school are called graduates, and applicant is no longer used in this meaning. They call people who take entrance exams to technical schools and universities.
Such norms as pronunciation are characteristic exclusively of oral speech. But not everything that is characteristic of oral speech can be attributed to pronunciation. Intonation is a fairly important means of expressiveness, giving emotional coloring to speech, and diction is not pronunciation.
As for stress, it relates to oral speech, however, despite the fact that it is a sign of a word or grammatical form, it still belongs to grammar and vocabulary, and is not a characteristic of pronunciation in its essence.
So, orthoepy indicates the proper pronunciation of certain sounds in appropriate phonetic positions and in combination with other sounds, and even in certain grammatical groups of words and forms, or in individual words, provided that they have their own pronunciation features.
Due to the fact that language is a means of human communication, it needs to unify oral and written formats. Just like spelling errors, incorrect pronunciation draws attention to speech from its external side, which acts as an obstacle in the course of linguistic communication. Since orthoepy is one of the aspects of speech culture, it has the task of helping to raise the pronunciation culture of our language.
The conscious cultivation of literary pronunciation on the radio, in cinema, theater, and school is very significant in relation to the mastery of the literary language by the masses of millions.
Vocabulary norms are those norms that determine the correct choice of a suitable word, the appropriateness of its use within the framework of a generally known meaning and in combinations considered generally accepted. The exceptional importance of their observance is determined by both cultural factors and the need for mutual understanding between people.
An essential factor determining the significance of the concept of norms for linguistics is the assessment of the possibilities of its application in various types of linguistic research work.
Today, the following aspects and areas of research are identified within the framework of which the concept under consideration can become productive:
- Study of the nature of the functioning and implementation of various kinds of language structures (including the establishment of their productivity, distribution across various functional areas of the language).
- The study of the historical aspect of language changes over relatively short periods of time (“microhistory”), when minor shifts in the structure of the language and significant changes in its functioning and implementation are revealed.
Degrees of normativity
- A rigid, strict degree that does not allow alternative options.
- Neutral, allowing equivalent options.
- A more flexible degree that allows the use of colloquial or outdated forms.
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/
HSE National Research University - Nizhny Novgorod
Faculty of Business Informatics and Applied Mathematics
In Russian language and speech culture
Violations of Russian language norms. Common mistakes
Russian literary language norm
Prepared
Zelenov Alexey Alexandrovich
Group: 12PMI
Teacher: Batishcheva T.S.
Nizhny Novgorod 2012
Many, including me, believe that a language (no matter what) is like a self-learning machine that develops under the influence of people and it is not possible to stop or leave its development within certain limits. But, naturally, each language at a certain point in its development has its own norms, and language, as a rule, has an oral or written form.
Let's move on to the Russian language, the ideal use of the language is described by the “Law on the State Language of the Russian Federation”, which states that “3. The procedure for approving the norms of the modern Russian literary language when used as the state language of the Russian Federation, the rules of Russian spelling and punctuation is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
4. The state language of the Russian Federation is a language that promotes mutual understanding and strengthens interethnic ties between the peoples of the Russian Federation in a single multinational state.”
Unfortunately, this is not always the case, and the state simply cannot regulate the Russian language and its development, except perhaps the literary language, which, at the current pace of development, is not so easy to keep track of. So what are the norms of the Russian language? Are they really regulated by the government? There are 2 norms in the Russian language - linguistic and literary. “A linguistic norm is a historically determined set of commonly used linguistic means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as most suitable in a specific historical period. A norm is one of the essential properties of a language that ensures its functioning and historical continuity due to its inherent stability, although not excluding the variability of linguistic means and noticeable historical variability, since the norm is designed, on the one hand, to preserve speech traditions, and on the other, to satisfy current and changing needs of society"Language norm - https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0% D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0.
The literary norm is aimed at “preserving the means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations.” Literary norm - https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0% BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0. Who should comply with these norms? Naturally the media, writers, and other organizations/people working in the cultural sphere. But do they always follow these rules? - No. Often, in order to interest a person, it is necessary to use a language that is more “close to the people”, i.e. resort to colloquial expressions and vernaculars, and here linguistic norms come into force, which, in my opinion, are broader than literary ones. And how often are norms violated? Yes, norms are violated, and often, and this cannot be avoided.
“When analyzing the Second World War, American military historians discovered a very interesting fact, namely: in a sudden clash with Japanese forces, the Americans, as a rule, made decisions much faster and, as a result, defeated even superior enemy forces. Having studied this pattern, scientists came to the conclusion that the average length of a word among Americans is 5.2 characters, while among the Japanese it is 10.8, and, therefore, it takes 56% less time to give orders, which plays an important role in a short battle... For the sake of Of interest, they analyzed Russian speech, and it turned out that the length of a word in the Russian language is on average 7.2 characters per word. However, in critical situations, the Russian-speaking command staff switches to profanity and the length of the word is reduced to... 3.2 characters per word. This is due to the fact that some phrases, and even phrases, are replaced by ONE word.” Joke about orders - http://vvv-ig.livejournal.com/25910.html
We can conclude that it is almost impossible to get rid of swearing, although it is recognized as petty hooliganism, the rules exist to be broken, which is what people do, because it is not fatal. But my attitude towards swear words is negative, because a person gave meaning to all words, therefore, if swear words were given some negative meaning, then you shouldn’t use such words.
It is worth talking about slang, “Slang (from English slang) is a set of special words or new meanings of existing words used in various human associations (professional, social, age and other groups)” Slang - https://ru. wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3. Most often, slang is used by representatives of certain professions or social groups; young people most often use slang. Why is slang bad? The main plus is faster communication, but the minus is misunderstanding, i.e. not everyone can understand what a person is talking about, this especially applies to the past generation, where technological progress has not gone so far. You can give an example: “yesterday I found a bug in the program”
The use of slang, and professional one at that, is clearly visible here, and many will not understand that a person has found a mistake in his program, but representatives of the relevant profession will immediately understand what is going on and communication between them will happen faster if they use slang.
Another type of the most common violation is incorrect placement of stress in words. Most of all, such mistakes are made in the words “pamper (the child), agreement, leisure, prey, (he) calls, (you) call, invention, tool, catalogue, self-interest, prettier, medicines, intention, start, facilitate, provision , convicted, put, bonus, funds, joiner, Ukrainian, deepen (knowledge), in-depth (knowledge), phenomenon, petition, owners, cement, linguistic (culture)" Emphasis - http://ege-legko.livejournal.com/ 23795.html. But the most common word in which a huge number of people incorrectly place emphasis is the word “call” (not calling, but ringing), and in different contexts the emphasis is placed differently (i.e. many say calling, but in a different context, for example “ Will you call me?" they put the wrong emphasis. Such errors are most often due to the fact that the emphasis in the Russian language is “movable.” Also, the emphasis in a word can change over time, with the development of the language, for example, during the development of air transport (then flight time was not measured hours, but kilometers), the majority spoke not kilometer, but kilometer, then somehow smoothly turned into kilometer, but some still say kilometer. You should try to avoid such mistakes by checking yourself with the help of a spelling dictionary.
There are a huge number of mistakes that people make, but there are “Top 13 mistakes”, they are so common that people, trying to rid humanity of them, create the following reminders:
"1. "PAY YOUR TRAVEL"! You can either “pay the fare” or “pay the fare”!
2. The word “LIE” DOES NOT EXIST in the Russian language! With prefixes - please: PUT, PAY, TRASH.
3. Are you still “calling”?! Educated people say: “Vasya is calling you,” “Call your mother.”
4. As you know, in Russia there are two troubles: “-TSYA” and “-TSYA”. Everyone made this mistake!
5. There are no words “in general” and “in general”! There are the words “IN GENERAL” and “IN GENERAL”.
6. Writing “izVeni” instead of “izVini”.
7. How can you put the letter “U” into the word “future” to make “future”? “I will” - “future”, “follow” - “next”.
8. How long can you doubt: “Come” or “Come”? Remember once and for all, correctly - “COME”. BUT in the future: WILL COME, WILL COME, WILL COME.
9. Have you ordered espresso? To cook it faster? The coffee is called "ESPRESSO"! And there is also “lAtte” (emphasis on “A”, two “Ts”) and “capuChino” (one “H”).
10. Happy (what?) birthday! I’m going (where?) to my (what?) birthday! I was at a birthday party.
No “I’m going to a birthday party”, “Congratulations, happy birthday”, etc.!
11. Girls, if a guy writes “pretty girl” and “looks good,” put a bold cross on him! Why do you need to be so literate?!
12. Keep in mind that “KEEP IN VIEW” is written separately!
13. Everyone who still says “IHNIH” will burn in hell!”
But naturally the most common mistake (by the way, this is the MOST common mistake in the Unified State Examination) is the writing: “-TSYA” and “-TSYA”. This really looks like a “trouble”, you can stumble upon such a mistake anywhere, I can’t even say for sure whether I made this mistake in this text? After all, many write automatically, forgetting about spelling, although there are people who simply have excellent intuition, and they almost never make mistakes. But how can one develop such intuition? - by reading, if you read a lot, then you will develop a kind of memory and words will simply be remembered, and, as a rule, there will be much fewer mistakes, even if you didn’t study Russian well at school.
Summarize. Violating the norms of a language is quite normal for any language, but we must try not to make such mistakes. We are native speakers of the language and must respect it, first of all, without distorting it with our mistakes; if everyone does this, the language will become purer, and foreigners will begin to understand us and their interest in the language will awaken.
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(from the Greek lexikos - “verbal, vocabulary” and gr. logos - “word, concept, teaching”) - a section of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of a language, considering in various aspects the basic unit of language - the word. Lexical norms of the Russian literary language- these are the rules for using words in speech in accordance with their lexical meaning and taking into account their lexical compatibility and stylistic coloring.Is it correct to say: imagine vacation, television nowadays plays a big role, memorable souvenir? These and similar questions are answered by the lexical norms of the Russian literary language.The main requirement of lexical norms is the use of words in accordance with the meaning that is inherent in them. This rule of word usage is often violated. Let's look at examples of violations of lexical norms of the Russian literary language.
Mixing paronyms
Violations of lexical norms are often associated with the fact that speakers or writers confuse words that are similar in sound but different in meaning. Such words are called paronyms.(from Greek para - “about” and onyma - “name”) are words that in most cases have the same root, are similar in sound, but have different meanings: addresses nt(sender) - addresses T(recipient); Amy Grant(leaving the country) - immigrant (entering).Paronyms are words diplomatic and diplomacy chn y. Diplomatic maybe something that relates to diplomacy ( diplomatic mail); diplomatic - something correct, in keeping with etiquette ( diplomatic behavior of the parties). A typical speech error is the confusion of paronymic words d put and pre to put. A certificate of illness of the child is submitted to the school, a new the teacher introduces himself class, but here is the opportunity to take a field trip provided. Thus:- present - 1) give, hand over, communicate something for familiarization, information; 2) show, demonstrate something;
- before leave- 1) give the opportunity to possess, dispose of, use something; 2) give the opportunity to do something, entrust someone with the execution of some task (see the list of paronyms given in Appendix 2).
- monumental monument time period strict taboo dead corpse leading leaders main leitmotifmy autobiographyfolklorefacial expressions, etc.
Use of phraseological units
- this is a stable combination of words that is reproduced in speech as something integral in terms of semantic content and lexical and grammatical composition.Phraseological units in the broad sense include all types of linguistic aphorisms: catchphrases, proverbs, sayings. In journalistic statements and literary texts, phraseological units are often used, for example:- from Holy Scripture: Do not make yourself an idol;
- from literary works: Blessed is he who believes...(A.S. Pushkin);
- Latin and other foreign language expressions: Post factum (lat. Post factum - after the fact);
- expressions of our contemporaries that have become catchphrases: Velvet Revolution, Orange Coalition and etc.
- abbreviation of expression: not worth a penny instead and it's not worth a penny;
- replacing the word: lion's share instead of lion's share;
- combination of two revolutions: plays a big role instead plays a role or is of great importance.
He put on his coat and went outside
It is necessary to improve the training of specialists
A specialist's training can be good or bad. It can be improved, not increased
It is necessary to improve the training of specialists
More than half of the group participates in sports sections
Half cannot be more or less
More than half of the group participates in sports clubs
Various examples of violation of lexical norms
Lexical error |
Lexical norm |
1. Behind elapsed time period (pleonasm) |
1. Behind elapsed period we carried out drainage work |
2. technical (mixing paronyms) |
2. The performance of the young gymnast was very technical |
3. Necessary increase level welfare of our veterans(inappropriate use of the word increase without taking into account its lexical meaning and without taking into account its lexical compatibility: the level of well-being can be high or low; it can be increased, but not increased) |
3. Necessary level up for the welfare of our veterans |
